Patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a poor oncologic outcome. In this study, we evaluated the role and limitation of neoadjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) in advanced HCC patients with Child-Pugh class A and the efficacy of liver resection subsequent to downstaging after neoadjuvant HAIC.
Methods
In the present retrospective study, 103 patients with advanced HCC, who underwent neoadjuvant HAIC from April 2003 to March 2015 were analyzed. Response to HAIC was evaluated by dividing time period into after 3 cycles and after 6 cycles, each defined as early and late period. Liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC was offered in patients who were considered as possible candidates for curative resection with tumor-free margin as well as sufficient future liver remnant volume.
Results
The median survival time (MST) in all patients was 14 ± 1.7 months. Response rate and disease control rate were 36.3% (37) and 81.4% (83) in early period, respectively, and 26.4% (14) and 47.2% (25), in late period, respectively (P = 0.028). Twelve patients (11.7%) underwent liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC and the MST was 37 ± 6.6 months. One-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival after liver resection were 58.3%, 36.5%, and 24.3% respectively. Liver resection was identified as the only independent prognostic factor that associated with overall survival in multivariate analysis (P = 0.002)
Conclusion
HAIC could be further alternative for the treatment of advanced HCC in patients with good liver function. If liver resection is possible after neoadjuvant HAIC, liver resection would provide better outcomes than HAIC alone.
Hinweise
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Abkürzungen
AFP
Alpha-fetoprotein
CR
Complete response
DCR
Disease control rate
FP
5-fluorouracil with cisplatin
HAIC
Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy
HCC
Hepatocellular carcinoma
MST
Median survival time
OS
Overall survival
PD
Progressive disease
PR
Partial response
PVTT
Portal vein tumor thrombus
RFS
Recurrence-free survival
RR
Response rate
SD
Stable disease
Introduction
There exist different opinions between surgeons and hepatologists in Eastern and Western countries, especially in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Results of resection, transplantation, and systemic chemotherapy are not satisfactory, and recent trials of target therapies such as sorafenib and regorafenib in Western countries also are not so effective, despite initial expectations [1‐4]. In patients with advanced HCC, the prognosis is extremely poor and median survival time (MST) is approximately 2.7–7 months [5, 6].
We tried neoadjuvant hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) in patients with advanced HCC and good liver function; most of the patients had multiple bilobar tumors and tumor(s) with main portal vein invasion.
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We initiated HAIC based on the pharmacological benefits compared to that of intravenous injection. After intravenous injection, the chemotherapeutic drug reaches to the heart and only 5% of the cardiac output goes through the hepatic artery. Furthermore, most of the drugs lose more than 50% of their efficacy after 1 cycle of systemic circulation [7‐10]. On the other hand, HAIC is more effective than intravenous chemotherapy because of its first-pass metabolism and topical accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents in the liver [7, 11, 12]. Fortunately, it is already demonstrated that HAIC in patients with advanced HCC resulted in the favorable response rate (RR) and survival benefits [5, 9, 13, 14].
In this study, we evaluated the role and limitation of neoadjuvant HAIC in advanced HCC patients with Child-Pugh class A and the efficacy of liver resection subsequent to downstaging after HAIC.
Methods
Patients
From April 2003 to March 2015, 136 patients with advanced HCC underwent neoadjuvant HAIC at our institution. HAIC was performed in preserved functional liver reserved with Child-Pugh class A and in patients with advanced HCC according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer guideline. In this retrospective study, patients with serious comorbidities such as cardiopulmonary insufficiency or other medical condition, or concurrent malignant tumor were excluded. Patients who did not undergo more than 3 cycles of HAIC were also excluded. After exclusion, a total of 103 patients was analyzed in this study. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea (IRB no. 2018-12-016-001).
Treatment protocol
HAIC was performed via a port system inserted through a femoral artery in a subcutaneous pocket in the right thigh. The patients were treated with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU, JW Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea, 750 mg/m2) for 2 h and cisplatin (JW Pharmaceutical, Seoul, Korea, 25 mg/m2) for 1 h from day 1 to 4. Chemotherapeutic agents were repeatedly administrated every 4 weeks after evaluating the adverse effects of HAIC. Intravenous hydration with antiemetic treatment was performed before and after cisplatin infusion to prevent cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity.
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The response to HAIC was evaluated after 3 and 6 cycles. The early period response was defined as after 3 cycles of HAIC, and the late period response was defined as after 6 cycles of HAIC. The tumor response was evaluated by contrast-enhanced computed tomography and tumor marker after every 3 cycles of HAIC. Radiologic response to treatment was assessed by Modified Response Evaluation Criteria in solid tumors and classified as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD), or progressive disease (PD). The response was defined as the achievement of CR or PR and the disease control was defined as the achievement of CR, PR, or SD. To evaluate biologic tumor response, the alterations in alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were analyzed based on initial AFP value and AFP value after treatment.
