Background
Methods
Participants
Recruitment and data collection
Measures
Measures of personal characteristics
Statistics/ power calculation
Results
Basic characteristics of the participants
Total | Sex | Late and long-term effects | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | p-value | Yes | No / don’t know | p-value | |||||||
% | n = 434 | % | n = 291 | % | n = 143 | % | n = 360 | % | n = 74 | |||
Sex | 0.127* | |||||||||||
Women | 67.1 | 291 | 68.6 | 247 | 59.5 | 44 | ||||||
Men | 32.9 | 143 | 31.4 | 113 | 40.5 | 30 | ||||||
Age | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | ||||||||||
19-50 years | 23.1 | 100 | 27.9 | 81 | 13.3 | 19 | 23.4 | 84 | 21.6 | 16 | ||
51-64 years | 41.3 | 179 | 43.4 | 126 | 37.1 | 53 | 44.8 | 161 | 24.3 | 18 | ||
65-82 years | 35.6 | 154 | 28.6 | 83 | 49.7 | 71 | 31.8 | 114 | 54.1 | 40 | ||
Mean age years (SD) | 59.18 (11.295) | 57.34 (11.277) | 62.92 (10.408) | < 0.001** | 58.56 (10.594) | 62.22 (13.906) | 0.011** | |||||
Education | 0.199* | 0.038* | ||||||||||
Primary school | 6.5 | 28 | 5.2 | 15 | 9.1 | 13 | 5.3 | 19 | 12.2 | 9 | ||
Secondary school | 30.3 | 131 | 29.3 | 85 | 32.2 | 46 | 29.2 | 105 | 35.1 | 26 | ||
College / University | 63.3 | 247 | 65.5 | 190 | 58.7 | 84 | 65.5 | 235 | 52.7 | 36 | ||
Household income | 0.477* | 0.545* | ||||||||||
Low (Less than EUR 40,000) | 10.4 | 45 | 10.3 | 30 | 10.5 | 15 | 9.7 | 35 | 13.5 | 10 | ||
Middle (EUR 40,000 to 79,000) | 35.1 | 152 | 35.9 | 104 | 33.6 | 48 | 35.9 | 129 | 31.1 | 23 | ||
High (EUR 80,000 or more) | 46.4 | 201 | 44.5 | 129 | 50.3 | 72 | 46.8 | 168 | 44.6 | 33 | ||
No reply | 8.1 | 35 | 9.3 | 27 | 5.6 | 8 | 7.5 | 27 | 10.8 | 8 | ||
Household1 | ||||||||||||
Live alone | 22.4 | 97 | 24.7 | 72 | 17.5 | 25 | 0.088* | 23.1 | 83 | 18.9 | 14 | 0.437* |
Live with a partner | 72.1 | 313 | 68.0 | 198 | 80.4 | 115 | 0.007* | 71.9 | 259 | 73.0 | 54 | 0.857* |
Live with own children | 19.6 | 85 | 23.0 | 67 | 12.6 | 18 | 0.010* | 19.7 | 71 | 18.9 | 14 | 0.874* |
Other | 1.6 | 7 | 1.7 | 5 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.580^ | 1.1 | 4 | 4.1 | 3 | 0.067* |
Place of residence (region) | 0.456* | 0.210^ | ||||||||||
South-East | 53.0 | 230 | 54.3 | 158 | 50.3 | 72 | 51.9 | 187 | 58.1 | 43 | ||
South | 4.6 | 20 | 4.5 | 13 | 4.9 | 7 | 4.2 | 15 | 6.8 | 5 | ||
West | 24.2 | 105 | 22.0 | 64 | 28.7 | 41 | 23.9 | 86 | 25.7 | 19 | ||
Central (Trøndelag) | 7.8 | 34 | 7.6 | 22 | 8.4 | 12 | 8.3 | 30 | 5.4 | 4 | ||
North | 10.4 | 45 | 11.7 | 34 | 7.7 | 11 | 11.7 | 42 | 4.1 | 3 | ||
