Background
Methods
Study participants
Dietary assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Cases (n = 699) | Controls (n = 958) |
P
| |
---|---|---|---|
Age, mean (SD1) | 63.3 (8.1) | 58.9 (9.8) | <0.001 |
Body Mass Index, mean (SD) | 28.2 (5.0) | 29.2 (6.0) | <0.001 |
Race/Ethnicity | 0.25 | ||
African Americans/African Descents | 391 (55.9) | 497 (51.9) | |
European Americans | 242 (34.6) | 378 (39.5) | |
Hispanic Americans | 50 (7.2) | 61 (6.4) | |
Others | 16 (2.3) | 22 (2.3) | |
Dietary Calcium Intake (mg/day), median (IQR2) | 506.7 (281.0–826.4) | 502.0 (286.5–800.6) | 0.79 |
Supplemental Calcium Intake (mg/day), median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–162.0) | 22.7 (0.0–162.0) | 0.23 |
Total Calcium Intake (mg/day), median (IQR) | 645.2 (370.0–1049.5) | 600.1 (367.1–1019.0) | 0.59 |
Dietary Vitamin D Intake (IU/day)3, median (IQR) | 75.6 (32.1–152.7) | 68.7 (28.5–147.9) | 0.17 |
Supplemental Vitamin D Intake (IU/day), median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–400.0) | 26.8 (0.0–400.0) | 0.02 |
Total Vitamin D Intake (IU/day), median (IQR) | 237.2 (57.2–504.5) | 245.8 (66.8–515.9) | 0.25 |
Dietary Supplement Use, n (%) | 94 (16.8) | 185 (21.7) | 0.02 |
Education, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
< High School or High School | 326 (51.3) | 378 (41.0) | |
Some College, 4 Years of College | 188 (29.6) | 316 (34.3) | |
Master, PhD, and Professional Degree | 122 (19.2) | 227 (24.6) | |
Income, n (%) | <0.001 | ||
< $30,000 | 286 (42.2) | 296 (31.8) | |
$30,000–60,000 | 159 (23.5) | 239 (25.7) | |
≥ $60,000 | 232 (34.3) | 395 (42.5) | |
Married or Living Like Married, n (%) | 390 (56.0) | 550 (57.8) | 0.45 |
Smoking, n (%) | 0.08 | ||
Current Smoker | 122 (17.6) | 158 (16.7) | |
Yes, but Quit | 267 (38.6) | 321 (34.0) | |
Alcohol Use, n (%) | 0.02 | ||
Yes, but Quit | 149 (21.3) | 201 (21.2) | |
Currently Drink | 447 (64.0) | 560 (58.9) | |
Family History, n (%) | 163 (23.3) | 199 (12.5) | <0.001 |
PSA, median (IQR) | 6.5 (7.7) | 1.2 (1.7) | <0.001 |
Aggressive PCa | |||
Greater than High Risk PCa4, n (%) | 157 (23.5) | ||
Gleason Score 4 + 3 or Greater, n (%) | 155 (24.3) | ||
Gleason Score 4 + 4 or Greater, n (%) | 91 (14.3) |
Controls | Cases vs. Controls | NCCN High Risk vs. Controls | Gleason Score ≥4 + 3 vs. Controls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | |
Dietary Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<283.5) | 236 (24.6) | 178 (25.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 35 (22.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 30 (19.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (283.5–504.4) | 246 (25.7) | 168 (24.0) | 0.91 (0.69–1.19) | 0.86 (0.63–1.18) | 32 (20.4) | 0.88 (0.53–1.46) | 0.88 (0.48–1.61) | 33 (21.3) | 1.06 (0.62–1.79) | 0.99 (0.55–1.79) |
Quartile 3 (504.5–813.1) | 247 (25.8) | 168 (24.0) | 0.90 (0.68–1.19) | 0.93 (0.67–1.30) | 35 (22.3) | 0.96 (0.58–1.58) | 1.37 (0.73–2.57) | 38 (24.5) | 1.21 (0.73–2.02) | 1.47 (0.82–2.66) |
Quartile 4 (>813.1) | 229 (23.9) | 185 (26.5) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.98 (0.69–1.39) | 55 (35.0) | 1.62 (1.02–2.57) | 1.43 (0.76–2.71) | 54 (34.8) | 1.86 (1.15–3.00) | 1.80 (1.00–3.25) |
