Background
Methods
First search
Main search
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sufficient relative/absolute reliability (+): ICC ≥ 0.70/minimal detectable change at 95% confidence interval < minimal important change
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indeterminate relative/absolute reliability (?): ICC not reported/minimal important change not defined
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insufficient relative/absolute reliability (−): ICC < 0.70/minimal detectable change at 95% confidence interval > minimal important change
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unacceptable absolute reliability (↓): MDC95% > 30%
Results
Systematic searches (first and main search)
Motor assessments applied in previous randomised controlled trials
Motor assessment | Description | Frequency of use | Time*group interaction effect size |
---|---|---|---|
Balance
| |||
FICSIT-4 [49] | Task: performing four different stances with eyes open for 10 seconds: (a) feet together, (b) semi-tandem, (c) tandem, (d) single-leg Measurement: score [0–5], which rates performance according to ability to maintain stances | 1 RCT (n = 109) [50] | – |
Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction of Balance [51] | Task: standing on a platform (NeuroCom Balance Master) as quietly as possible for 10 seconds under four sensory conditions: eyes open and closed standing on firm surface and foam Measurements: sway velocity [deg/s], composite score for all conditions | 1 RCT (n = 40) [52] | – |
Limits of Stability [51] | Task: standing on NeuroCom Balance Master and moving cursor from centre box directly to eight target boxes as fast and as close as possible by shifting weight Measurements: reaction time [s], movement velocity [deg/s], maximum excursion [%], directional control [%], summary composite score | 1 RCT (n = 40) [52] | – |
Physiomat-Trail-Making Task [53] | Task: standing on Physiomat and connecting digits by shifting weight Measurements: total duration [s], accuracy of sway path [digits/ms] | 1 RCT (n = 84) [54] | – |
Physiomat-Follow-The-Ball Task [53] | Task: standing on Physiomat and moving cursor from centre of screen directly to targets as fast as possible by shifting weight Measurements: total duration [s], accuracy of sway path [digits/ms] | 1 RCT (n = 84) [54] | – |
FR [55] | Task: standing next to a wall, holding one arm parallel to a metre stick attached to the wall at shoulder height, and reaching forward as far as possible without losing balance or changing foot position Measurement: distance from starting to end position [cm] | Small to large c | |
Hill Step Test [60] | Task: stepping 1 foot onto a block and returning it to the floor as quickly as possible for 15 seconds Measurement: number of repetitions | – | |
Step Quick Turn Test [51] | Task: taking two steps forward on NeuroCom Balance Master, quickly turning, and returning to starting point Measurements: turn time [s], turn sway [deg/s] | 1 RCT (n = 40) [52] | – |
Figure of Eight Test [62] | Task: walking a lap of a standard figure-eight trajectory as quickly and accurately as possible Measurements: walking speed [m/s], number of oversteps | 1 RCT (n = 109) [50] | – |
GMWT [63] | Task: walking over a meandering curved line as quickly and accurately as possible Measurements: walking speed [m/s], number of oversteps | 1 RCT (n = 109) [50] | – |
BBS [64] | Task: 14-item functional balance assessment with simple everyday tasks (reaching, bending, transferring, standing, and rising), which are graded on a five-point ordinal scale (0 to 4) Measurement: score [0–56] | Small to large c/r | |
Modified BBS [64] | Task: abbreviated version of the original 14-item BBS, excluding three items (chair-to-chair transfer, forward reach with outstretched arm, and alternate stepping on-off stool) Measurement: score [0–44] | 1 RCT (n = 23) [74] | – |
POMA [75] | Task: scale with two parts, assessing balance (B) and gait (G) (B) sitting balance, rising from a chair and sitting down, standing balance (with eyes open and closed), and turning balance (G) gait initiation, step length and height, symmetry, continuity, path direction, and trunk sway Measurements: total score [0–28], balance score [0–16], gait score [0–12] | No to large c/r | |
Mobility and gait
| |||
TUG [81] | Task: standing up from a chair, walking three metres, turning around, walking back to chair, and sitting down Measurements: time [s], number of steps | No to large c/r | |
Cognitive TUG [87] | Task: TUG with additional cognitive task (counting backwards by threes/evoke names of animals) Measurement: time [s] | – | |
Task: TUG with additional manual task (carrying a glass of water) Measurement: time [s] | 1 RCT (n = 40) [52] | – | |
6 m WT [88] | Task: walking six metres with comfortable pace Measurements: walking speed [m/s], step length [m] | – | |
4 m WT [88] | Task: walking four metres with comfortable pace Measurement: walking speed [m/s] | Small c/r | |
