Introduction
Methods
Participants
Data collection
Measurements
Data analysis and statistics
Ethics
Results
Patient characteristics
Characteristics | Total (n = 465) | Tramadol (n = 51) | Oxycodone (n = 180) | Hydromorphone (n = 84) | Fentanyl (n = 80) | Tapentadol (n = 26) | Morphine (n-20) | Others (n = 24) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (missing, n = 18) | 62.6 ± 13.8 | 64.6 ± 11.6 | 63.4 ± 11.6 | 63.5 ± 15.3 | 62.9 ± 15.1 | 58.2 ± 15.6 | 57.1 ± 15.5 | 58.1 ± 14.3 |
Sex | ||||||||
Male Female Missing | 265 (57.0) 194 (41.7) 6 (1.3) | 37 (72.6) 14 (27.5) 0 (0.0) | 113 (62.8) 64 (35.6) 3 (1.7) | 40 (47.6) 44 (52.4) 0 (0.0) | 40 (50.0) 39 (48.8) 1 (1.3) | 15 (57.7) 10 (38.5) 1 (3.8) | 11 (55.0) 9 (45.0) 0 | 9 (37.5) 14 (41.7) 1 (4.2) |
Primary cancer site | ||||||||
Lung Digestive tract Hepatobiliary/pancreas Breast Urological system Head/neck Gynecological system Hematological system Soft tissue Others Missing | 109 (23.6) 104 (22.5) 45 (9.7) 13 (2.8) 34 (7.4) 32 (6.9) 39 (8.4) 25 (5.4) 27 (5.8) 35 (7.6) 2 (0.4) | 9 (18.0) 8 (16.0) 3 (6.0) 0 (0.0) 11 (22.0) 6 (12.0) 5 (10.0) 2 (4.0) 3 (6.0) 4 (8.0) 0 (0.0) | 58 (32.2) 42 (23.3) 26 (14.4) 6 (3.3) 14 (7.8) 5 (2.8) 11 (6.1) 0 (0.0) 5 (2.8) 12 (6.7) 1 (0.6) | 20 (23.8) 11 (13.1) 9 (10.7) 2 (2.4) 4 (4.8) 1 (1.2) 10 (11.9) 11 (13.1) 8 (9.5) 8 (9.5) 0 (0.0) | 5 (6.3) 29 (36.3) 3 (3.8) 2 (2.5) 3 (3.8) 12 (15.0) 8 (10.0) 8 (10.0) 3 (3.8) 7 (8.8) 0 (0.0) | 8 (30.8) 3 (11.5) 2 (7.7) 0 (0.0) 1 (3.8) 1 (3.8) 2 (7.7) 3 (11.5) 5 (19.2) 1 (3.8) 0 (0.0) | 2 (10.0) 5 (25.0) 0 (0.0) 1 (5.0) 0 (0.0) 6 (30.0) 1 (5.0) 1 (5.0) 2 (10.0) 2 (10.0) 0 (0.0) | 7 (29.2) 6 (25.0) 2 (8.3) 2 (8.3) 1 (4.2) 1 (4.2) 2 (8.3) 0 1 (4.2) 1 (4.2) 1 (4.2) |
Organ dysfunction | ||||||||
Liver dysfunction | ||||||||
Present Absent Missing | 24 (5.2) 429 (92.3) 12 (2.6) | 2 (3.9) 48 (94.1) 1 (2.0) | 11 (6.1) 165 (91.7) 4 (2.2) | 3 (3.6) 80 (95.2) 1 (1.2) | 6 (7.5) 71 (88.8) 3 (3.8) | 1 (3.8) 25 (96.2) 0 (0.0) | 0 19 (95.0) 1 (5.0) | 1 (4.2) 21 (87.5) 2 (8.3) |
Renal dysfunction | ||||||||
Present Absent Missing | 48 (10.3) 405 (87.1) 12 (2.6) | 8 (15.7) 42 (82.4) 1 (2.0) | 14 (7.8) 162 (90.0) 4 (2.2) | 8 (9.5) 75 (89.3) 1 (1.2) | 11 (13.8) 66 (82.5) 3 (3.8) | 3 (11.5) 23 (88.5) 0 (0.0) | 1 (5.0) 18 (90.0) 1 (5.0) | 3 (12.5) 19 (79.2) 2 (8.3) |
Concomitant drugs | ||||||||
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs Acetaminophen Analgesic aids | 226 (48.6) 231 (49.7) 144 (31.0) | 17 (33.3) 28 (54.9) 16 (31.4) | 113 (62.8) 97 (53.9) 48 (26.7) | 38 (45.2) 44 (52.4) 32 (38.1) | 22 (27.5) 31 (38.8) 17 (21.3) | 13 (50.0) 6 (23.1) 13 (50.0) | 8 (40.0) 14 (70.0) 6 (30.0) | 15 (62.5) 11 (45.8) 12 (50.0) |