P for Trend | 0.49 | 0.92 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.03 |
0.02
| ||||
Dietary Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<29.9) | 249 (26.0) | 165 (23.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 26 (16.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 29 (18.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (29.9–71.4) | 244 (25.5) | 170 (24.3) | 1.05 (0.80–1.39) | 0.98 (0.71–1.35) | 41 (26.1) | 1.61 (0.96–2.71) | 1.24 (0.68–2.29) | 37 (23.9) | 1.30 (0.77–2.18) | 1.03 (0.58–1.84) |
Quartile 3 (71.5–148.3) | 229 (23.9) | 186 (26.6) | 1.23 (0.93–1.62) | 1.15 (0.81–1.63) | 48 (30.6) | 2.01 (1.21–3.34) | 1.45 (0.75–2.80) | 46 (29.7) | 1.73 (1.05–2.84) | 1.28 (0.69–2.37) |
Quartile 4 (>148.3) | 236 (24.6) | 178 (25.5) | 1.14 (0.86–1.50) | 1.01 (0.67–1.50) | 42 (26.8) | 1.70 (1.01–2.86) | 0.86 (0.40–1.86) | 43 (27.7) | 1.56 (0.95–2.59) | 0.96 (0.48–1.93) |
P for Trend | 0.35 | 0.87 | 0.13 | 0.38 | 0.11 | 0.93 | ||||
Supplemental Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
0 | 464 (48.4) | 384 (54.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 94 (59.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 83 (53.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
0–400 | 103 (10.8) | 41 (5.9) | 0.48 (0.33–0.71) | 0.66 (0.2–1.03) | 8 (5.1) | 0.38 (0.18–0.81) | 0.67 (0.28–1.59) | 11 (7.1) | 0.60 (0.31–1.16) | 1.02 (0.48–2.14) |
≥400 | 391 (40.8) | 274 (39.2) | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) | 0.88 (0.69–1.13) | 55 (35.0) | 0.69 (0.49–0.99) | 0.64 (0.40–1.01) | 61 (39.4) | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) | 0.79 (0.52–1.22) |
P for Trend | 0.20 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.54 | 0.29 | ||||
Total Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<368.8) | 240 (25.1) | 174 (24.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 34 (21.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 30 (19.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (368.8–616.0) | 249 (26.0) | 165 (23.6) | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) | 0.94 (0.67–1.31) | 34 (21.7) | 0.96 (0.58–1.60) | 1.10 (0.59–2.02) | 34 (21.9) | 1.09 (0.65–1.84) | 1.12 (0.62–2.05) |
Quartile 3 (616.1–1033.3) | 234 (24.4) | 181 (25.9) | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) | 38 (24.2) | 1.15 (0.70–1.88) | 1.38 (0.72–2.63) | 43 (27.7) | 1.47 (0.89–2.42) | 1.66 (0.91–3.04) |
Quartile 4 (>1033.3) | 235 (24.5) | 179 (25.6) | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) | 51 (32.5) | 1.53 (0.96–2.45) |
1.98 (1.01–3.91)
| 48 (31.0) | 1.63 (1.01–2.67) | 1.83 (0.97–3.48) |
P for Trend | 0.49 | 0.68 | 0.04 |
0.03
| 0.03 |
0.03
| ||||
Total Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<63.5) | 231 (24.1) | 183 (26.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 39 (24.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 36 (23.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (63.5–239.2) | 244 (25.5) | 170 (24.3) | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 39 (24.8) | 0.95 (0.58–1.53) | 0.85 (0.46–1.56) | 38 (24.5) | 1.00 (0.61–1.63) | 0.91 (0.50–1.65) |