Cancer site1 | ||||||||||||
Breast | 38.7 | 168 | 57.4 | 167 | 0.7 | 1 | < 0.001* | 40.6 | 146 | 29.7 | 22 | 0.082* |
Gastrointestinal | 14.3 | 62 | 10.7 | 31 | 21.7 | 31 | 0.002* | 13.3 | 48 | 18.9 | 14 | 0.211* |
Male genitalia | 11.1 | 48 | 0.0 | – | 33.6 | 48 | – | 10.0 | 36 | 16.2 | 12 | 0.120* |
Female genitalia | 8.3 | 36 | 12.4 | 36 | – | – | – | 9.4 | 34 | 2.7 | 2 | 0.055* |
Lymphoma | 9.0 | 39 | 6.5 | 19 | 14.0 | 20 | 0.011* | 9.2 | 33 | 8.1 | 6 | 0.772* |
Head and neck | 3.9 | 17 | 1.7 | 5 | 8.4 | 12 | < 0.001* | 4.7 | 17 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.091^ |
Malignant melanoma | 4.8 | 21 | 4.5 | 13 | 5.6 | 8 | 0.607* | 3.9 | 14 | 9.5 | 7 | 0.063^ |
Lung | 3.2 | 14 | 2.4 | 7 | 4.9 | 7 | 0.138^ | 3.1 | 11 | 4.1 | 3 | 0.716^ |
Sarcoma | 3.2 | 14 | 4.1 | 12 | 1.4 | 2 | 0.107^ | 3.1 | 11 | 4.1 | 3 | 0.716^ |
Leukemia | 2.5 | 11 | 2.4 | 7 | 2.8 | 4 | 0.517^ | 2.5 | 9 | 2.7 | 2 | 1.000^ |
Bone marrow | 2.3 | 10 | 2.1 | 6 | 2.8 | 4 | 0.430^ | 2.2 | 8 | 2.7 | 2 | 0.682^ |
Other cancer sites | 13.8 | 60 | 10.7 | 31 | 20.3 | 29 | 0.006* | 11.9 | 43 | 23.0 | 17 | 0.012* |
In active cancer treatment | 0.244* | 0.672* | ||||||||||
Yes | 34.6 | 150 | 36.4 | 106 | 30.8 | 44 | 35.0 | 126 | 32.4 | 24 | ||
No | 65.4 | 284 | 63.6 | 185 | 69.2 | 99 | 65.0 | 234 | 67.6 | 50 | ||
Late and long-term effects | ||||||||||||
Fatigue | 59.2 | 257 | 63.2 | 184 | 51.0 | 73 | 0.015* | 71.4 | 257 | – | – | |
Sleep disorder | 41.5 | 180 | 49.5 | 144 | 25.2 | 36 | < 0.001* | 50.0 | 180 | – | – | |
Hot flashes | 39.2 | 170 | 49.8 | 145 | 17.5 | 25 | < 0.001* | 47.2 | 170 | – | – | |
Nerve damage (polyneuropathy) | 38.0 | 165 | 45.7 | 133 | 22.4 | 32 | < 0.001* | 45.8 | 165 | – | – | |
Pain | 36.6 | 159 | 43.3 | 126 | 23.1 | 33 | < 0.001* | 44.2 | 159 | – | – | |
Decreased muscle strength and mobility | 36.4 | 158 | 42.6 | 124 | 23.8 | 34 | < 0.001* | 43.9 | 158 | – | – | |
Cognitive challenges | 34.3 | 149 | 44.3 | 129 | 14.0 | 20 | < 0.001* | 41.4 | 149 | – | – | |
Sexual problems | 31.6 | 137 | 28.9 | 84 | 37.1 | 53 | 0.084* | 38.1 | 137 | – | – | |
Gained weight | 27.2 | 118 | 33.3 | 97 | 14.7 | 21 | < 0.001* | 32.8 | 118 | – | – | |
Anxiety or depression | 22.1 | 96 | 24.4 | 71 | 17.5 | 25 | 0.103* | 26.7 | 96 | – | – | |
Early menopause | 20.7 | 90 | 30.9 | 90 | 0.0 | 0 | < 0.001* | 25.0 | 90 | – | – | |
Mouth/tooth-problems and reduced taste | 19.4 | 84 | 22.3 | 65 | 13.3 | 19 | 0.025* | 23.3 | 84 | – | – | |
