Background
Methods
Procedure and participants
Measures
Statistical analysis
Results
Prevalence
Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|
% (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
Overall sample | 2.1 [1.8; 2.3] | 3.0 [2.6; 3.4] | 1.2 [0.9; 1.5] |
1st Gen. Migrants | 5.5 [4.3; 7.1] | 7.8 [5.8; 10.5] | 3.4 [2.2; 5.4] |
2nd Gen. Migrants | 2.2 [1.6; 3.1] | 2.4 [1.5; 3.8] | 2.0 [1.2; 3.3] |
Non-Migrants | 1.6 [1.4; 1.9] | 2.5 [2.1; 3.0] | 0.7 [0.5; 1.1] |
40–49 years | 3.1 [2.5; 3.8] | 4.5 [3.6; 5.7] | 1.6 [1.1; 2.4] |
50–59 years | 2.1 [1.7; 2.6] | 2.9 [2.2; 3.9] | 1.2 [0.8; 1.9] |
60–69 years | 1.3 [0.9; 1.8] | 1.9 [1.2; 2.8] | 0.8 [0.4; 1.5] |
70–79 years | 1.4 [1.0; 2.0] | 1.9 [1.2; 3.0] | 1.0 [0.6; 1.8] |
Psychosocial characteristics
Sample | Total sample | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subgroup (n/%) | no GD (11,640/98.0%) | GD (235/2.0%) | no GD (5,912/97.2%) | GD (168/2.8%) | no GD (5,728/98.8%) | GD (67/1.2%) | |||
% (n) | % (n) | p | % (n) | % (n) | p | % (n) | % (n) | p | |
DEMOGRAPHICS | |||||||||
Age [years, mean (SD)] | 59.3 (10.8) | 56.0 (11.0) | < 0.0001 | 59.6 (10.8) | 55.6 (10.9) | < 0.0001 | 59.0 (10.7) | 57.1 (11.4) | 0.17 |
SES [mean (SD)] | 13.15 (4.39) | 12.63 (4.61) | 0.09 | 13.85 (4.38) | 12.86 (4.79) | 0.009 | 12.42 (4.28) | 12.06 (4.09) | 0.48 |
Education years [mean (SD)] | 12.99 (2.05) | 12.84 (2.37) | 0.34 | 13.25 (2.10) | 12.8 (2.36) | 0.018 | 12.73 (1.97) | 12.94 (2.41) | 0.48 |
Partnership | 85.0 (9862) | 79.6 (187) | 0.027 | 89.5 (5269) | 81.0 (136) | 0.001 | 80.4 (4593) | 76.1 (51) | 0.36 |
STRESS-RELATED | |||||||||
Daily stressors (past 12 months) | |||||||||
- conflicts with superior | 9.8 (1121) | 17.3 (40) | 0.0005 | 9.9 (574) | 16.9 (28) | 0.006 | 9.7 (547) | 18.5 (12) | 0.032 |
- conflicts with colleagues | 10.4 (1187) | 17.0 (39) | 0.003 | 10.8 (626) | 16.4 (27) | 0.031 | 10.0 (561) | 18.5 (12) | 0.035 |
- conflicts within family | 24.1 (2765) | 31.9 (74) | 0.008 | 19.8 (1154) | 31.3 (52) | 0.001 | 28.6 (1611) | 33.3 (22) | 0.41 |
- financial burden | 13.8 (1585) | 33.9 (79) | < 0.0001 | 13.6 (792) | 35.3 (59) | < 0.0001 | 14.1 (793) | 30.3 (20) | 0.001 |
- Total score [mean (SD)] | 25.98 (7.77) | 29.18 (9.25) | < 0.0001 | 25.37 (7.35) | 29.04 (9.39) | < 0.0001 | 26.61 (8.14) | 29.53 (8.93) | 0.01 |
Life events (ever occurred) | |||||||||
- minor legal offense | 25.5 (2884) | 42.3 (94) | < 0.0001 | 33.6 (1932) | 45.0 (72) | 0.004 | 17.1 (952) | 35.5 (22) | 0.001 |
- imprisonment | 0.7 (83) | 2.6 (6) | 0.009 | 0.9 (54) | 3.6 (6) | 0.006 | 0.5 (29) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