Quartile 3 (239.3–510.2) | 239 (24.9) | 176 (25.2) | 0.93 (0.71–1.22) | 0.89 (0.63–1.25) | 52 (33.1) | 1.29 (0.82–2.03) | 1.03 (0.57–1.89) | 46 (29.7) | 1.24 (0.77–1.98) | 1.08 (0.60–1.93) |
Quartile 4 (>510.2) | 244 (25.5) | 170 (24.3) | 0.88 (0.67–1.16) | 0.81 (0.56–1.16) | 27 (17.2) | 0.66 (0.39–1.11) |
0.38 (0.18–0.79)
| 35 (22.6) | 0.92 (0.56–1.52) | 0.64 (0.33–1.23) |
P for Trend | 0.55 | 0.39 | 0.17 |
0.01
| 0.80 | 0.16 |
Controls | Cases vs. Controls | High Risk vs. Controls | Gleason Score ≥4 + 3 vs. Controls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | |
Total Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
African Americans | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<368.8) | 143 (28.8) | 111 (28.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 25 (23.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18 (21.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (368.8–616.0) | 113 (22.7) | 90 (23.0) | 1.03 (0.71–1.49) | 0.94 (0.61–1.58) | 21 (20.0) | 1.06 (0.57–2.00) | 1.39 (0.63–3.09) | 17 (20.5) | 1.20 (0.59–2.42) | 1.47 (0.62–3.51) |
Quartile 3 (616.1–1033.3) | 123 (24.7) | 91 (23.3) | 0.95 (0.66–1.38) | 1.20 (0.73–1.97) | 24 (22.9) | 1.12 (0.61–2.05) | 1.88 (0.81–4.37) | 23 (27.7) | 1.49 (0.77–2.88) | 2.32 (0.98–5.51) |
Quartile 4 (>1033.3) | 118 (23.7) | 99 (25.3) | 1.08 (0.75–1.56) | 1.33 (0.78–2.26) | 35 (33.3) | 1.70 (0.96–3.00) |
4.28 (1.70–10.80)
| 25 (30.1) | 1.68 (0.88–3.23) |
3.42 (1.30–9.00)
|
P for Trend | 0.73 | 0.28 | 0.05 |
0.001
| 0.10 |
0.01
| ||||
European Americans | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<368.8) | 80 (21.2) | 54 (22.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 5 (14.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9 (15.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (368.8–616.0) | 115 (30.4) | 60 (24.8) | 0.77 (0.49–1.23) | 0.84 (0.50–1.40) | 10 (28.6) | 1.39 (0.46–4.23) | 1.66 (0.50–5.52) | 15 (25.9) | 1.16 (0.48–2.78) | 1.27 (0.50–3.22) |
Quartile 3 (616.1–1033.3) | 87 (23.0) | 72 (29.8) | 1.23 (0.77–1.95) | 1.19 (0.70–2.03) | 8 (22.9) | 1.47 (0.46–4.68) | 1.63 (0.43–6.18) | 16 (27.6) | 1.64 (0.68–3.91) | 1.05 (0.41–2.68) |
Quartile 4 (>1033.3) | 96 (25.4) | 56 (23.1) | 0.86 (0.54–1.39) | 0.81 (0.46–1.43) | 12 (34.3) | 2.00 (0.68–5.92) | 1.65 (0.44–6.16) | 18 (31.0) | 1.67 (0.71–3.91) | 1.23 (0.48–3.11) |
P for Trend | 0.98 | 0.54 | 0.20 | 0.88 | 0.18 | 0.54 | ||||
P for Interaction (Total Calcium Intake x Race) | 0.70 | 0.99 | 0.99 | |||||||
Total Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
African Americans | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<63.5) | 120 (24.1) | 165 (23.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 29 (27.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 23 (27.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (63.5–239.2) | 139 (28.0) | 170 (24.3) | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) | 0.83 (0.51–1.34) | 29 (27.6) | 0.86 (0.49–1.53) | 0.57 (0.26–1.24) | 22 (26.5) | 0.83 (0.44–1.56) | 0.54 (0.24–1.25) |