Urinary tract problems | 18.0 | 78 | 15.1 | 44 | 23.8 | 34 | 0.027* | 21.7 | 78 | – | – | |
Diarrhea | 18.0 | 78 | 19.9 | 58 | 14.0 | 20 | 0.129* | 21.7 | 78 | – | – | |
Constipation | 16.6 | 72 | 18.6 | 54 | 12.6 | 18 | 0.116* | 20.0 | 72 | – | – | |
Lymphedema | 15.0 | 65 | 17.9 | 52 | 9.1 | 13 | 0.016* | 18.1 | 65 | – | – | |
Heart- and lung problems | 9.0 | 39 | 10.0 | 29 | 7.0 | 10 | 0.309* | 10.8 | 39 | – | – | |
Reduced fertility | 7.6 | 33 | 6.9 | 20 | 9.1 | 13 | 0.413* | 9.2 | 33 | – | – | |
Weight loss | 6.9 | 30 | 5.8 | 17 | 9.1 | 13 | 0.210* | 8.3 | 30 | – | – | |
Other late and long-term effects | 15.0 | 65 | 14.4 | 42 | 16.1 | 23 | 0.651* | 18.1 | 65 | – | – |
Late and long-term effects after cancer diagnosis and treatment
CAM used for late and long-term effects after cancer diagnosis and treatment
Total CAM use | CAM provider | Natural remedies | Self-help practices | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n = 153) | % (n = 207) | p-value | % (n = 80) | % (n = 280) | p-value | % (n = 47) | % (n = 313) | p-value | % (n = 95) | % (n = 265) | p-value | |
Sex | Yes | No | < 0.001* | Yes | No | < 0.001* | Yes | No | 0.109* | Yes | No | < 0.001* |
Women | 51.4 (127) | 48.6 (120) | 27.9 (69) | 72.1 (178) | 15.0 (37) | 85.0 (210) | 34.0 (84) | 66.0 (163) | ||||
Men | 23.0 (26) | 77.0 (87) | 9.7 (11) | 90.3 (102) | 8.8 (10) | 91.2 (103) | 9.7 (11) | 90.3 (102) | ||||
Age | 0.045* | 0.084* | 0.779* | 0.035* | ||||||||
19-50 years | 50.0 (42) | 50.0 (42) | 26.2 (22) | 73.8 (62) | 11.9 (10) | 88.1 (74) | 35.7 (30) | 64.3 (54) | ||||
51-64 yeras | 44.7 (72) | 55.3 (89) | 24.8 (40) | 75.2 (121) | 12.4 (20) | 87.6 (141) | 26.7 (43) | 73.3 (118) | ||||
65-82 years | 33.3 (38) | 66.7 (76) | 14.9 (17) | 85.1 (97) | 14.9 (17) | 85.1 (97) | 19.3 (22) | 80.7 (92) | ||||
Mean age, years (SD) | 56.9 (10.71) | 49.8 (10.36) | 0.009** | 56.1 (10.56) | 59.3 (10.52) | 0.019** | 60.0 (11.40) | 58.3 (10.47) | 0.310** | 55.5 (10.60) | 59.6 (10.40) | 0.001** |
Education | < 0.001* | 0.013^ | 0.360^ | 0.010* | ||||||||
Primary school | 15.8 (3) | 84.2 (16) | 5.3 (1) | 94.7 (18) | 5.3 (1) | 94.7 (18) | 10.5 (2) | 89.5 (17) | ||||
Secondary school | 32.4 (34) | 67.6 (71) | 15.2 (16) | 84.8 (89) | 10.5 (11) | 89.5 (94) | 18.1 (19) | 81.9 (86) | ||||
College/ University | 48.9 (115) | 51.1 (120) | 26.4 (62) | 73.6 (173) | 14.9 (35) | 85.1 (200) | 31.5 (74) | 68.5 (161) | ||||
Household income | 0.104* | 0.226* | 0.624^ | 0.269* | ||||||||
Low (Less than EUR 40,000) | 31.4 (11) | 68.6 (24) | 14.3 (5) | 85.7 (30) | 8.6 (3) | 91.4 (32) | 14.3 (5) | 85.7 (30) | ||||