The operability was assessed through multidisciplinary discussions with hepatobiliary surgeon, hepatologist, and radiologist. Liver resection was offered to patients who were considered as the candidates for curative resection with tumor-free margin as well as sufficient future liver remnant volume.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean with standard deviation. Categorical variables were calculated using the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and differences between the groups were compared using the log-rank test. Variables associated with survival were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses using a Cox proportional hazard model. All statistical analyses were performed using statistical software IBM SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was defined as a P value of less than 0.05.
Results
Baseline characteristics of the patients
The baseline characteristics of the patients are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the patients was 53.7 ± 9.0 years and 93 patients (90.7%) were male. The most common etiology for HCC was hepatitis B virus (77.7%) and the second was alcohol (7.7%). The number of patients with bilobar HCC or portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT) was 59 (57.3%) and 69 (67.0%) respectively. Extrahepatic metastasis was identified in 20 (19.4%) patients at the time of enrollment, and lung or lymph nodes were predominant.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of patients treated with HAIC for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Characteristic
Mean age (years)
53.7 ± 9.0
Gender, male
93 (90.3%)
Etiology
HBV
80 (77.7%)
HCV
4 (3.9%)
Alcohol
8 (7.7%)
Others
11 (10.7%)
Preoperative laboratory test
Total bilirubin (mg/dL)
1.1 ± 0.6
PT (%)
92.7 ± 16.0
Albumin (g/dL)
3.9 ± 0.5
Platelet count (×103/μL)
184.5 ± 89.4
AFP (ng/mL)
10587.7 ± 25449.0
PIVKA-II (mAU/mL)
7386.3 ± 19924.9
Tumor size (mm)
70.9 ± 39.8
Tumor number
Single
19 (18.4%)
Multiple
84 (81.6%)
Bilobar HCC
59 (57.3%)
PVTT
69 (67.0%)
Extrahepatic metastasis
20 (19.4%)
Lung
8 (7.7%)
Lymph node
9 (8.7%)
Lung and lymph node
1 (1.0%)
Bone
1 (1.0%)
Adrenal gland
1 (1.0%)
HAIC cycle
5.7 ± 2.3
Previous locoregional treatment
35 (34.0%)
HAIC hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy, SD standard deviation, HBV hepatitis B, HCV hepatitis C, PT prothrombin time, AFP alpha-fetoprotein, PIVKA-II proteins induced by vitamin K antagonist-II, HCC hepatocellular carcinoma, PVTT portal vein tumor thrombus
Comparison of response to HAIC between the early and late period
MST in the patients treated with HAIC was 14 ± 1.7 months. Patients who obtained CR, PR, SD, and PD were 2 (2.0%), 35 (34.3%), 46 (45.1%), and 19 (18.6%) in early period, respectively, and 5 (9.4%), 9 (17.0%), 11 (20.8%), and 28 (52.8%) in late period, respectively. In the early period, RR and disease control rate (DCR) were 36.3% (37) and 81.4% (83), respectively. RR and DCR in the late period were 26.4% (14) and 47.2% (25), respectively. RR in the early period to HAIC was significantly better compared to the late period (P = 0.028, Table 2).
Table 2
Comparison of response between the early and late period response
aOne patient was excluded because there was no sufficient data for evaluating response to treatment
bThe late period response was evaluated in 53 patients
Liver resection subsequent to downstaging after neoadjuvant HAIC
Twelve (11.7%) patients underwent liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC. In liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC group, MST and overall survival (OS) were significantly better compared to HAIC alone group (MST 37 ± 6.6 vs. 13 ± 1.4 months, P = 0.002, Fig. 1a). One-, 3-, and 5-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) were 58.3%, 36.5%, and 24.3% respectively (Fig. 1b). The median time to recurrence was 13 ± 7.4 months. Five patients had bilobar HCC, 10 patients had PVTT, and 1 patient had both bilobar HCC and PVTT. Extrahepatic metastasis was found in 1 patient and identified as paraaortic lymph node metastasis, and complete remission of the metastatic lesion after HAIC was recognized. Tumor size reduction and PVTT regression were the main causes of liver resection. The recurrence was identified in 10 patients, and intrahepatic recurrence in 7 patients, systemic recurrence in 2 patients, and both in 1 patient. Details of the patients were summarized in Table 3.
Fig. 1
a Overall survival between liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC and HAIC alone group. b Recurrence-free survival rate in liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC group. HAIC hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy
Table 3
Profiles of patients who underwent liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC
Prognostic factors associated with overall survival of HAIC
In univariate analysis, OS was associated with total bilirubin level and liver resection. While liver resection was the only independent prognostic factor to be associated with OS in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio, 3.480; 95% confidence interval, 1.587–7.630; P = 0.002, Table 4).