Quartile 3 (239.3–510.2) | 135 (27.2) | 186 (26.6) | 0.80 (0.56–1.15) | 0.74 (0.45–1.21) | 37 (35.2) | 1.13 (0.66–1.96) | 0.58 (0.26–1.27) | 28 (33.7) | 1.08 (0.59–1.98) | 0.69 (0.31–1.55) |
Quartile 4 (>510.2) | 103 (20.7) | 178 (25.5) | 0.71 (0.48–1.07) |
0.53 (0.30–0.94)
| 10 (9.5) | 0.40 (0.19–0.86) |
0.06 (0.02–0.21)
| 10 (12.0) | 0.51 (0.23–1.11) |
0.17 (0.06–0.54)
|
P for Trend | 0.11 |
0.03
| 0.05 |
<0.001
| 0.18 |
0.008
| ||||
European Americans | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<63.5) | 88 (23.3) | 56 (23.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 9 (25.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 12 (20.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (63.5–239.2) | 81 (21.4) | 44 (18.2) | 0.85 (0.52–1.40) | 0.82 (0.47–1.44) | 3 (8.6) | 0.36 (0.10–1.38) | 0.24 (0.05–1.11) | 11 (19.0) | 1.00 (0.42–2.38) | 0.72 (0.27–1.93) |
Quartile 3 (239.3–510.2) | 89 (23.5) | 57 (23.6) | 1.01 (0.63–1.61) | 1.09 (0.63–1.87) | 10 (28.6) | 1.10 (0.43–2.83) | 1.08 (0.34–3.44) | 14 (24.1) | 1.15 (0.51–2.63) | 1.05 (0.41–2.68) |
Quartile 4 (>510.2) | 120 (31.7) | 85 (35.1) | 1.11 (0.72–1.72) | 1.25 (0.74–2.12) | 13 (37.1) | 1.06 (0.43–2.59) | 1.32 (0.40–4.33) | 21 (36.2) | 1.28 (0.60–2.75) | 1.23 (0.48–3.11) |
P for Trend | 0.37 | 0.14 | 0.39 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.36 | ||||
P for Interaction (Total Vitamin D Intake x Race) | 0.23 |
0.007
| 0.14 |
Controls | Cases vs. Controls | High Risk vs. Controls | Gleason Score ≥4 + 3 vs. Controls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | |
Total Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
BMI < Median (27.8) | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<368.8) | 93 (21.5) | 90 (25.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 15 (18.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 13 (18.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (368.8–616.0) | 124 (28.7) | 73 (21.6) | 0.63 (0.42–0.94) | 0.76 (0.47–1.24) | 21 (26.3) | 1.05 (0.51–2.15) | 1.82 (0.74–4.43) | 19 (26.4) | 1.10 (0.52–2.33) | 1.46 (0.60–3.54) |
Quartile 3 (616.1–1033.3) | 110 (25.5) | 92 (26.4) | 0.86 (0.58–1.29) | 1.06 (0.64–1.75) | 18 (22.5) | 1.02 (0.49–2.12) | 1.25 (0.48–3.25) | 19 (26.4) | 1.24 (0.58–2.64) | 1.57 (0.64–3.90) |
Quartile 4 (>1033.3) | 105 (24.3) | 91 (26.1) | 0.90 (0.60–1.34) | 1.13 (0.67–1.92) | 26 (32.5) | 1.54 (0.77–3.07) |
3.43 (1.25–9.42)
| 21 (29.2) | 1.43 (0.68–3.02) |
2.69 (1.02–7.11)
|
P for Trend | 0.80 | 0.36 | 0.17 |
0.02
| 0.30 |
0.045
| ||||
BMI ≥ Median (27.8) | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<368.8) | 127 (27.2) | 80 (24.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 17 (24.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 15 (19.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (368.8–616.0) | 109 (23.3) | 85 (25.4) | 1.24 (0.83–1.84) | 1.18 (0.74–1.86) | 11 (15.7) | 0.75 (0.34–1.68) | 0.79 (0.32–1.96) | 13 (16.9) | 1.01 (0.46–2.22) | 1.02 (0.44–2.41) |
Quartile 3 (616.1–1033.3) | 112 (24.0) | 87 (26.0) | 1.23 (0.83–1.83) | 1.38 (0.85–2.23) | 19 (27.1) | 1.28 (0.63–2.56) | 1.77 (0.71–4.42) | 23 (29.9) | 1.74 (0.87–3.50) | 1.96 (0.85–4.53) |