Instrumented gait analysis [92] | Task: walking with comfortable/fast pace over an electronic walkway (GAITRite, Bessou locometer, NeuroCom Balance Master) Measurements: walking speed [cm/s, m/s], cadence [steps/min], stride/step length [cm, m], stride time [s], double/single support [% of stride time], double limb support time [s], step width [cm], step time variability [CV], Walk-Ratio [step length/cadence] | Small to large c/r | |
Strength
| |||
5x STS [97] | Task: performing five repetitions of the STS task without upper extremity assistance Measurement: time [s] | No to large c/r | |
STS on NeuroCom Balance Master [51] | Task: standing up from a seated position without upper extremity assistance Measurements: rising index [% of body weight], centre of gravity sway velocity [deg/s] | 1 RCT (n = 40) [52] | – |
ACSID [99] | Task: performing five repetitions of the STS task without upper extremity assistance while motor and cognitive aspects of movement process are qualitatively rated Measurements: total score [0–10], sub scores ‘recall and initiation’ [0–5], ‘effective performance’ [0–5] | 1 RCT (n = 77) [100] | Large c/r |
Task: performing as many repetitions of STS task as possible in 30 s Modified version: use of upper extremity assistance is allowed Measurement: number of repetitions | Modified: 1 RCT (n = 109) [50] | Large c/r | |
Handgrip dynamometer [102] | Task: putting maximum force on a dynamometer Measurement: maximum handgrip strength [KPa, kg] | No r | |
Maximum isometric strength assessed with dynamometers [103] | Task: pushing as hard as possible against a dynamometer after adopting a standardised position Measurements: maximum strength [N] and integral over time [Ns] for knee extension, knee flexion, and ankle flexion | – | |
Endurance
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6 min WT [104] | Task: walking for 6 minutes with comfortable pace Measurement: distance [m, ft] | – | |
Functional performance
| |||
SPPB [108] | Task: three subtests including standing balance (tandem, semi-tandem, and side-by-side stands), walking speed over an 8-ft walking course, and 5x STS Measurement: score [0–12] | Small to medium c/r | |
Task: five items (pouring a drink, spreading butter on a sandwich and cutting the sandwich, open a small cupboard with a key, washing and drying hands, and tying a bow on a small wrapped present), which are rated according to correctly performed substeps (0–6 points) Measurement: score [0–30] | – |
Psychometric properties
Summary for content, construct, and criterion validity, internal consistency, and intra-rater reliability2
Inter-rater reliability (relative and absolute reliability)
Variable | Study | Relative inter-rater reliability | Absolute inter-rater reliability | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICC | Rating | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Imprecision | Indirectness | Quality of evidence | MDC95% | Rating | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Imprecision | Indirectness | Quality of evidence | |||
Balance | ||||||||||||||||
FR | Distance | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 15) [14] | 0.79 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | Not assessed | ||||||
GMWT | Time | 1 study of adequate/very good quality (n = 53) [43] | 0.99 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | 14.5% | ? | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate |
Number of oversteps | 1 study of adequate/very good quality (n = 53) [43] | 0.99 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | 17.1% | ? | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | |
BBS | Score | 0.72–0.99 | + | No | No | No | No | High | 5.9–7.1% | ? | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | |
Mobility and gait | ||||||||||||||||
TUG | Time | 0.98–0.99 | + | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | 7.9% | +b | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | |
6 m WT | Walking speed | 1 study of adequate/very good quality (n = 33) [15] | 0.97 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 15.7% | +c | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low |
4 m WT | Time | 1 study of adequate/very good quality (n = 53) [43] | 0.82 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | 98.0% | -c/↓ | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate |
Strength | ||||||||||||||||
ACSID | Score | 1 study of very good quality (n = 94) [99] | 0.85 | + | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | Not assessed | ||||||
30s CST | Repetitions | 1 study of adequate/very good quality (n = 33) [15] | 1.00 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 0.0% | ? | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low |
Endurance | ||||||||||||||||
6 min WT | Distance | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 33)a [118] | 0.97–0.99 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | Not assessed | ||||||
Walking speed | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 33)a [118] | 0.96–0.98 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | Not assessed |
Test-retest reliability (relative and absolute reliability)
