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Erschienen in: Arthroskopie 1/2015

01.02.2015 | Leitthema

Riss des vorderen Kreuzbandes

Biomechanische Auswirkungen auf das Kniegelenk

verfasst von: PD Dr. M. Herbort, Prof. Dr. C. Fink

Erschienen in: Arthroskopie | Ausgabe 1/2015

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Zusammenfassung

Hintergrund

Das vordere Kreuzband (VKB) hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Gelenkkinematik. Insbesondere der komplexe Aufbau des VKB ermöglicht die funktionelle Stabilisierung des Kniegelenks.

Biomechanik des intakten VKB

Die Hauptaufgabe des VKB ist sowohl die Stabilisierung gegen eine anteriore tibiale Translations(ATT)-Kraft als auch die Bewahrung der Rotationsstabilität. Diese beiden Stabilisationsaufgaben können mithilfe des Lachman- und des Pivot-Shift-Tests valide untersucht werden. Während die Stabilisierung des Kniegelenks gegen eine ATT in Flexionsstellung den anteromedialen Faseranteilen des VKB zugeordnet werden kann, sind die posterolateralen Faseranteile in extensionsnaher Stellung für die Rotationsstabilisierung verantwortlich.

Kinematik nach VKB-Insuffizienz

Nach einer Ruptur des VKB besteht v. a. eine Kombination aus vorderer Instabilität mit vermehrter ATT und einer Rotationsinstabilität. Das Ausmaß der Instabilität ist bei Teilrupturen vom Ausmaß der betroffenen Faseranteile abhängig. Eine bestehende VKB-Insuffizienz hat weitreichende Auswirkungen auf das Gelenk. Neben einer vermehrten Belastung des Seitenbandapparates und der Meniskushinterhörner führt eine vermehrte Translations- und Rotationsinstabilität zu einer Verlagerung der Hauptbelastungspunkte im Kniegelenk und somit zu einer Überlastung bestimmter Knorpelareale.

Kinematik von VKB-Rekonstruktionen

Die Wiederherstellung der Kinematik des Kniegelenks mithilfe einer VKB-Rekonstruktion ist von der möglichst anatomiegetreuen Rekonstruktion des VKB und seiner Insertion abhängig. Vermehrte Berücksichtigung der anteromedialen und posterolateralen Anteile des VKB führen zu einer verbesserten Stabilität des Kniegelenks.
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Metadaten
Titel
Riss des vorderen Kreuzbandes
Biomechanische Auswirkungen auf das Kniegelenk
verfasst von
PD Dr. M. Herbort
Prof. Dr. C. Fink
Publikationsdatum
01.02.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Arthroskopie / Ausgabe 1/2015
Print ISSN: 0933-7946
Elektronische ISSN: 1434-3924
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00142-014-0833-9

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