Table 4
Prognostic factors associated with overall survival of HAIC
There are a few remaining treatment options for patients with advanced HCC. Sorafenib is regarded as the first line therapy for advanced HCC according to BCLC guideline and other molecular target agents such as lenvatinib or regorafenib are considered as effective alternatives [3]. However, MST and RR in patients who treated with sorafenib is unsatisfactory (10.7 months and 2 to 3.3%, respectively) [4, 15]. In REFLECT trial, the efficacy of lenvatinib exhibited a limitation because patients with major PVTT and with more than 50% of liver involvement were excluded [3]. In this regard, HAIC is considered as an effective alternative with better RR than sorafenib. There exist a number of studies associated with HAIC in East Asia stating MST and RR in patients treated with HAIC as 6.5 to 14 months and 24 to 52%, respectively [7, 8, 16‐18]. In our study, MST and RR were 14 ± 1.7 months and 26.4%, respectively, with values consistent with previous studies.
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Liver resection for advanced HCC is still controversial because of high surgical risk, poor prognosis, and difficulty in judging operability although several studies have shown a survival benefit in intermediate or advanced HCC [19‐24]. On the contrary, downstaging after neoadjuvant HAIC provides an opportunity for the patients who undergo liver resection to obtain better survival outcomes. In our study, 12 patients (11.7%) who underwent liver resection after neoadjuvant HAIC had better OS than patients who underwent HAIC alone. One patient had a postoperative complication of grade III or higher because of postoperative bleeding. However, there were no postoperative morbidity and mortality associated with poor liver function. Several studies have reported survival benefits of liver resection after downstaging using neoadjuvant HAIC or HAIC with radiotherapy [16, 25, 26] and exhibited similar results. Considering these acceptable results, liver resection subsequent to downstaging after neoadjuvant treatment can be regarded as one of the treatment options for patients with advanced HCC and with good liver function. To obtain downstaging of HCC, it is necessary to know whether there is a response to treatment or not as early as possible. In our study, radiologic findings and tumor marker were used for evaluation of response to HAIC after every 3 cycles. In addition, the alteration in AFP level was used for early assessment of response so that we could predict tumor burden and biology. In early period, RR was significantly better than compared to late period (36.3% vs. 26.4%, P = 0.028). It was considered that the resistance to HAIC was caused by repeated HAIC. Thus, in patients with both a radiologic response and decreased or normalized tumor markers in the early period, we recommend repeat evaluation resectability as early as possible. And if possible, liver resection should be considered to obtain survival benefits before progression of HCC or resistance to HAIC. On the contrary, in case of increase in AFP value during the treatment, precise evaluation of response to HAIC should be carried out. And if resistance to HAIC is predicted, switching to other treatments should be considered at an early period.
In several studies, 1- and 5-year RFS after hepatectomy in HCC patients were reported to range from 65 to 72% and from 30 to 39%, respectively. The median time to recurrence was 22 to 34 months [27, 28]. Although our study showed worse outcomes than previous studies, we hypothesize that our results could be acceptable while considering the fact that we analyzed patients with advanced HCC subsequent to downstaging after neoadjuvant HAIC.
In this study, patients with extrahepatic metastasis were included. Although HAIC with focus on intrahepatic lesions and extrahepatic metastasis has not responded well, intrahepatic lesions were considered as a significant prognostic factor in survival rather than extrahepatic metastasis in previous studies [7, 29, 30]. In the present study, extrahepatic metastasis was not identified as a significant factor in OS. Thus, it is proposed that the use of HAIC could be considered in patients with extrahepatic metastasis.
One of the limitations of this study was that there was no consensus for the standard treatment protocol of HAIC. A number of studies have reported various treatment regimen for HAIC. Most commonly used regimens are 5-fluorouracil with low-dose cisplatin (FP), and others are cisplatin alone, high-dose FP, FP plus interferon, FP plus leucovorin and FP plus epirubicin [3, 7‐9, 13, 14, 31]. We designed a treatment protocol using low-dose FP. However, the optimal regimen for HAIC still remains a controversial issue. In addition, the included data from a single institution were retrospectively analyzed; hence, we could not completely exclude the selection-bias and could not obtain a sufficient number of cases. Apparently, though it is difficult to conduct randomized controlled trials for HAIC because of ethical issues, further investigations for optimization of HAIC protocol and a large-scale multicenter study are needed.
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Conclusion
HAIC could be another alternative for the treatment of advanced HCC in patients with good liver function. If liver resection is possible after neoadjuvant HAIC, liver resection would provide better outcomes than HAIC alone.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Yeungnam University Medical Center, Daegu, Republic of Korea (IRB no. 2018-12-016-001).
Consent for publication
Not applicable
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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