Variable | Study | Relative test-retest reliability | Absolute test-retest reliability | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ICC | Rating | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Imprecision | Indirectness | Quality of evidence | MDC95% | Rating | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Imprecision | Indirectness | Quality of evidence | |||
Balance | ||||||||||||||||
FICSIT-4 | Score | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 58)a [17] | 0.79–0.82 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | 58.9–71.1% | ↓ | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low |
Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction of Balance | Sway velocity | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.91 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 36.5% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
Limits of Stability | Reaction time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.52 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 38.0% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
Movement velocity | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.48 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 38.9% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Maximum excursion | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.68 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 15.9% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Directional control | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.71 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 21.8% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Physiomat-Trail-Making Task [53] | Score | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 74) [53] | 0.90 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | Not assessed | ||||||
Sway Path | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 47–73)b [53] | 0.47–0.82 | +/− depending on condition | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | Not assessed | |||||||
Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 47–73)b [53] | 0.55–0.83 | +/− depending on condition | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | Not assessed | |||||||
Physiomat-Follow-The-Ball Task | Sway Path | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 73) [53] | 0.84 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | Not assessed | ||||||
Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 73) [53] | 0.79 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | Not assessed | |||||||
FR | Distance | 0.81–0.84 | + | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | 15.4–68.9% | ?/↓ | No | Yes | n < 50 | No | Not assigned (inconsistency) | |
Hill Step Test | Number of steps | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.87 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 26.2% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
Step Quick Turn Test | Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.55 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 38.1% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
Sway | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.64 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 29.7% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Figure of Eight Test | Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 46)a [17] | 0.85–0.94 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 36.9–37.9% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
GMWT | Time | 0.93–0.99 | + | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | 19.6–31.2% | ?/↓ | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | |
Number of oversteps | 0.57–0.96 | ? | No | Yes | n = 50–100 | No | Not assigned (inconsistency) | 33.3–225.7% | ↓ | No | Yes | n = 50–100 | No | Not assigned (inconsistency) | ||
BBS | Score | 0.95–0.99 | + | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | 10.2–38.6% | ?/↓ | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | |
Mobility and gait | ||||||||||||||||
TUG | Time | 0.72–0.99 | + | No | No | No | No | High | 15.8–39.6% | +h/↓ | No | No | No | No | High | |
Cognitive TUG | Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 10) [51] | 0.51 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 36.2% | +h/↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
Manual TUG | Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.70 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 26.7% | +h | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
6 m WT | Walking speed | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 58)a [17] | 0.83–0.89 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | 31.6–41.5% | -i/↓ | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low |
Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 9–10)b [102] | 0.92–0.95 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | Not assessed | |||||||
Number of steps | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 9–10)b [102] | 0.80–0.90 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | Not assessed | |||||||
4 m WT | Time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 53) [43] | 0.85 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | 84.3% | -i/↓ | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low |