Quartile 4 (>1033.3) | 119 (25.5) | 82 (24.6) | 1.09 (0.74–1.63) | 0.99 (0.60–1.67) | 23 (32.9) | 1.44 (0.74–2.84) | 1.48 (0.56–3.91) | 26 (33.8) | 1.85 (0.93–3.66) | 1.47 (0.61–3.55) |
P for Trend | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.14 | 0.32 | 0.04 | 0.32 | ||||
P for Interaction (Total Calcium Intake x BMI) | 0.35 | 0.05 | 0.40 | |||||||
Total Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
BMI < Median (27.8) | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<63.5) | 87 (20.1) | 89 (25.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18 (22.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18 (25.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (63.5–239.2) | 109 (25.2) | 90 (25.9) | 0.81 (0.54–1.21) | 0.85 (0.52–1.41) | 20 (25.0) | 0.89 (0.44–1.78) | 0.86 (0.35–2.07) | 18 (25.0) | 0.80 (0.39–1.63) | 0.78 (0.33–1.84) |
Quartile 3 (239.3–510.2) | 106 (24.5) | 95 (27.3) | 0.88 (0.58–1.31) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 35 (43.8) | 1.60 (0.85–3.01) | 1.28 (0.54–3.03) | 27 (37.5) | 1.23 (0.64–2.38) | 1.06 (0.46–2.43) |
Quartile 4 (>510.2) | 130 (30.1) | 74 (21.3) | 0.56 (0.37–0.84) |
0.57 (0.33–0.97)
| 7 (8.8) | 0.26 (0.10–0.65) |
0.09 (0.02–0.35)
| 9 (12.5) | 0.34 (0.14–0.78) |
0.20 (0.07–0.60)
|
P for Trend | 0.009 |
0.03
| 0.009 |
0.001
| 0.02 |
0.004
| ||||
BMI ≥ Median (27.8) | ||||||||||
Total Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
Quartile 1 (<63.5) | 125 (26.8) | 88 (26.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 18 (25.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 15 (19.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Quartile 2 (63.5–239.2) | 115 (24.6) | 80 (24.0) | 0.99 (0.67–1.47) | 0.87 (0.54–1.40) | 19 (27.1) | 1.15 (0.57–2.29) | 0.82 (0.33–2.02) | 20 (26.0) | 1.45 (0.71–2.97) | 1.02 (0.43–2.40) |
Quartile 3 (239.3–510.2) | 117 (25.1) | 72 (21.6) | 0.87 (0.59–1.31) | 0.88 (0.54–1.42) | 14 (20.0) | 0.83 (0.40–1.75) | 0.73 (0.29–1.84) | 16 (20.8) | 1.14 (0.54–2.41) | 1.07 (0.45–2.53) |
Quartile 4 (>510.2) | 110 (23.6) | 94 (28.1) | 1.21 (0.83–1.79) | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) | 19 (27.1) | 1.20 (0.60–2.40) | 0.81 (0.31–2.12) | 26 (33.8) | 1.97 (0.99–3.91) | 1.37 (0.57–3.28) |
P for Trend | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.08 | 0.38 | ||||
P for Interaction (Total Vitamin D Intake x BMI) | 0.12 |
0.02
|
0.04
|
Controls | Cases vs. Controls | NCCN High Risk vs. Controls | Gleason Score ≥4 + 3 vs. Controls | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | n (%) | OR (95% C.I.) | OR (95% C.I.) | |
Dietary Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
<800 | 719 (75.1) | 508 (72.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 101 (64.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 99 (63.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
800–1000 | 93 (9.7) | 73 (10.4) | 1.11 (0.80–1.54) | 1.04 (0.72–1.51) | 20 (12.7) | 1.53 (0.91–2.59) | 1.18 (0.62–2.26) | 23 (14.8) | 1.80 (1.09–2.97) |
1.82 (1.03–3.20) |
≥1000 | 146 (15.2) | 118 (16.9) | 1.14 (0.88–1.50) | 1.13 (0.83–1.55) | 36 (22.9) | 1.76 (1.15–2.67) | 1.50 (0.88–1.55) | 33 (21.3) | 1.64 (1.07–2.53) | 1.60 (0.97–2.65) |
P