- Total score [mean (SD)] | 16.59 (6.13) | 17.31 (6.67) | 0.10 | 16.14 (6.30) | 17.14 (6.97) | 0.07 | 17.05 (5.91) | 17.72 (5.88) | 0.36 |
SUPPORT [mean (SD)] | |||||||||
Social support (total score) | 9.76 (3.68) | 10.74 (3.91) | 0.0002 | 9.66 (3.60) | 10.77 (4.03) | 0.001 | 9.87 (3.75) | 10.69 (3.64) | 0.07 |
Social support (emotional) | 5.04 (2.13) | 5.69 (2.26) | < 0.0001 | 5.19 (2.15) | 5.80 (2.34) | 0.001 | 4.88 (2.09) | 5.40 (2.03) | 0.041 |
Social support (tangible) | 4.74 (2.15) | 5.08 (2.34) | 0.027 | 4.49 (2.03) | 5.00 (2.36) | 0.006 | 5.00 (2.24) | 5.28 (2.29) | 0.31 |
Mental and physical health burden
Sample | Total sample | Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subgroup (n/%) | no GD (11,640/98.0%) | GD (235/2.0%) | no GD (5912/97.2%) | GD (168/2.8%) | no GD (5728/98.8%) | GD (67/1.2%) | |||
% (n) | % (n) | p | % (n) | % (n) | p | % (n) | % (n) | p | |
DISTRESS | |||||||||
Depression (PHQ9 ≥ 10) | 8.1 (937) | 16.3 (38) | < 0.0001 | 6.3 (370) | 16.8 (28) | < 0.0001 | 9.9 (567) | 15.2 (10) | 0.15 |
General Anxiety Disorder (GAD2 ≥ 3) | 6.6 (759) | 10.8 (25) | 0.016 | 4.9 (288) | 10.8 (18) | 0.002 | 8.3 (471) | 10.9 (7) | 0.49 |
Panic Disorder | 5.0 (575) | 8.7 (20) | 0.021 | 3.6 (212) | 7.9 (13) | 0.010 | 6.4 (363) | 10.4 (7) | 0.20 |
Social Anxiety | 4.9 (565) | 8.2 (19) | 0.031 | 3.7 (217) | 6.6 (11) | 0.06 | 6.1 (348) | 11.9 (8) | 0.07 |
History of Depression | 5.6 (654) | 9.4 (22) | 0.022 | 4.1 (244) | 9.5 (16) | 0.003 | 7.2 (410) | 9.0 (6) | 0.48 |
History of Anxiety Disorder | 3.5 (407) | 6.0 (14) | 0.049 | 2.4 (142) | 4.2 (7) | 0.20 | 4.6 (265) | 10.4 (7) | 0.037 |
Loneliness | 10.6 (1218) | 14.8 (34) | 0.051 | 8.4 (490) | 15.8 (26) | 0.003 | 12.9 (728) | 12.3 (8) | 1.00 |
Disturbed Sleep (JSS4 ≥ 12) | 13.2 (1528) | 17.0 (40) | 0.10 | 10.0 (592) | 16.7 (28) | 0.009 | 16.4 (936) | 17.9 (12) | 0.74 |
Somatic Symptoms (PHQ15 ≥ 10) | 17.2 (1988) | 25.8 (60) | 0.001 | 11.7 (687) | 24.6 (41) | < 0.0001 | 22.9 (1301) | 28.8 (19) | 0.24 |
Mental health status [mean (SD)] | 2.03 (0.64) | 2.17 (0.70) | 0.003 | 1.96 (0.61) | 2.10 (0.69) | 0.008 | 2.12 (0.65) | 2.34 (0.69) | 0.009 |
Physical health status [mean (SD)] | 2.12 (0.60) | 2.23 (0.63) | 0.008 | 2.08 (0.59) | 2.23 (0.63) | 0.002 | 2.16 (0.61) | 2.22 (0.65) | 0.43 |
HEALTH BEHAVIOR | |||||||||
Smoking (yes) | 14.9 (1728) | 28.5 (67) | < 0.0001 | 15.4 (907) | 29.8 (50) | < 0.0001 | 14.4 (821) | 25.4 (17) | 0.021 |
Screen time (> 4 h) | 17.2 (1932) | 25.7 (58) | 0.001 | 19.1 (1087) | 25.0 (40) | 0.07 | 15.3 (845) | 27.3 (18) | 0.015 |
Diabetes | 10.3 (1198) | 10.7 (25) | 0.83 | 12.9 (760) | 12.6 (21) | 1.00 | 7.7 (438) | 6.1 (4) | 0.82 |