Middle EUR 40,000 to 79,000) | 38.8 (50) | 61.2 (79) | 21.7 (28) | 78.3 (101) | 12.4 (16) | 87.6 (113) | 24.8 (32) | 75.2 (97) | ||||
High (EUR 80,000 or more) | 48.8 (82) | 51.2 (86) | 25.6 (43) | 74.4 (125) | 15.5 (26) | 84.0 (142) | 29.8 (50) | 70.2 (118) | ||||
No reply | 33.3 (9) | 66.7 (18) | 11.1 (3) | 88.9 (24) | 7.4 (2) | 92.6 (25) | 29.6 (8) | 70.4 (19) | ||||
Household1 | ||||||||||||
Live alone | 43.4 (36) | 56.6 (47) | 0.854* | 22.9 (19) | 77.1 (64) | 0.867* | 9.6 (8) | 90.4 (75) | 0.292* | 27.7 (23) | 72.3 (60) | 0.755* |
Live with a partner | 43.6 (113) | 56.4 (146) | 0.488* | 22.8 (59) | 77.2 (200) | 0.684* | 14.7 (38) | 85.3 (221) | 0.145* | 27.0 (70) | 73.0 (189) | 0.660* |
Live with own children | 40.8 (29) | 59.2 (42) | 0.753* | 19.7 (14) | 80.3 (57) | 0.571* | 12.7 (9) | 87.3 (62) | 0.916* | 25.4 (18) | 74.6 (53) | 0.825* |
Place of residence | 0.558* | 0.957^ | 0.656^ | 0.170^ | ||||||||
South-East | 45.5 (85) | 54.5 (102) | 23.0 (43) | 77.0 (144) | 11.8 (22) | 88.2 (165) | 31.0 (58) | 69.0 (129) | ||||
South | 53.3 (8) | 46.7 (7) | 26.7 (4) | 73.3 (11) | 20.0 (3) | 80.0 (12) | 33.3 (5) | 66.7 (10_) | ||||
West | 36.0 (31) | 64.0 (55) | 20.9 (18) | 79.1 (68) | 11.6 (10) | 88.4 (76) | 17.4 (15) | 82.6 (71) | ||||
Central (Trøndelag) | 40.0 (12) | 60.0 (18) | 23.3 (7) | 76.7 (23) | 16.7 (5) | 83.3 (26) | 23.3 (7) | 76.7 (23) | ||||
North | 40.5 (17) | 59.5 (25) | 19.0 (8) | 81.0 (34) | 16.7 (7) | 83.3 (35) | 23.8 (10) | 76.2 (32) |
Total CAM use | CAM provider | Natural remedies | Self-help practices | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% (n = 153) | % (n = 207) | p-value | % (n = 80) | % (n = 207) | p-value | % (n = 47) | % (n = 313) | p-value | % (n = 95) | % (n = 265) | p-value | |
Cancer site1 | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | ||||
Breast | 58.2 (85) | 41.8 (61) | < 0.001* | 35.6 (52) | 64.4 (94) | < 0.001* | 13.7 (20) | 86.3 (126) | 0.765* | 39.0 (57) | 61.0 (89) | < 0.001* |
Gastro intestinal | 25.0 (12) | 75.5 (36) | 0.008* | 8.3 (4) | 91.7 (44) | 0.013* | 14.6 (7) | 85.4 (41) | 0.736* | 18.8 (9) | 81.3 (39) | 0.197* |
Male genitalia | 25.0 (9) | 75.0 (27) | 0.025* | 8.3 (3) | 91.7 (33) | 0.035* | 8.3 (3) | 91.7 (33) | 0.600^ | 11.1 (4) | 88.9 (32) | 0.028* |
Female genitalia | 58.8 (20) | 41.2 (14) | 0.043* | 29.4 (10) | 70.6 (24) | 0.289* | 20.6 (7) | 79.4 (27) | 0.181^ | 44.1 (15) | 55,9 (19) | 0.014* |
