Background
Methods
Study population
Procedural data and culprit lesion identification
Optical coherence tomography image acquisition
Optical coherence tomography image analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics
Variable | Non-DM (n = 184) | Short-DM (n = 64) | Long-DM (n = 31) | P value | PNon vs. Short | PShort vs. Long | PNon vs. Long |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 57.5 ± 11.6 | 55.2 ± 11.5 | 61.0 ± 10.5 | 0.063 | |||
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.8 ± 4.0 | 27.1 ± 3.4 | 26.1 ± 2.8 | 0.072 | |||
Men | 152 (82.6) | 50 (78.1) | 27 (87.1) | 0.586 | |||
Smoking | 127 (69.0) | 43 (67.2) | 24 (77.4) | 0.623 | |||
Medical history | |||||||
Hypertension | 102 (55.4) | 41 (64.1) | 20 (64.5) | 0.378 | |||
Dyslipidemia | 168 (91.3) | 56 (87.5) | 29 (93.5) | 0.630 | |||
Prior PCI | 12 (6.5) | 5 (7.8) | 4 (12.9) | 0.388 | |||
Laboratory findings | |||||||
White blood cell count, × 106/L | 10.6 ± 3.2 | 10.9 ± 3.2 | 10.0 ± 2.7 | 0.624 | |||
Hs-CRP, mg/L | 5.3 (2.4, 10.9) | 6.6 (2.9, 10.3) | 4.0 (2.6, 10.6) | 0.840 | |||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 97.3 (77.7, 114.3) | 99.9 (88.2, 119.1) | 93.2 (77.8, 107.3) | 0.119 | |||
HbA1c, % | 5.7 (5.5, 5.9) | 7.6 (6.8, 8.9) | 8.4 (7.7, 9.8) | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | 0.001* | < 0.001* |
TC, mg/dL | 164.0 (139.2, 195.2) | 172.1 (155.8, 203.2) | 175.9 (130.7, 205.0) | 0.172 | |||
TG, mg/dL | 114.7 (73.7, 167.8) | 154.5 (104, 215.8) | 144.3 (90.3, 206.3) | 0.001* | 0.006* | 0.996 | 0.046 |
LDL-C, mg/dL | 104 (82.6, 127.5) | 114.5 (95.3, 133.0) | 103.6 (78.9,128.4) | 0.279 | |||
HDL-C, mg/dL | 41.4 (35.6, 48.3) | 39.3 (35.3, 45.7) | 39.8 (34.8, 47.6) | 0.417 | |||
Lipoprotein (a), mg/L | 179.8 (84.5, 393) | 107.5 (49,311.4) | 149.0 (87.1, 315.0) | 0.825 | |||
LVEF, % | 54.7 ± 6.5 | 56.6 ± 5.2 | 53.9 ± 5.4 | 0.062 | |||
Prior medications | |||||||
Aspirin | 64 (34.8) | 29 (45.3) | 12 (38.7) | 0.310 | |||
P2Y12 inhibitor | 43 (23.4) | 17 (26.6) | 11 (35.5) | 0.323 | |||
Statin | 34 (18.5) | 8 (12.5) | 5 (16.1) | 0.592 | |||
DM control | |||||||
Insulin | 5 (7.8) | 11 (35.5) | |||||
Oral hypoglycemic agents | 40 (62.5) | 18 (58.1) | |||||
Diet only | 19 (29.7) | 2 (6.5) |
Procedure data
Variables | Non-DM (n = 184) | Short-DM (n = 64) | Long-DM (n = 31) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Angiographic findings | ||||
Culprit vessels | 0.663 | |||
LAD | 88 (47.8) | 31 (48.4) | 16 (51.6) | |
LCX | 23 (12.5) | 4 (6.3) | 2 (6.5) | |
RCA | 73 (39.7) | 29 (45.3) | 13 (41.9) | |
Coronary artery lesions | 0.099 | |||
SVD | 55 (30.7) | 15 (23.4) | 3 (10.0) | |
DVD | 62 (34.6) | 20 (31.3) | 12 (40.0) | |
TVD | 62 (34.6) | 29 (45.3) | 15 (50.0) | |
LM disease | 5 (2.7) | 0 | 1 (3.2) | 0.428 |
Multivessel disease | 124 (69.3) | 49 (76.6) | 27 (90.0) | 0.043* |
Procedures | ||||
Aspiration | 150 (81.5) | 48 (75.0) | 24 (77.4) | 0.484 |
Pre-dilation | 108 (58.7) | 45 (70.3) | 20 (64.5) | 0.249 |
Pre-TIMI flow ≤ 1 | 135 (73.4) | 41 (64.1) | 20 (64.5) | 0.268 |
Optical coherence tomography findings
Variables | Non-DM (n = 184) | Short-DM (n = 64) | Long-DM (n = 31) | P value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P
for overall
#
| PNon-DM vs. DM | PNon-DM vs. Short-DM | PShort-DM vs. Long-DM | PNon-DM vs. Long-DM | ||||
