Background
Methods
Study sites and sample selection
RUMA Methodology
Review of literature and collection of health statistics
Mapping of breeding sites
School parasitaemia surveys
Health facility fever surveys
Brief description of the health care system
Statistical methods
Ethics
Results
Brief description of the health care system
Results of malaria routine reports
Age category | Simple malaria | Severe malaria | LRTI¥ | Skin/wounds | Diarrhoea | Total consultations |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infants < 1 year | 31,430 (32.4%) | 3,478 (3.6%) | 15,348 (15.8%) | 7,765 (8.0%) | 16,306 (16.8%) | 97,001 |
Children 1–4 years | 58,070 (37.7%) | 7,542 (4.9%) | 20,592 (13.4%) | 12,410 (8.0%) | 20,338 (13.2%) | 154,196 |
Children 5–14 years | 38,283 (41.4%) | 3,765 (4.1%) | 9,120 (9.9%) | 13,167 (14.2%) | 3,424 (3.7%) | 92,436 |
Adults ≥ years | 75,683 (29.9%) | 5,286 (2.1%) | 20,862 (8.3%) | 30,095 (11.9%) | 10,884 (4.3%) | 252,732 |
Total
|
203,466 (34.1%)
|
20,071 (3.4%)
|
65,922 (11.1%)
|
63,437 (10.6%)
|
50,952 (8.5%)
|
596,365
|
School parasitaemia surveys
Health facility-based surveys
Gradients of malaria prevalence and breeding site mapping
Socio-economic factors
Malaria prevalence | Fever | Controls | Fever | Controls | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age groups | OR | 95% CI | P value | OR | 95% CI | P value | ||
Infants 0–1 year | 7/58 (12.1%) | 3/21 (14.3%) | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
Children 1–5 years | 45/174 (25.9%) | 15/104 (14.4%) | 2.54 | 1.08–6.00 | <0.05 | 1.01 | 0.27–3.86 | 0.987 |
Children 6–15 years | 23/62 (37.1%) | 20/58 (34.5%) | 4.30 | 1.67–11.03 | <0.005 | 3.16 | 0.83–12.02 | 0.092 |
Adults >15 years | 48/266 (18.0%) | 72/363 (19.8%) | 1.60 | 0.69–3.75 | 0.276 | 1.48 | 0.43–5.18 | 0.535 |
Socio-economic factors | % | OR | 95% CI | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted for the effects of residential areas and age groups
| ||||
Education
| ||||
Primary | 23.2% | 1 | - | - |
Secondary | 33.4% | 0.97 | 0.62–1.49 | 0.873 |
Superior | 5.2% | 0.96 | 0.44–2.09 | 0.911 |
No education | 35.5% | 1.3 | 0.85–1.98 | 0.222 |
Religious | 2.6% | 0.74 | 0.24–2.27 | 0.594 |
Housing material
| ||||
Concrete/brick | 58.1% | 1 | - | - |
Leaf/mud | 4.6% | 1.61 | 0.82–3.19 | 0.17 |
Leaf | 0.8% | 2.13 | 0.50–9.00 | 0.304 |
Others
| 36.5% |
1.45
|
1.06–1.98
|
< 0.05
|
Water supply resource
| ||||
Tap water | 38.1% | 1 | - | - |
Well | 0.6% | 1.58 | 0.18–13.90 | 0.68 |
Fountain
| 58.1% |
1.66
|
1.19–2.31
|
< 0.005
|
Others
| 3.2% |
2.8
|
1.30–6.04
|
< 0.005
|
Living near a garden or agriculture land
| ||||
No | 71.0% | 1 | - | - |
Yes
| 29.0% |
1.39
|
1.01–1.92
|
< 0.05
|
Adjusted for the effects of different residential areas
| ||||
Bednet usage
| ||||
No use | 58.0% | 1 | - | - |
Used
| 42.0% |
0.74
|
0.54–1.00
|
< 0.05
|
Without adjusting for residential areas and age groups
| ||||
Rural exposure within 90 days
| ||||
No | 91.3% | 1 | - | - |
Yes | 8.7% | 1.14 | 0.70–1.90 | 0.6 |
Previous malaria treatment within 30 days with the presence of parasitaemia
| ||||
No | 52.5% | 1 | - | - |
Yes | 47.5% | 1.1 | 0.82–1.48 | 0.5 |
Monitoring of parasite resistance to anti-malarial drugs
Year | Drugs tested | Study sites | Urban/Rural | Authors | Failure rate In vivo |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1982–1986 | CQ (in vitro & in vivo) | Koudougou | Urban | [36] | First case found |
1988–1989 | CQ | Koudougou Zaghtouli Dori Banfora Fada N'Gourma | Urban Rural Urban Rural Rural | [37] | 25% |
1988 | CQ | Zaghtouli | Rural | [38] | 18.7% |
1989 | CQ | Dapelgo | Rural | [38] | 20.2% |
1982–1991 | CQ, SP, quinine, MP (in vitro) | Ouagadougou Bobo-Dioulasso | Urban | [39] | 6–15.8 % |
1990–1992 | CQ, SP (in vitro), quinine, halofantrine hydrochloride MP, | Ouagadougou and its neighbouring villages | Urban Rural | [22, 40-42] | CQ & SP: 8.1–24.4% Others: 0% |
1993 | CQ | Ouagadougou | Urban | [43] | 25% |
1995–1996 | CQ, quinine, MP (in vitro) | Bobo-Dioulasso | Urban | [44] | CQ: 19–20% M:2–9.6% |
1992–1998 | CQ, AQ, quinine, halofantrine MP | Ouagadougou | Urban | [45] | AQ:4.3% & 2.2 % in 1997 CQ:8.5% in 1992, CQ:20% in 1994 H: 7.9% in 1997 (in vitro) MP: 0% in 1997 (in vitro) Q: 0.9% in 1995 MP+H:7.6% in 1997 |
1999–2002 | CQ & SP | Bobo-Dioulasso | Urban | [46] | CQ:18% SP: < 1% |