Obesity | 25.8 (2997) | 26.4 (62) | 0.82 | 26.9 (1593) | 25.0 (42) | 0.66 | 24.5 (1404) | 29.9 (20) | 0.32 |
BMI [kg/m2, mean (SD)] | 27.5 (5.0) | 27.6 (5.2) | 0.68 | 28.0 (4.4) | 27.8 (5.0) | 0.68 | 27.0 (5.6) | 27.1 (5.6) | 0.81 |
Alcohol abuse (> 60/40 g per day) | 2.3 (273) | 3.0 (7) | 0.51 | 3.1 (185) | 3.6 (6) | 0.65 | 1.5 (88) | 1.5 (1) | 1.00 |
SOMATIC DISEASES | |||||||||
COPD | 4.8 (559) | 8.1 (19) | 0.031 | 4.1 (240) | 8.3 (14) | 0.016 | 5.6 (319) | 7.5 (5) | 0.42 |
CVD | 14.1 (1631) | 15.4 (36) | 0.57 | 17.7 (1039) | 17.3 (29) | 1.00 | 10.4 (592) | 10.6 (7) | 0.84 |
Cancer | 10.7 (1239) | 10.2 (24) | 0.92 | 10.5 (619) | 8.3 (14) | 0.44 | 10.8 (620) | 14.9 (10) | 0.32 |
Regression analysis
Total sample (n = 11,089) | Men (n = 5706) | Women (n = 5383) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p | OR | 95%CI | p |
Sex (Men) | 2.90 | 2.13–3.99 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
Age [y] | 0.98 | 0.96–0.99 | 0.005 | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.001 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.99 |
SES | 0.95 | 0.92–0.99 | 0.008 | 0.95 | 0.91–0.99 | 0.008 | 0.99 | 0.92–1.06 | 0.73 |
1st Gen. Migrants (vs non) | 3.12 | 2.22–4.34 | < 0.0001 | 2.71 | 1.79–4.02 | < 0.0001 | 4.36 | 2.32–7.92 | < 0.0001 |
2nd Gen. Migrants (vs non) | 1.15 | 0.74–1.72 | 0.52 | 0.77 | 0.42–1.32 | 0.37 | 2.35 | 1.18–4.42 | 0.010 |
Depression (PHQ9 ≥ 10) | 1.20 | 0.71–1.98 | 0.50 | 1.28 | 0.68–2.35 | 0.44 | 1.02 | 0.38–2.52 | 0.97 |
General Anxiety Disorder (GAD2 ≥ 3) | 0.76 | 0.43–1.32 | 0.35 | 0.77 | 0.38–1.50 | 0.46 | 0.79 | 0.27–2.09 | 0.65 |
Panic disorder | 1.29 | 0.73–2.17 | 0.36 | 1.19 | 0.57–2.29 | 0.63 | 1.54 | 0.59–3.50 | 0.34 |
Daily stressorsa [per 5 points] | 1.18 | 1.07–1.29 | 0.001 | 1.17 | 1.04–1.30 | 0.009 | 1.21 | 1.02–1.43 | 0.028 |
Social support (total)a [per 1 point] | 1.02 | 0.98–1.06 | 0.28 | 1.02 | 0.97–1.07 | 0.42 | 1.03 | 0.95–1.10 | 0.47 |
Loneliness | 0.78 | 0.49–1.20 | 0.27 | 0.9 | 0.53–1.50 | 0.70 | 0.52 | 0.20–1.16 | 0.13 |
Smoking | 1.79 | 1.30–2.44 | 0.0003 | 1.78 | 1.22–2.56 | 0.002 | 1.85 | 0.98–3.31 | 0.046 |
Alcohol abuse | 0.86 | 0.30–1.92 | 0.74 | 0.83 | 0.25–2.04 | 0.72 | 1.06 | 0.06–5.06 | 0.96 |
Screen time (> 4 h) | 1.48 | 1.06–2.02 | 0.017 | 1.33 | 0.90–1.94 | 0.14 | 1.92 | 1.04–3.38 | 0.029 |
BMI [kg/m2] | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.20 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.00 | 0.08 | 1 | 0.96–1.05 | 0.88 |
Somatic symptomsa [per 1 point] | 1.04 | 1.00–1.08 | 0.035 | 1.06 | 1.01–1.11 | 0.017 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.08 | 0.75 |