MPS VI (Maroteaux–Lamy syndrome) is a multi-systemic inherited disease, resulting from a deficiency of N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B), causing accumulation of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) dermatan sulfate in all tissues. Ocular pathology is common in patients with MPS VI, with complications including ocular hypertension, progressive corneal clouding, optic nerve swelling and atrophy, papilledema secondary to hydrocephalus, glaucoma, and blindness.
The objective of this case report is to describe the first report of a patient with MPS VI disease with resolution of papilledema and improved vision subsequent to enzyme-replacement therapy with recombinant human arylsulfatase B (rhASB), galsulfase.
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The patient, an 11-year-old Hispanic female, was treated with rhASB in an open-label extension of a 24-week randomized double-blind study evaluating the safety and efficacy of rhASB. At baseline, the patient presented with characteristic features of MPS VI: short stature, coarse facies, large tongue, hepatosplenomegaly, joint contractures, and mitral and aortic regurgitation. Leukocyte pellet and fibroblast cell analyses showed no detectable N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase activity. The patient received placebo during the double-blind portion of the trial and began rhASB during the open-label extension study. She was followed for two years.
During baseline screening for a phase-three clinical trial, the MPS VI patient presented with a urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) level of 243 μg/mg creatinine [1]. Ocular pathology included optic atrophy, and moderate corneal clouding in both eyes, with decreased visual acuity: right eye 20/60, left eye 20/400 (Table 1). Her ophthalmic condition worsened and included papilledema while on placebo concomitant with urinary GAG level increasing to 358 μg/mg creatinine, but both parameters rapidly improved after switching to open-label extension and commencing active drug at 1 mg/kg delivered by weekly IV infusion from week 25. Papilledema had largely resolved in both eyes, associated with a recorded decrease of urinary GAG levels to 77 μg/mg creatinine when monitored at week 36 of trial. Resolution of papilledema was maintained with weekly galsulfase treatment for two and a half years. Visual acuity improved from 20/60 to 20/40 in her right eye with best correction. Both corneas remained moderately cloudy during the study. The left optic nerve continued to be atrophic and vision got worse, likely due to the severity of the damage, counting fingers only at one meter. A second MPS VI patient in the trial developed papilledema while on placebo, and had to be treated for underlying hydrocephalus with an emergency shunt procedure.
Table 1
Ocular examination findings
Exam date | VARb
| VALc
| CRd
| CLe
| Alignment | ONPRf
| ONPLg
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8/27/2003a
| 20/60 | 20/400 | Cloudy | Cloudy | Extropia | Negative | Negative |
2/5/2004 | 20/60 | CFh @ 1 m | Cloudy | Cloudy | Extropia | Positive | Positive |
3/4/2004 | 20/60 | CF @ 1 m | Cloudy | Cloudy | Extropia | Negative | Negative |
6/21/2005 | 20/50 | CF @ 1 m | Cloudy | Cloudy | Extropia | Negative | Negative |
9/27/2006 | 20/40 | CF @ 1 m | Cloudy | Cloudy | Extropia | Negative | Negative |
Discussion
Although galsulfase may not adequately cross the blood–brain barrier [2], possible beneficial mechanisms include relief of pressure around the optic nerve by reducing dural thickening along the optic canal or reducing scleral thickening at the disc. It is possible that galsulfase ERT reduced ICP by working intravascularly or relieving pressure around the brainstem. This case study suggests that earlier galsulfase ERT may prevent or decrease optic nerve swelling, atrophy, and blindness in MPS VI patients, in the absence of increased ICP. These findings suggest that MPS VI patients who show acute vision changes or optic nerve swelling, as evaluated by specialists in ophthalmology, radiology, and neurosurgery, might benefit from ERT with galsulfase, but further studies are necessary to confirm this hypothesis. Galsulfase has been found to have an adequate safety profile in clinical trials and is approved by the FDA and EMEA.
This is the first case of papilledema resolution with improved vision associated with rhASB therapy of MPS VI. Early enzyme-replacement therapy may prevent or decrease optic nerve atrophy resulting in blindness in MPS VI patients.
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Note to editor: The procedures followed in this clinical case were in accordance with the Institutional Review Board (IRB) subjected to the United States FDA’s IRB regulations, and the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki (1964) of the World Medical Association (amended in 1975 and 1983).
Acknowledgments
Selim T. Koseoglu, MD, had full access to all the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Financial Disclosures: Selim T. Koseoglu, MD, has provided consulting support to BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., and received an honorarium for travel as a poster presenter at the 2007 ACMG meeting, Nashville, USA. Paul Harmatz, MD, has provided consulting support to BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., received an honorarium for travel as symposium speaker, and participated as PI in the clinical trials for Naglazyme approval. Sean Turbeville, PhD, is an employee and stockholder of BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California. Helen Nicely, PhD, is an employee and stockholder of BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., Novato, California.
Open Access
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
Open AccessThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0), which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.