Lymphoma | 27.3 (9) | 72.7 (24) | 0.063* | 12.1 (4) | 87.9 (29) | 0.143* | 6.1 (2) | 93.9 (31) | 0.284^ | 15.2 (5) | 84,8 (28) | 0.124* |
Head and neck | 52.9 (9) | 47.1 (8) | 0.372* | 17.6 (3) | 82.4 (14) | 0.773^ | 17.6 (3) | 82.4 (14) | 0.474^ | 29.4 (5) | 70,6 (12) | 0.780^ |
Malignant melanoma | 28.6 (4) | 71.4 (10) | 0.282* | 21.4 (3) | 78.6 (11) | 1.000^ | 0.0 (0) | 100 (14) | 0.231^ | 14.3 (2) | 85,7 (12) | 0.371^ |
Lung | 36.4 (4) | 63.6 (7) | 0.765^ | 18.2 (2) | 81.8 (9) | 1.000^ | 27.3 (3) | 72.7 (8) | 0.162^ | 9.1 (1) | 90,9 (10) | 0.300^ |
Sarcoma | 63.6 (7) | 36.4 (4) | 0.215^ | 36.4 (4) | 63.6 (7) | 0.271^ | 27.3 (3) | 72.7 (8) | 0.162^ | 36.4 (4) | 63,6 (7) | 0.490^ |
Leukemia | 0.0 (0) | 100 (9) | 0.012^ | 0.0 (0) | 100 (9) | 0.216^ | 0.0 (0) | 100 (9) | 0.612^ | 0.0 (0) | 100 (9) | 0.119^ |
Bone marrow | 25.0 (2) | 75.0 (6) | 0.475^ | 25.0 (2) | 75.0 (6) | 1.000^ | 12.5 (1) | 87.5 (7) | 1.000^ | 0.0 (0) | 100 (8) | 0.116^ |
Other cancer sites | 32.6 (14) | 67.4 (29) | 0.160* | 11.6 (4) | 88.4 (38) | 0.075* | 14.0 (6) | 86.0 (37) | 0.852* | 20.9 (9) | 79.1 (34) | 0.387* |
In active cancer treatment | 0.427* | 0.425* | 0.144* | 0.039* | ||||||||
Yes | 39.7 (50) | 60.3 (7) | 24.6 (31) | 75.4 (95) | 9.5 (12) | 90.5 (114) | 19.8 (25) | 80.2 (101) | ||||
No | 44.0 (103) | 56.0 (131) | 20.9 (49) | 79.1 (185) | 15.0 (35) | 85.0 (199) | 29.9 (70) | 70.1 (164) | ||||
Late and long-term effects | ||||||||||||
Fatigue | 47.5 (122) | 52.5 (135) | 0.003* | 24.1 (62) | 75.9 (195) | 0.170* | 13.6 (35) | 86.4 (222) | 0.616* | 31.1 (80) | 68.9 (177) | 0.001* |
Sleep disorder | 53.3 (96) | 46.7 (84) | < 0.001* | 28.9 (52) | 71.1 (128) | 0.002* | 15.6 (28) | 84.4 (152) | 0.159* | 32.8 (59) | 67.2 (121) | 0.006* |
Hot flashes | 55.3 (94) | 44.7 (76) | < 0.001* | 30.0 (51) | 70.0 (119) | < 0.001* | 17.1 (29) | 82.9 (141) | 0.033* | 35.9 (61) | 64.1 (109) | < 0.001* |
Nerve damage (polyneuropathy) | 52.7 (87) | 47.3 (78) | < 0.001* | 26.7 (44) | 73.3 (121) | 0.062* | 14.5 (24) | 85.8 (141) | 0.440* | 35.8 (59) | 64.2 (106) | < 0.001* |
Pain | 54.1 (86) | 45.9 (73) | < 0.001* | 30.2 (48) | 69.8 (111) | 0.001* | 15.1 (24) | 84.9 (135) | 0.307* | 35.8 (57) | 64.2 (102) | < 0.001* |
Decreased muscle strength and mobility | 52.5 (83) | 47.5 (75) | < 0.001* | 30.4 (48) | 69.6 (110) | < 0.001* | 15.8 (25) | 84.2 (133) | 0.168* | 32.9 (52) | 67.1 (106) | 0.013* |
Cognitive challenges | 63.1 (94) | 36.9 (55) | < 0.001* | 34.2 (51) | 65.8 (98) | < 0.001* | 17.4 (26) | 82.6 (123) | 0.038* | 14.6 (62) | 58.4 (87) | < 0.001* |
