Background
Methods
Data and sample selection
Outcome variable
Independent variables
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Demographic | |
Gender | 0 = male 1 = female 2 = other |
Age | 14–19 |
Migration background | 0 = both parents born in Switzerland 1 = one parent born in Switzerland 2 = both parents born outside Switzerland |
Language region of residence | 0 = German 1 = French 2 = Italian |
Urbanicity of place of residence | 0 = rural 1 = suburban 2 = urban |
Household | |
Financial situation of household | 0=“We are in a good financial situation and can afford many things, but we still have to be mindful of our money.” or better 1=“We have enough, and it’s sufficient to treat ourselves occasionally.” or worse 2=“I do not know.” |
Smoker living in the same household | 0 = no 1 = yes |
Behavioural | |
Frequency of alcohol consumption | 0 = 3 or less 1 = at least 4* |
Frequency of cannabis/marijuana/hashish consumption | 0 = 3 or less 1 = at least 4* |
Frequency of hookah consumption | 0 = 3 or less 1 = at least 4* |
Frequency of social media consumption | 0 = daily or less often 1 = several times a day** |
Top five leisure activity: Sports | 0 = yes 1 = no |
Top five leisure activity: Music | 0 = yes 1 = no |
Psychographic | |
Stress level at home/with family members | 0 = 3 or less 1 = at least 4*** |
Sensation seeking | 0 = 4 or less 1 = at least 5*** |
Health awareness | 0 = 4 or less 1 = at least 5*** |
Risk-seeking | 0 = 4 or less 1 = at least 5*** |
Affiliation motivation | 0 = 4 or less 1 = at least 5*** |
Openness | 0 = 4 or less 1 = at least 5*** |
Relational self-esteem | 0 = 4 or less 1 = at least 5*** |
General well-being | 0 = 4 or less 1 = at least 5*** |
Analysis
Results
Descriptive statistics
Variable | Percent |
---|---|
Outcome | |
Non-smoker Smoker | 74.7 25.3 |
Demographic | |
Gender | |
Male Female Other | 38.1 60.2 1.7 |
Age | 16.1 (1.62) [14, 19] |
Migration background | |
Both parents born in Switzerland One parent born in Switzerland Both parents born outside Switzerland | 53.3 21.5 25.2 |
Language region of residence | |
German French Italian | 59.7 25.9 14.4 |
Urbanicity of place of residence | |
Rural Suburban Urban | 46.9 31.6 21.5 |
Household | |
Financial situation | |
“We are in a good financial situation and can afford many things, but we still have to be mindful of our money.” or better “We have enough, and it’s sufficient to treat ourselves occasionally.” or worse “I do not know” | 51.9 37.2 10.9 |
Smoker living in the same household | 37.0 |
Behavioural | |
Frequency of alcohol consumption: at least 4* | 35.9 |
Frequency of cannabis/marijuana/hashish consumption: at least 4* | 9.1 |
Frequency of hookah consumption: at least 4* | 3.2 |
Frequency of social media consumption: several times a day** | 56.1 |
Top five leisure activity: Sports: no | 50.9 |
Top five leisure activity: Music: no | 82.9 |
Psychographic | |
Stress level at home/with family members: at least 4*** | 23.9 |
Sensation seeking: at least 5*** | 49.5 |
Health awareness: at least 5*** | 13.0 |
Risk-seeking: at least 5*** | 28.2 |
Affiliation motivation: at least 5*** | 35.9 |
Openness: at least 5*** | 44.5 |
Relational self-esteem: at least 5*** | 35.0 |
General well-being: at least 5*** | 9.9 |
Regression analysis
OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender: male | 1 | ||
Gender: female | 1.39 | (1.09–1.77) | 0.007 |
Gender: other | 1.50 | (0.66–3.40) | 0.328 |
Age | 1.30 | (1.21–1.41) | < 0.001 |
Migration background: Both parents born in Switzerland | 1 | ||
Migration background: one parent born in Switzerland | 1.17 | (0.88–1.55) | 0.279 |
Migration background: both parents born in Switzerland | 1.28 | (0.96–1.69) | 0.090 |
Language region of residence: German | 1 | ||
Language region of residence: French | 1.39 | (1.05–1.84) | 0.021 |
Language region of residence: Italian | 0.95 | (0.70–1.30) | 0.743 |
Urbanicity of place of residence: rural | 1 | ||
Urbanicity of place of residence: suburban | 1.35 | (1.04–1.76) | 0.023 |
Urbanicity of place of residence: urban | 1.27 | (0.95–1.69) | 0.109 |
Financial situation: ““We are in a good financial situation and can afford many things, but we still have to be mindful of our money.” or better | 1 | ||
Financial situation: “We have enough, and it’s sufficient to treat ourselves occasionally.” or worse | 1.11 | (0.87–1.41) | 0.406 |
Financial situation: “I do not know.” | 1.07 | (0.71–1.61) | 0.738 |
Smoker living in the same household: no | 1 | ||
Smoker living in the same household: yes | 2.41 | (1.92–3.02) | < 0.001 |
Frequency of alcohol consumption: 3 or less | 1 | ||
Frequency of alcohol consumption: at least 4 | 4.10 | (3.20–5.25) | < 0.001 |
Frequency of cannabis/marijuana/hashish consumption: 3 or less | 1 | ||
Frequency of cannabis/marijuana/hashish consumption: at least 4 | 6.72 | (4.68–9.67) | < 0.001 |
Frequency of hookah consumption: 3 or less | 1 | ||
Frequency of hookah consumption: at least 4 | 5.07 | (2.91–8.85) | < 0.001 |
Frequency of social media consumption: daily or less often | 1 | ||
Frequency of social media consumption: several times a day | 1.05 | (0.83–1.31) | 0.703 |
Top five leisure activities: Sports: yes | 1 | ||
Top five leisure activities: Sports: no | 1.90 | (1.50–2.39) | < 0.001 |
Top five leisure activities: Music: yes | 1 | ||
Top five leisure activity: Music: no | 1.42 | (1.03–1.95) | 0.031 |
Stress level at home/with family members: 3 or less | 1 | ||
Stress level at home/with family members: at least 4 | 1.74 | (1.35–2.24) | < 0.001 |
Sensation seeking: 4 or less | 1 | ||
Sensation seeking: at least 5 | 1.14 | (0.89–1.46) | 0.309 |
Health awareness: 4 or less | 1 | ||
Health awareness: at least 5 | 0.33 | (0.19–0.56) | < 0.001 |
Risk-seeking: 4 or less | 1 | ||
Risk-seeking: at least 5 | 2.15 | (1.65–2.80) | < 0.001 |
Affiliation motivation: 4 or less | 1 | ||
Affiliation motivation: at least 5 | 0.92 | (0.73–1.16) | 0.495 |
Openness: 4 or less | 1 | ||
Openness: at least 5 | 1.00 | (0.78–1.28) | 1.000 |
Relational self-esteem: 4 or less | 1 | ||
Relational self-esteem: at least 5 | 0.78 | (0.60–1.00) | 0.054 |
General well-being: 4 or less | 1 | ||
General well-being: at least 5 | 0.52 | (0.29–0.91) | 0.022 |