Background
Methods
Study design
Statistical population
Data collection tools
Sampling
Sample size
Data analysis
Results
Participants' characteristics
Variables | n % | Variables | n % | Variables | n % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | Marital satisfaction | 214 (64.1) | Gravid | ||
18–25 | 12 (38.9) | Planned pregnancy | 195 (67.7) | One | 128 (43.1) |
26–35 | 144 (50.0) | Husband’s education | Two | 98 (34.0) | |
≥ 36 | 32 (11.1) | Elementary and lower | 65 (19.5) | Three | 47 (16.3) |
Work status | Intermediate | 72 (21.6) | ≥ 4 | 19 (6.6) | |
House keeper | 276 (95.8) | High school | 132 (39.5) | Hospitalized in labour and delivery room (Hour) | |
Employed | 12 (4.2) | University | 65 (19.5) | ≤ 5 | 120 (41.7) |
Infertility | 8 (2.8) | Husband’s job | 6–10 | 97 (33.7) | |
Prenatal class | 65 (22.6) | Unemployed | 12 (4.2) | ≥ 11 | 71 (24.7) |
Education | Employed | 18 (6.3) | Birth attendant | ||
Elementary and lower | 45 (15.6) | Self-employed | 99 (34.4) | Midwife | 71 (24.7) |
Intermediate | 66 (22.9) | Manual worker | 159 (55.2) | Obstetrician (resident or on call) | 163 (56.6) |
High school | 128 (44.4) | Abortion history | Student (midwifery or intern) | 14 (4.9) | |
University | 49 (17.0) | No abortion | 224 (77.8) | Personal physician or midwife | 40 (13.9) |
Husband’s age (Years) | One | 52 (18.1) | Number of health care provider | ||
18–25 | 31 (10.8) | ≥ 2 | 12 (4.2) | One | 41 (14.2) |
26–35 | 172 (59.7) | Marital satisfaction | Two | 149 (51.7) | |
≥ 36 | 85 (29.5) | Yes | 195 (67.7) | ≥ 3 | 98 (34.0) |
Giving birth at day (8 a.m. to 8 p.m.) | 163 (56.6) | No | 93 (32.3) | Admission to NICU | 39 (13.5) |
Prolonged labour (dilatation < 1 cm/h) | 33 (11.5) | Weight of baby (gram) | Augmentation | 163 (56.6) | |
Use of the pain relief | 88 (30.6) | ≤ 2500 | 34 (11.8) | Doula presence | 8 (2.8) |
Gestational age at birth | 2500–4000 | 243 (84.8) | APGAR at 5 min after birth | ||
< 37 | 63 (21.9) | ≥ 4000 | 11 (3.8) | ≤ 8 | 6 (2.1) |
≥ 37 | 225 (78.1) | Baby sex (girl) | 142 (49.3) | 9–10 | 282 (97.9) |
Postpartum bleeding | 23 (8.0) | Episiotomy | 236 (81.9) |
Status of PTSD and D&A
Variable | Mean (SD) | Median (per 25 to 75) | Obtainable score range | Obtained score range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total score of PTSD | 5.72 (10.01) | 1 (0–7) | 0–51 | 0–51 |
Re-experiencing symptoms | 1.90 (2.97) | 0 (0–3) | 0–12 | 0–12 |
Avoidance symptoms | 2.00 (4.24) | 0 (0–2) | 0–21 | 0–21 |
Arousal symptoms | 1.80 (0.13) | 0 (0–2) | 0–18 | 0–18 |
D&A | 215 (74.7)a |
Relationships of D&A and other significant factors with PTSD
Variable | Women experiencing D&A Mean (SD) | Women without experiencing D&A Mean (SD) | p-valuea |
---|---|---|---|
Total score of PTSD | 7.32 (2.0) | 1.0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
Re-experiencing symptoms | 2.41 (1.0) | 0.4 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
Avoidance symptoms | 2.60 (0.0) | 0.2 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
Arousal symptoms | 2.30 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
Variables | aOR (95% CI)a | p |
---|---|---|
D&A | ||
Experience of D&A (Ref) | 1 | |
Not experiencing of D&A | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.58) | 0.015 |
Gestational age at birth | ||
> 37 (Ref) | 1 | |
≤ 37 | 2.27 (1.00 to 5.18) | 0.050 |
Augmentation | ||
No (Ref) | 1 | |
Yes | 5.15 (2.29 to 11.56) | < 0.001 |
Baby sex | ||
Boy (Ref) | 1 | |
Girl | 0.53 (0.250 to 1.12) | 0.98 |
Time of giving birth | ||
Night (Ref) | 1 | |
Day (8 a.m. to 8 p.m.) | 0.40 (0.17 to 0.90) | 0.027 |
Birth attendant | ||
Personal physician or midwife (Ref) | 1 | |
Midwife | 0.20 (0.02 to 1.77) | 0.150 |
Obstetric (resident or on call) | 1.60 (0.30 to 8.45) | 0.576 |
Student (midwifery or intern) | 15.71 (1.99 to 123.72) | 0.009 |