Sexual problems | 46.7 (64) | 53.5 (73) | 0.205* | 24.1 (33) | 75.9 (104) | 0.505* | 15.3 (21) | 84.7 (116) | 0.316* | 29.2 (40) | 70.8 (97) | 0.343* |
Gained weight | 53.4 (63) | 46.6 (55) | 0.004* | 32.2 (38) | 67.8 (80) | 0.001* | 16.9 (20) | 83.1 (98) | 0.126* | 30.5 (36) | 69.5 (82) | 0.216* |
Anxiety or depression | 55.2 (53) | 44.8 (43) | 0.003* | 30.2 (29) | 69.8 (67) | 0.028* | 15.6 (15) | 84.4 (81) | 0.383* | 36.5 (35) | 63.5 (61) | 0.009* |
Early menopause | 66.7 (60) | 33.3 (30) | < 0.001* | 41.1 (37) | 58.9 (53) | < 0.001* | 16.7 (15) | 83.3 (75) | 0.240* | 48.9 (44) | 51.1 (46) | < 0.001* |
Mouth/tooth-problems and reduced taste | 56.0 (47) | 44.0 (37) | 0.004* | 31.0 (26) | 69.0 (58) | 0.028* | 14.3 (12) | 85.7 (72) | 0.702* | 28.6 (24) | 71.4 (60) | 0.604* |
Urinary tract problems | 42.3 (33) | 57.7 (45) | 0.969* | 20.5 (16) | 79.5 (62) | 0.682* | 14.1 (11) | 85.9 (67) | 0.756* | 26.9 (21) | 73.1 (57) | 0.904* |
Diarrhea | 52.6 (41) | 47.4 (37) | 0.042* | 26.9 (21) | 73.1 (57) | 0.259* | 16.7 (13) | 83.3 (65) | 0.285* | 33.3 (26) | 66.7 (52) | 0.116* |
Constipation | 52.8 (38) | 47.2 (34) | 0.049* | 31.9 (23) | 68.1 (49) | 0.027* | 18.1 (13) | 81.9 (59) | 0.159* | 33.3 (24) | 66.7 (48) | 0.135* |
Lymphedema | 55.4 (36) | 44.6 (29) | 0.020* | 32.3 (21) | 67.7 (44) | 0.031* | 15.4 (10) | 84.6 (55) | 0.538* | 29.2 (19) | 70.8 (46) | 0.566* |
Heart- and lung problems | 46.2(18) | 53.8 (21) | 0.625* | 25.6 (10) | 74.4 (29) | 0.587* | 20.5 (8) | 79.5 (31) | 0.143* | 28.2 (11) | 71.8 (28) | 0.785* |
Reduced fertility | 57.6 (19) | 42.4 (14) | 0.066* | 27.3 (9) | 72.7 (24) | 0.464* | 9.1 (3) | 90.9 (30) | 0.597^ | 36.4 (12) | 63.6 (21) | 0.173* |
Weight loss | 40.0 (12) | 60.0 (18) | 0.772* | 16.7 (5) | 83.3 (25) | 0.445* | 6.7 (2) | 93.3 (28) | 0.399^ | 23.3 (7) | 76.7 (23) | 0.692* |
Other late and long-term effects | 35.4 (23) | 64.6 (42) | 0.200* | 15.4 (10) | 84.6 (55) | 0.143* | 16.9 (11) | 83.1 (54) | 0.307* | 21.5 (14) | 78.5 (51) | 0.327* |
Total | Late and long-term effect(s) (multiple choice) | Adverse effects of CAM treatment | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatigue | Sleep disorder | Hot flashes | Nerve damage (polyneuropathy) | Pain | |||
% (n = 360) | % (n = 257) | % (n = 180) | % (n = 170) | % (n = 165) | % (n = 159) | % (n = 16) | |
CAM provider | 22.2 (80) | 24.1 (62) | 28.9 (52) | 30.0 (51) | 26.7 (44) | 30.2 (48) | 8.8 (7) |
Massage/ aromatherapy | 12.5 (45) | 13.6 (35) | 15.5 (28) | 15.9 (27) | 16.4 (27) | 18.9 (30) | 6.7 (3) |
