Background
Methods
Chemicals and drugs
Method of extraction and preparation of the final formulation
Animals
Experimental design
Acute oral toxicity test
Acute intraperitoneal toxicity test
Subchronic study
Collection of blood samples and tissues for assays
Biochemical assays
Hematological assessments
Serum electrolytes
Histological assessment
Statistical analysis of data
Results
Acute oral toxicity test
Treatments | D/TK
| Sign of toxicity |
---|---|---|
Control (Distilled water, 0.1 ml p.o) | 0/5 | No toxic changes observed |
BSC (250 mg/kg, p.o) | 0/5 | No toxic changes observed |
BSC (500 mg/kg, p.o) | 0/5 | Mild scratching of lower jaw was observed in at least 3 animals in first 2 h |
BSC (1000 mg/kg, p.o) | 0/5 | Slight hyperactive, scratching of lower jaw and weakness in at least 3 animals in first 2 h |
BSC (2000 mg/kg, p.o) | 0/5 | Slight hyperactive, scratching of lower jaw and weakness in at least 3 animals in first 2 h |
BSC (4000 mg/kg, p.o) | 0/5 | Slight hyperactive, scratching of lower jaw and weakness in at least 3 animals in first 2 h |
Acute intraperitoneal toxicity test
Treatments | D/TK
| Sign of toxicity |
---|---|---|
Control (Distilled water, 0.1 ml i.p) | 0/6 | No toxic changes observed |
BSC (200 mg/kg, i.p) | 0/6 | No toxic changes observed |
BSC (400 mg/kg, i.p) | 2/6 | Slight weakness observed in at least 3 animals in first 2 h. |
BSC (800 mg/kg, i.p) | 6/6 | Slight weakness observed in at least 3 animals in first 2 h. |
BSC (1600 mg/kg, i.p) | 6/6 | Slight weakness observed in at least 3 animals in first 2 h. |
Liver function
Treatments | ALT (Units/L) | AST (Units/L) | ALP (Units/L) |
---|---|---|---|
Control (DW, 10 ml/kg) | 20.50 ± 3.95 | 18.50 ± 0.95 | 38.00 ± 2.94 |
BSC (250 mg/kg) | 18.50 ± 2.99 | 24.50 ± 5.56 | 37.50 ± 2.33 |
BSC (500 mg/kg) | 29.00 ± 4.04 | 25.75 ± 3.88 | 35.50 ± 5.44 |
BSC (1000 mg/kg) | 26.50 ± 3.10 | 25.00 ± 3.70 | 40.25 ± 2.25 |
Lipid profiles
Treatments | TC (mg/dl) | TG (mg/dl) | HDL (mg/dl) | LDL (mg/dl) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control (DW) | 91.00 ± 8.19 | 120.50 ± 9.50 | 27.00 ± 1.58 | 58.70 ± 8.90 |
BSC (250 mg/kg) | 99.25 ± 9.25 | 106.50 ± 8.73 | 27.75 ± 3.90 | 50.05 ± 9.38 |
BSC (500 mg/kg) | 117.00 ± 9.25 | 108.67 ± 16.22 | 25.50 ± 1.32 | 56.00 ± 7.40 |
BSC (1000 mg/kg) | 112.50 ± 7.54 | 118.67 ± 17.46 | 27.50 ± 1.76 | 75.40 ± 6.60 |
Renal function, protein synthesis and uric acid
Treatments | Control | BSC | BSC | BSC |
---|---|---|---|---|
(DW) | (250 mg/kg) | (500 mg/kg) | (1000 mg/kg) | |
UREA (U/L) | 9.35 ± 1.74 | 8.88 ± 1.95 | 10.43 ± 2.68 | 10.63 ± 1.33 |
CREATININE (U/L) | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.30 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.28 ± 0.03 |
ALB (mg/dl) | 4.43 ± 0.39 | 4.05 ± 0.31 | 5.10 ± 0.29 | 4.55 ± 0.24 |
TP (mg/dl) | 8.98 ± 0.74 | 8.73 ± 0.63 | 9.43 ± 0.77 | 9.55 ± 0.25 |
UA (mg/dl) | 9.35 ± 1.74 | 8.88 ± 1.95 | 10.43 ± 2.68 | 10.63 ± 1.33 |
Haematological assessments
Treatments | Control | BSC | BSC | BSC |
---|---|---|---|---|
(DW) | (250 mg/kg) | (500 mg/kg) | (1000 mg/kg) | |
PCV | 31.8 ± 2.7 | 35.8 ± 1.7 | 40.0 ± 1.2*
| 26.5 ± 4.1 |
Hb | 10.8 ± 1.0 | 12.5 ± 0.5 | 13.4 ± 0.4 | 10.0 ± 1.2 |
PLT (x109/L) | 293.8 ± 67.2 | 235.0 ± 48.6 | 442.5 ± 29.5 | 171.3 ± 21.1 |
TWBC (x109/L) | 4.8 ± 1.2 | 7.8 ± 1.4 | 3.6 ± 0.6 | 3.9 ± 0.3 |
Serum electrolytes
TREATMENTS | Control | BSC | BSC | BSC |
---|---|---|---|---|
(DW) | (250 mg/kg) | (500 mg/kg) | (1000 mg/kg) | |
Na+
| 16 .8 ± 1.3 | 23.9 ± 5.0 | 25.5 ± 5.6 | 23.9 ± 3.8 |
K+
| 135.1 ± 0.9 | 143.2 ± 18.4 | 128.9 ± 8.0 | 126.5 ± 3.8 |
Cl−
| 98.8 ± 0.8 | 94.2 ± 0.9 | 96.2 ± 1.6 | 96.9 ± 1.2 |
tCa2+
| 2.41 ± 0.0 | 2.21 ± 0.1 | 2.34 ± 0.1 | 2.32 ± 0.1 |
iCa2+
| 1.24 ± 0.02 | 1.08 ± 0.02*
| 1.17 ± 0.04 | 1.19 ± 0.04 |