Daily MME, mg (missing, n = 71) | 74.2 ± 94.9 | 30.6 ± 15.1 | 85.2 ± 109.6 | 74.7 ± 82.1 | 47.4 ± 48.8 | 74.6 ± 67.1 | 73.5 ± 60.9 | 197.2 ± 171.9 |
Observation time, days | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 2.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) | 3.0 (1.0–7.0) |
Adjusted ORs for AEs by opioids
Variable | Constipation (n = 18) | Nausea and vomiting (n = 19) | Delirium (n = 25) | Drowsiness (n = 21) | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | OR | aOR | 95%CI | p value | n (%) | OR | aOR | 95%CI | p value | n (%) | OR | aOR | 95%CI | p value | n (%) | OR | aOR | 95%CI | p value | |
Opioid | ||||||||||||||||||||
Tramadol | 5 (9.8) | 1.85 | 1.39 | 0.38– | 0.62 | 5 (9.8) | 1.85 | 3.03 | 0.87–10.57 | 0.08 | 4 (7.8) | 0.94 | 0.67 | 0.17–2.68 | 0.58 | 2 (3.9) | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.11–2.71 | 0.47 |
Hydromorphone | 2 (2.4) | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.08–1.79 | 0.22 | 2 (2.4) | 0.41 | 0.54 | 0.11–2.68 | 0.45 | 4 (4.8) | 0.55 | 0.66 | 0.20–2.19 | 0.50 | 3 (3.6) | 0.52 | 0.58 | 0.15–2.19 | 0.42 |
Fentanyl | 1 (1.3) | 0.22 | 0.15 | 0.02–1.23 | 0.08 | 2 (10.5) | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.09–2.22 | 0.32 | 2 (2.5) | 0.28 | 0.36 | 0.07–1.73 | 0.20 | 4 (5.0) | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.25–2.94 | 0.80 |
Oxycodone | 10 (5.6) | ref | ref | 10 (5.6) | ref | ref | 15 (8.3) | ref | ref | 12 (6.7) | ref | ref | ||||||||
Age (per 10 years) | - | 0.80 | 0.78 | 0.54–1.13 | 0.19 | - | 1.01 | 0.96 | 0.66–1.40 | 0.83 | - | 1.39 | 1.32 | 0.90–1.94 | 0.15 | - | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.64–1.27 | 0.57 |
Sex | ||||||||||||||||||||
Female | 9 (5.6) | 1.39 | 2.08 | 0.74–5.81 | 0.16 | 11 (6.8) | 1.68 | 2.75 | 0.98–7.77 | 0.06 | 5 (3.1) | 0.37 | 0.44 | 0.16–1.26 | 0.13 | 5 (3.1) | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.17–1.35 | 0.16 |
Male | 9 (3.9) | ref | ref | 8 (3.5) | ref | ref | 20 (8.7) | ref | ref | 16 (7.0) | ref | ref | ||||||||
Renal dysfunction | 5 (12.2) | 3.25 | 5.42 | 1.61–18.22 | < 0.01 | 3 (7.3) | 1.43 | 2.38 | 0.60–9.43 | 0.22 | 4 (9.8) | 2.13 | 2.16 | 0.65–7.20 | 0.21 | 4 (9.8) | 1.95 | 2.59 | 0.78–8.64 | 0.12 |
Primary cancer site | ||||||||||||||||||||
Digestive tract | 5 (5.7) | 1.09 | 1.51 | 0.45–4.98 | 0.50 | 7 (7.8) | 2.22 | 3.06 | 0.96–9.72 | 0.06 | 4 (4.4) | 0.67 | 0.92 | 0.27–3.13 | 0.90 | 5 (5.6) | 1.21 | 1.06 | 0.34–3.31 | 0.92 |
Lung | 2 (2.2) | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.12–2.94 | 0.51 | 4 (4.4) | 1.28 | 1.32 | 0.31–5.64 | 0.71 | 9 (9.8) | 1.51 | 1.58 | 0.57–4.43 | 0.38 | 5 (5.4) | 0.95 | 1.21 | 0.37–3.96 | 0.75 |
Others | 10 (4.7) | ref | ref | 8 (3.8) | ref | ref | 12 (5.7) | ref | ref | 11 (5.2) | ref | ref |