Acupuncture | 8.9 (32) | 8.6 (22) | 13.3 (24) | 13.5 (23) | 10.9 (18) | 10.7 (17) | 9.4 (3) |
Osteopathy | 4.2 (15) | 3.5 (9) | 4.4 (8) | 6.5 (11) | 5.5 (9) | 6.3 (10) | 0.0 (0) |
Naprapathy | 2.5 (9) | 3.1 (8) | 4.4 (8) | 3.5 (6) | 1.2 (2) | 3.1 (5) | 22.2 (2) |
Reflexology | 1.4 (5) | 1.6 (4) | 1.7 (3) | 2.9 (5) | 1.8 (3) | 1.9 (3) | 0.0 (0) |
Healing | 1.1 (4) | 1.6 (4) | 2.2 (4) | 1.2 (2) | 1.8 (3) | 2.5 (4) | 0.0 (0) |
Homeopathy | 1.1 (4) | 1.6 (4) | 1.7 (3) | 1.2 (2) | 1.2 (2) | 0.6 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
Herbal therapy | 0.6 (2) | 0.8 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 1.2 (2) | 1.2 (2) | 0.6 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
Natural remedies | 13.1 (47) | 13.6 (35) | 15.6 (28) | 17.1 (29) | 14.5 (24) | 15.1 (24) | 6.4 (3) |
Omega 3 fatty acids | 6.4 (23) | 6.6 (17) | 8.3 (15) | 8.2 (14) | 4.2 (7) | 7.5 (12) | 4.3 (1) |
Ginger | 3.9 (14) | 3.5 (9) | 2.8 (5) | 5.3 (9) | 4.2 (7) | 3.8 (6) | 7.1 (1) |
Turmeric / curcumin | 3.6 (13) | 4.3 (11) | 4.4 (8) | 5.9 (10) | 6.7 (11) | 3.1 (5) | 7.7 (1) |
Green tea | 1.9 (7) | 2.3 (6) | 1.7 (3) | 2.9 (5) | 3.0 (5) | 0.6 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
Blueberries / blueberry extract | 2.2 (8) | 1.9 (5) | 2.2 (4) | 2.4 (4) | 1.2 (2) | 1.9 (3) | 1.3 (1) |
Garlic | 1.7 (6) | 1.9 (5) | 2.2 (4) | 2.4 (4) | 1.8 (3) | 0.6 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
Aloe Vera | 1.7 (6) | 0.8 (2) | 1.1 (2) | 1.8 (3) | 1.8 (3) | 1.9 (3) | 0.0 (0) |
Q10 | 0.8 (3) | 1.2 (3) | 1.1 (2) | 1.2 (2) | 1.2 (2) | 1.9 (3) | 0.0 (0) |
Chaga | 0.6 (2) | 0.8 (2) | 1.1 (2) | 1.2 (2) | 0.6 (1) | 0.6 (1) | 0.0 (0) |
Self-help practices | 26.4 (95) | 31.1 (80) | 32.8 (59) | 35.9 (61) | 35.8 (59) | 35.8 (57) | 7.4 (7) |
Relaxation | 19.2 (69) | 22.2 (57) | 21.7 (39) | 24.7 (42) | 23.6 (39) | 25.2 (40) | 4.3 (3) |
Yoga | 14.2 (51) | 16.7 (43) | 18.9 (34) | 21.8 (37) | 18.8 (31) | 23.9 (38) | 9.8 (5) |
Meditation/Mindfulness | 12.8 (80) | 15.6 (40) | 18.3 (33) | 20.6 (35) | 16.4 (27) | 20.1 (32) | 6.3 (5) |
Visualization | 1.7 (6) | 1.6 (4) | 1.7 (3) | 2.9 (5) | 2.4 (4) | 1.9 (3) | 0.0 (0) |
Tai chi / chi gong | 1.7 (6) | 2.3 (6) | 2.8 (5) | 2.9 (5) | 3.0 (5) | 2.5 (4) | 1.7 (1) |
Music therapy | 1.1 (4) | 1.2 (3) | 1.1 (2) | 0.6 (1) | 1.2 (2) | 1.3 (2) | 0.0 (0) |
Art Therapy | 0.6 (2) | 0.8 (2) | 1.1 (2) | 1.2 (2) | 1.2 (2) | 1.3 (2) | 0.0 (0) |
Total CAM use | 42.5 (153) | 47.5 (122) | 53.3 (96) | 55.3 (94) | 52.7 (87) | 54.1 (86) | 10.5 (16) |