Plaque morphology | 0.017* | 0.130 | 0.885 | 0.026 | 0.006* | |||
Plaque rupture | 86 (46.7) | 31 (48.4) | 23 (74.2) | |||||
Intact fibrous cap | 98 (53.3) | 33 (51.6) | 8 (25.8) | |||||
Plaque type | 0.007* | 0.011* | 0.189 | 0.100 | 0.003* | |||
Lipid-rich plaque | 96 (52.2) | 40 (62.5) | 25 (80.6) | |||||
Fibrous plaque | 88 (47.8) | 24 (37.5) | 6 (19.4) | |||||
TCFA | 36 (19.6) | 20 (31.3) | 13 (41.9) | 0.012* | 0.008* | 0.059 | 0.361 | 0.010* |
Calcification | 85 (46.2) | 40 (62.5) | 19 (61.3) | 0.043* | 0.016* | 0.029 | 1.000 | 0.126 |
Macrophage | 95 (51.6) | 38 (59.4) | 19 (61.3) | 0.407 | 0.206 | 0.311 | 1.000 | 0.338 |
Microvessels | 32 (17.4) | 12 (18.8) | 5 (16.1) | 0.970 | 1.000 | 0.850 | 0.787 | 1.000 |
Cholesterol crystal | 10 (5.4) | 8 (12.5) | 4 (12.9) | 0.080 | 0.058 | 0.089 | 1.000 | 0.124 |
Thrombus | 178 (96.7) | 63 (98.4) | 31 (100) | 0.725 | 0.429 | 0.681 | 1.000 | 0.597 |
Minimal FCT, μm | 123 ± 84 | 125 ± 97 | 101 ± 73 | 0.387 | 0.065 | 0.993 | 0.456 | 0.416 |
Stenosis length, mm | 18.0 ± 5.8 | 18.6 ± 7.1 | 20.9 ± 7.2 | 0.058 | 0.092 | 0.814 | 0.240 | 0.059 |
Maximal lipid arc, ° | 300 ± 75 | 301 ± 71 | 333 ± 47 | 0.059 | 0.255 | 0.999 | 0.123 | 0.064 |
MLA, mm2 | 1.88 ± 0.75 | 1.89 ± 0.66 | 1.90 ± 0.64 | 0.975 | 0.830 | 0.989 | 0.997 | 0.981 |
Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Age, years | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.003* | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) | 0.017* |
Men | 1.49 (0.81–2.77) | 0.203 | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.910 | ||
Diabetes group | ||||
Short vs. Non | 1.07 (0.61–1.90) | 0.815 | 1.23 (0.68–2.20) | 0.495 |
Long vs. Non | 3.28 (1.39–7.70) | 0.007* | 2.96 (1.24–7.05) | 0.014* |
Hypertension | 1.01 (0.63–1.63) | 0.960 | ||
Smoking | 0.85 (0.51–1.42) | 0.542 | ||
TC, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.742 | ||
TG, mg/dL | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.598 | ||
LDL-C, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.729 | ||
HDL-C, mg/dL | 1.00 (0.98–1.02) | 0.894 | ||
Hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.98 (0.93–1.03) | 0.392 | ||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.007* | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.031* |
Prior statin use | 1.04 (0.56–1.95) | 0.894 |
Variables | Univariate | Multivariate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Age, years | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 0.119 | ||
Men | 1.62 (0.74–3.53) | 0.227 | ||
BMI, kg/m2 | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) | 0.207 | ||
Diabetes group | ||||
Short vs. Non | 1.87 (0.98–3.55) | 0.056 | 1.78 (0.93–3.40) | 0.082 |
Long vs. Non | 2.97 (1.33–6.61) | 0.008* | 3.06 (1.36–6.88) | 0.007* |
Hypertension | 0.66 (0.38–1.14) | 0.136 | ||
Smoking | 1.33 (0.72–2.45) | 0.363 | ||
TC, mg/dL | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) | 0.072 | ||
TG, mg/dL | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.123 | ||
LDL-C, mg/dL | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.043* | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.048* |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) | 0.736 | ||
Hs-CRP, mg/L | 0.96 (0.91–1.02) | 0.261 | ||
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.063 | ||
Prior statin use | 0.58 (0.26–1.30) | 0.183 |