Instrumented gait analysis | Walking speed | 0.50–0.98 | + (except for NeuroCom Balance Master) | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | 10.2–48.3% | +i/↓ | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | |
Step length | 0.75–0.98 | + | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | 7.0–35.6% | ?/↓ | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | ||
Step width | 0.89–0.95 | + | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | 20.0–24.7% | ? | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | ||
Stride length | 0.97–0.98 | + | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | 6.8–8.5% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | ||
Cadence | 0.88–0.91 | + | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | 7.1–7.5% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | ||
Swing time | 0.89–0.96 | + | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | 7.0–7.1% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | ||
Stance time | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 20)e [121] | 0.70–0.73 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | 8.6–8.7% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Toe in/out angle | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 20)e [121] | 0.91–0.93 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | 28.2–33.5% | ?/↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Walking speed variability | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5] | 0.66 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | 77.8% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Stride length variability | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5] | 0.80 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | 71.7% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Stride width variability | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5] | 0.83 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | 46.9% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Cadence variability | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 16) [5] | 0.65 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | 41.4% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Strength | ||||||||||||||||
5x STS | Time | 0.80–0.94 | + | No | No | n < 50 | No | Low | 29.9% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
STS on NeuroCom Balance Master | Rising Index | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.95 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 21.8% | ? | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low |
COG sway velocity | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 14) [51] | 0.02 | – | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | 80.2% | ↓ | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very low | |
Modified 30s CST | Repetitions | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 52)a [17] | 0.79–0.88 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | 33.2–45.7% | ↓ | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low |
Handgrip dynamometer | Force | 0.42–0.98 | + (except for severe dementia) | No | No | No | No | High | 34.9–36.8% | ↓ | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | |
Maximum isometric strength assessed with dynamometers | Peak force | 1 studies of adequate quality (n = 11–12)f [102] | 0.63–0.71 | ? | Serious | Yes | n < 50 | No | Not assigned (inconsistency) | Not assessed | ||||||
(Normalised) torque | 1 studies of adequate quality (n = 60)a [114] | 0.95–0.98 | + | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | Not assessed | |||||||
Endurance | ||||||||||||||||
6 min WT | Distance | 0.76–0.98 | + | No | No | n = 50–100 | No | Moderate | 21.2–28.9% | ? | Serious | No | n = 50–100 | No | Low | |
Walking speed | 1 study of adequate quality (n = 33)c [118] | 0.75–0.89 | + | Serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | Not assessed | |||||||
Functional performance | ||||||||||||||||
E-ADL Test | Score | 1 study of doubtful quality (n = 42) [110] | r = 0.73g | ? | Very serious | No | n < 50 | No | Very Low | Not assessed |
Influence of severity and aetiology of dementia and cueing on test-retest reliability
Mild dementia | Mild to moderate dementia | Moderate dementia | Severity not reported | |
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FICSIT-4 | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 22.7 (2.1) ICC = 0.82 MDC95% = 58.9% [17] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 19.2 (4.4) ICC = 0.79 MDC95% = 59.4% [17] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 15.5 (2.4) ICC = 0.80 MDC95% = 71.1% [17] | |
GMWT | MMSE [mean (SD)]: n.r. ICC = 0.79–0.96 MDC95% = n.r [63]. | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 17.4 (4.3) ICC = 0.63–0.94 MDC95% = 31.2–225.7% [63] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: n.r. ICC = 0.57–0.93 MDC95% = n.r [63]. | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 13.8 (5.7) ICC = 0.96–0.99 MDC95% = 19.6–33.3% [43] |
