Introduction
Role of PPAR-δ in Lipid Metabolism and Signaling Pathways
Role of PPAR-β/δ in Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation
PPAR-β/δ in AD and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
Parkinson’s Disease
Huntington’s Disease
Multiple Sclerosis
PPAR-β/δ in CNS Hypoxia/Ischemia
PPAR-β/δ in Brain Tumors (Neuroblastomas and Gliomas)
Summary and Perspective
Natural | Synthetic |
---|---|
Specific PPAR-β/δ agonists | |
PPAR-β/δ agonists | |
Saturated fatty acids – Stearic acids (SA) 18:0 oktadecanoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) – Palmitic acid (PA) 16:0 hexadecanoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) Monounsaturated fatty acids – Palmitoleic acid 16:1 (n-7) cis-hexadec-9-enoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) – Oleic acid (OA) 18:1 (n-9) cis-octadec-9-enoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) Polyunsaturated fatty acids – Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6 (n-3) all-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) – Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5 (n-3) – all-cis-5,8,11,14,17 eicosapentaenoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) – Linoleic acid (LA) 18:2 (n-6) – Γ-linoleic acid (GLA) 18:3 (n-6) all-cis-6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019), – Dihomo-γ-linoleic acid (DGLA) 20:3 (n-6) – Arachidonic acid (AA) 20:4 (n-6) all-cis-5,8,11,14 eicosatetraenoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) Arachidonic acid metabolites – 8(S)-HETE 8S-hydroxy-5Z,9E,11Z,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) – 15-HETE 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) Eicosanoids 15d-PGI2 15-deoxy-∆-12,14-prostaglandin J2 PGJ2—prostaglandin J2 PGI2 (prostacyclin)—prostaglandin I2 PGA1/2—prostaglandin A1/A2 PGB2—prostaglandin B2 | – L165041 (4-[3{4-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-2-propylphenoxy} propoxyl}] phenoxy)acetic acid; (Han et al. 2017a, b part I/II) – GW501516 2-Methyl-4(((4-methyl-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)1,3-thiazol-5-yl) methyl) sulfanyl)phenoxy)acetic acid (Han et al. 2017a, b part I/II) – GW0742 [4-[[[2-[3-Fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-4-methyl-5-thiazolyl]thio]-2-methyl phenoxy]acetic acid; (Han et al. 2017a, b part I/II) – GW1929 (2S)-((2-Benzoylphenyl)amino-3[4-[2-(methylpyridin-2-ylamino) ethoxy]phenyl)-propionic acid; (Han et al. 2017a, b part I/II) – GW2433 2-[4-(3-{[2-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl) ethyl] [(2,3-dichlorophenyl) carbamoyl] amino} propyl) phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid (Li et al. 2018) – MBX-8025 2-[4-[[2R)-2-ethoxy-3-[4 (trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]propyl]thio]-2-methylphenoxy]acetic acid (Han et al. 2017a, b part I/II; Xu et al. 2018; Hong et al. 2019) – Carbaprostacyclin (cPGI) 6,9α-methylene-11α,15S-dihydroxy-prosta-5E,13E-dien-1-oic acid (Han et al. 2017a, b part I/II) – ETYA 5,8,11,14- eicosatetraynoic acid (Korbecki et al. 2019) |
Dual PPAR-α/βδ agonists – GFT505 2-(2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-(4-(methylthio) phenyl)-3-oxo-1-propenyl)phenyl)-2-methylpropanoic acid (Han et al. 2017a, b part I/II; Li et al. 2018) – KD-3010 (Xu et al. 2018) | |
Dual PPAR-βδ/γ agonists – T3D-959 sodium 2-(5-(2-(5-ethyl-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)oxazol-4-yl)ethoxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)acetic acid (Chamberlain et al. 2020) Pan PPAR-α/βδ/γ agonists – Chiglitazar l-tyrosine, O-[2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl) ethyl]-N-[2-(4-fluorobenzoyl)phenyl] (Han et al. 2017a, b part I) – Indeglitazar 3-[1-[(4-methoxyphenyl) sulfonyl]-5-methoxy-1H-indole-3-yl] propanoic acid (Han et al. 2017a, b part I) – Sipoglitazar 3-[3-ethoxy-1-[4-(2-phenyl-4-thiazolylmethoxy)benzyl]-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]propionic acid (Han et al. 2017a, b part I) – IVA337 (Li et al. 2018) | |
PPAR-β/δ antagonists | |
GSK3787—4-chloro-N-[2-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]sulfonyl]ethyl]benzamide (Paterniti et al. 2010) GSK0660—3-[[[2-methoxy-4-(phenylamino)phenyl]amino]sulfonyl]-2-thiophenecarboxylic acid methyl ester (Paterniti et al. 2010) SR13904 (Zaveri et al. 2009) |