| 0.55 | 0.74 | 0.02 | 0.32 | 0.009 |
0.04
| ||||
Dietary Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
<400 | 940 (98.1) | 683 (97.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 148 (94.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 149 (96.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥400 | 18 (1.9) | 16 (2.3) | 1.22 (0.62–2.42) | 1.20 (0.53–2.74) | 9 (5.7) | 3.18 (1.40–7.20) | 2.56 (0.84–7.85) | 6 (3.9) | 2.10 (0.82–5.38) | 2.22 (0.71–6.96) |
P
| 0.56 | 0.66 | 0.006 | 0.10 | 0.12 | 0.17 | ||||
Supplemental Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
<800 | 908 (94.8) | 656 (93.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 145 (92.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 144 (92.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥800 | 50 (5.2) | 43 (6.2) | 1.19 (0.78–1.81) | 1.07 (0.66–1.74) | 12 (7.6) | 1.50 (0.78–2.89) | 1.90 (0.81–4.47) | 11 (7.1) | 1.39 (0.71–2.73) | 1.46 (0.67–3.21) |
P
| 0.42 | 0.79 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.34 | 0.35 | ||||
Supplemental Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
<400 | 567 (59.2) | 425 (60.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 102 (65.0) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 94 (60.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
400–600 | 246 (25.7) | 199 (28.5) | 1.08 (0.86–1.35) | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 46 (29.3) | 1.04 (0.71–1.52) | 0.94 (0.59–1.49) | 47 (30.3) | 1.15 (0.79–1.69) | 1.06 (0.69–1.64) |
≥600 | 145 (15.1) | 75 (10.7) | 0.69 (0.51–0.94) |
0.70 (0.50–0.98)
| 9 (5.7) | 0.35 (0.17–0.70) |
0.35 (0.16–0.77)
| 14 (9.0) | 0.58 (0.32–1.05) |
0.47 (0.25–0.90)
|
P
| 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.01 |
0.03
| 0.11 |
0.047
| ||||
Total Calcium, mg/day | ||||||||||
<800 | 623 (65.0) | 422 (60.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 85 (54.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 81 (52.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
800–1000 | 85 (8.9) | 92 (13.2) | 1.60 (1.16–2.20) |
1.61 (1.12–2.29)
| 19 (12.1) | 1.64 (0.95–2.83) | 1.55 (0.82–2.95) | 24 (15.5) | 2.17 (1.31–3.61) |
2.26 (1.30–3.95)
|
≥1000 | 250 (26.1) | 185 (26.5) | 1.01 (0.87–1.37) | 1.05 (0.80–1.38) | 53 (33.8) | 1.55 (1.07–2.26) | 1.48 (0.91–2.40) | 50 (32.3) | 1.54 (1.05–2.25) | 1.54 (0.98–2.43) |
P
| 0.02 |
0.03
| 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.004 |
0.009
| ||||
Total Vitamin D, IU/day | ||||||||||
<400 | 545 (56.9) | 406 (58.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 93 (59.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 87 (56.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
400–600 | 210 (21.9) | 178 (25.5) | 1.14 (0.90–1.44) | 1.11 (0.85–1.46) | 46 (29.3) | 1.28 (0.87–1.89) | 1.14 (0.71–1.83) | 42 (27.1) | 1.25 (0.84–1.87) | 1.24 (0.80–1.95) |
≥600 | 203 (21.2) | 115 (16.5) | 0.76 (0.59–0.99) | 0.74 (0.54–1.01) | 18 (11.5) | 0.52 (0.31–0.88) |
0.44 (0.23–0.84)
| 26 (16.8) | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | 0.60 (0.35–1.05) |
P
| 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.009 |
0.02
| 0.25 | 0.06 |