BBS | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 20.0 (5.5) ICC = 0.95 MDC95% = 38.6% [14] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 13.8 (5.7) ICC = 0.99 MDC95% = 10.2% [43] | ||
6 m WT | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 22.7 (2.1) ICC = 0.83 MDC95% = 41.5% [17] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 19.2 (4.4) ICC = 0.86 MDC95% = 36.5% [17] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 15.5 (2.4) ICC = 0.89 MDC95% = 31.6% [17] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 16.9 (7.3) ICC = 0.80–0.95 MDC95% = n.r [102]. |
5x STS | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 21.4 (5.0) ICC = 0.80 MDC95% = 29.9% [51] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 16.9 (7.3) ICC = 0.94 MDC95% = n.r [102]. | ||
Modified 30s CST | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 22.7 (2.1) ICC = 0.79 MDC95% = 45.7% [17] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 19.2 (4.4) ICC = 0.84 MDC95% = 42.5% [17] | MMSE [mean (SD)]: 15.5 (2.4) ICC = 0.88 MDC95% = 33.2% [17] |
Alzheimer’s disease | Various types/not reported | |
---|---|---|
BBS | ICC = 0.95 MDC95% = 38.6% [14] | ICC = 0.99 MDC95% = 10.2% [43] |
TUG (between-day reliability) | ICC = 0.72–0.76 | ICC = 0.87–0.99 |
Up and go tasks (between-day reliability) | ICC = 0.51–0.76 | ICC = 0.87–0.99 |
Short distance walking speed (without NeuroCom Balance Master) | ICC = 0.95–0.98 | ICC = 0.83–0.95 |
5x STS | ICC = 0.80 MDC95% = 29.9% [51] | ICC = 0.94 MDC95% = n.r [102]. |
STS assessments (without Rising Index) | ICC = 0.02–0.80 MDC95% = 29.9–80.2% [51] | ICC = 0.79–0.94 |
Maximum isometric strength assessed with dynamometers | ICC = 0.95–0.98 MDC95% = n.r [114]. | ICC = 0.63–0.71 MDC95% = n.r [102]. |
No cueing | Verbal cueing or verbal and visual/tactile cueing | More extensive cueing including physical assistance | |
---|---|---|---|
FR | ICC = 0.84 MDC95% = 15.4% [51] | ICC = 0.81 MDC95% = 68.9% [14] | |
GMWT | ICC = 0.57–0.96 MDC95% = 31.2–225.7% [63] | ICC = 0.96–0.99 MDC95% = 19.6–33.3% [43] | |
TUG | ICC = 0.76–0.96 | ICC = 0.72–0.99 | |
Short distance WT | ICC = 0.80–0.95 | ICC = 0.85 MDC95% = 84.3% [43] | |
Short distance walking speed | ICC = 0.95–0.96 MDC95% = 10.2–12.0% [121] | ICC = 0.50–0.95 | ICC = 0.85–0.98 |
Frequency of use and effect sizes of motor assessments applied in previous randomised controlled trials
Summary and derivation of recommendations
Motor assessment | Inter-rater reliability | Test-retest reliability | Frequency of use | Time*group interaction effect size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
relative | absolute | relative | absolute | |||
Balance | ||||||
FICSIT-4 | ? | ? | 0 | – | – | ? |
Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction of Balance | ? | ? | 0 | – | – | ? |
Limits of Stability | ? | ? | – | – | – | ? |
Physiomat-Trail-Making Task | ? | ? | 0 | ? | – | ? |
Physiomat-Follow-The-Ball Task | ? | ? | 0 | ? | – | ? |
FR | 0 | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | + |
Hill Step Test | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | 0 | ? |
Step Quick Turn Test | ? | ? | – | – | – | ? |
Figure of Eight Test | ? | ? | 0 | – | – | ? |
GMWT | 0 | 0 | + | 0 | – | ? |
BBS | + | 0 | + | 0 | + | + |
Modified BBS | ? | ? | ? | ? | – | ? |
POMA | ? | ? | ? | ? | + | + |
Mobility and gait | ||||||
TUG | + | + | + | + | + | + |
Cognitive TUG | ? | ? | – | 0 | 0 | ? |
Manual TUG | ? | ? | + | 0 | – | ? |
6 m WT | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | ? |
4 m WT | 0 | – | 0 | – | 0 | 0 |
Instrumented gait analysis | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | + | + |
Strength | ||||||
5x STS | ? | ? | 0 | 0 | + | + |
STS on NeuroCom Balance Master | ? | ? | – | – | – | ? |
ACSID | + | ? | ? | ? | – | + |
30s CST | 0 | 0 | 0 | – | + | + |
Handgrip dynamometer | ? | ? | + | – | 0 | – |
Maximum isometric strength assessed with dynamometers | ? | ? | 0 | ? | 0 | ? |
Endurance | ||||||
6 min WT | 0 | ? | + | 0 | 0 | ? |
Functional performance | ||||||
SPPB | ? | ? | ? | ? | 0 | 0 |
E-ADL Test | ? | ? | 0 | ? | 0 | ? |
-
Balance: FR, GMWT (time), BBS, and POMA
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Mobility and gait: TUG and instrumented gait analysis to assess spatiotemporal gait parameters
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Strength: STS assessments with more than one repetition
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Endurance: 6 min WT
-
Functional Performance: No recommendation possible, due to insufficient research on psychometric properties
Discussion
Findings on primary and secondary outcomes
Findings on influence of severity and aetiology of dementia and cueing on test-retest reliability
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Put emphasis on simple instructions, especially for IWD with advanced stages or AD.
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Consider individual cognitive and motor deficits, when selecting motor assessments.
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Only use cueing for motor assessments where it is inevitable.