Background
Methods
Study population
Classification of Sasang constitutional types
Definition of metabolic syndrome
Other measurements
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of the study participants
TE | SE | SY |
p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1589 (45.03%) |
n = 474 (13.43%) |
n = 1466 (41.54%) | ||
Age, years | 49.83 ± 8.08 a
| 48.62 ± 7.57 b
| 49.76 ± 7.93 a
| 0.011 |
Women, n (%) | 739 (46.51) | 247 (52.11) | 774 (52.80) | 0.001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2
| 25.63 ± 2.47 a
| 21.32 ± 1.98 b
| 23.02 ± 2.17 c
| <0.001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.85 ± 7.10 a
| 73.87 ± 6.39 b
| 77.52 ± 6.89 c
| <0.001 |
Education, years | ||||
≤ 9 | 1288 (81.06) | 390 (82.28) | 1259 (85.88) | 0.002 |
> 9 | 301 (18.94) | 84 (17.72) | 207 (14.12) | |
Income, won | ||||
< 2 × 106
| 855 (53.81) | 270 (56.96) | 863 (58.87) | 0.002 |
2 ~ 4 × 106
| 552 (34.74) | 173 (36.50) | 475 (32.40) | |
> 4 × 106
| 182 (11.45) | 31 (6.54) | 128 (8.73) | |
Smoking, n (%) | ||||
Never smokers | 888 (55.88) | 298 (62.87) | 914 (62.35) | 0.001 |
Past smokers | 285 (17.94) | 63 (13.29) | 231 (15.76) | |
Current smokers | 416 (26.18) | 113 (23.84) | 321 (21.90) | |
Alcohol drinking, n (%) | ||||
Non-drinkers | 710 (44.68) | 280 (59.07) | 796 (54.30) | <0.001 |
Light (0.1 ~ 15) | 511 (32.16) | 128 (27.00) | 408 (27.83) | |
Moderate (15.1 ~ 30) | 172 (10.82) | 35 (7.38) | 127 (8.66) | |
Heavy (>30) | 196 (12.33) | 31 (6.54) | 135 (9.21) | |
Physical activity, MET-hours | 19.97 ± 84.79 a
| 14.79 ± 55.67 a
| 16.54 ± 75.17 a
| 0.310 |
Total-cholesterol, mg/dl | 194.10 ± 35.07 a
| 182.59 ± 32.94 b
| 185.25 ± 32.63 b
| <0.001 |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 0.22 ± 0.41 a
| 0.18 ± 0.36 a
| 0.19 ± 0.32 a
| 0.032 |
Fasting Glucose, mg/dl | 86.03 ± 16.33 a
| 81.66 ± 9.16 b
| 83.63 ± 14.07 c
| <0.001 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 45.92 ± 9.30 a
| 47.76 ± 10.46 b
| 47.20 ± 10.13 b
| <0.001 |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 116.74 ± 15.57 a
| 113.04 ± 13.99 b
| 114.42 ± 16.07 b
| <0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 78.24 ± 10.41 a
| 74.90 ± 8.99 b
| 76.20 ± 10.30 c
| <0.001 |
Triglyceride, mg/dl | 144.02 ± 87.86 a
| 122.57 ± 64.98 b
| 128.78 ± 70.38 b
| <0.001 |
Comparison of the risk prediction models for incident metabolic syndrome according to the Sasang constitutional types
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sasang type | ||||
TE | 2.03 (1.63, 2.54) | |||
SY | 1.33 (1.07, 1.65) | |||
SE | Reference | |||
Age | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.04) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) |
Women | 1.39 (1.18, 1.65) | 1.39 (1.18, 1.64) | 2.54 (2.13, 3.03) | 2.55 (2.14, 3.04) |
Body Mass Index | 1.20 (1.18, 1.22) | 1.19 (1.17, 1.21) | 1.17 (1.15, 1.19) | 1.11 (1.09, 1.14) |
Education | ||||
≤ 9 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
> 9 years | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) | 0.84 (0.72, 0.98) | 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) | 0.83 (0.71, 0.97) |
Income, won | ||||
< 2 × 106
| 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 1.09 (0.91, 1.32) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.31) | 1.12 (0.93, 1.35) |
2 ~ 4 × 106
| 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.15) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.21) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.24) |
> 4 × 106
| Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Smoking | ||||
Never smoker | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Past smoker | 1.09 (0.90, 1.32) | 1.07 (0.88, 1.30) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) |
Current smoker | 1.52 (1.28, 1.80) | 1.50 (1.26, 1.79) | 1.70 (1.42, 2.03) | 1.67 (1.40, 1.99) |
Alcohol drinking | ||||
Non-drinker | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Light (0-15 g/d) | 1.01 (0.90, 1.14) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.13) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.24) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) |
Moderate (15–30 g/d) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 1.08 (0.89, 1.31) | 1.09 (0.90, 1.33) | 1.04 (0.86, 1.27) |
Heavy (>30 g/d) | 1.30 (1.08, 1.56) | 1.28 (1.07, 1.54) | 1.36 (1.13, 1.65) | 1.32 (1.09, 1.60) |
Physical activity, MET-hours | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |
Total-cholesterol, mg/dl | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.01) | |
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | 1.07 (0.95, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | 1.05 (0.92, 1.20) | |
Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) | ||
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 0.95 (0.95, 0.96) | 0.95 (0.95, 0.96) | ||
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.02 (1.02, 1.03) | ||
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.02) | ||
Triglyceride, mg/dl | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | ||
Area Under the Curve (AUC) | 0.7269 | 0.7288 | 0.8105 | 0.8173 |
p-value for the area under the ROC curve | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.001 | Reference |
Predictors for the development of metabolic syndrome according to the Sasang constitutional types
TE | SE | SY | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.03 (1.02, 1.04) | 1.04 (1.03, 1.05) | |
Women | 2.13 (1.70, 2.67) | 4.65 (2.17, 9.99) | 3.42 (2.51, 4.65) |
Body Mass Index | 1.12 (1.09, 1.15) | 1.12 (1.08, 1.17) | |
Education | |||
≤ 9 years | Reference | ||
> 9 years | 0.78 (0.65, 0.94) | ||
Income, won | |||
< 2 × 106
| |||
2 ~ 4 × 106
| |||
> 4 × 106
| |||
Smoking | |||
Never smoker | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Past smoker | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) | 0.69 (0.23, 2.11) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.48) |
Current smoker | 1.62 (1.29, 2.03) | 1.90 (0.88, 4.08) | 1.78 (1.31, 2.42) |
Alcohol drinking | |||
Non-drinker | Reference | Reference | |
Light (0-15 g/day) | 1.17 (1.01, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.22) | |
Moderate (15–30 g/day) | 0.88 (0.68, 1.13) | 1.43 (1.02, 2.01) | |
Heavy (>30 g/day) | 1.35 (1.07, 1.69) | 1.25 (0.88, 1.80) | |
Physical activity, MET-hours | |||
Total-cholesterol, mg/dl | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | ||
C-reactive protein, mg/dl | |||
Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 1.01 (1.01, 1.01) | 1.03 (1.02, 1.05) | 1.01 (1.01, 1.02) |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dl | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) | 0.95 (0.94, 0.96) |
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1.03 (1.02, 1.03) | 1.04 (1.02, 1.06) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.03) |
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 1.01 (0.99, 1.02) | 1.01 (0.98, 1.04) | 1.02 (1.01, 1.04) |
Triglyceride, mg/dl | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00, 1.00) |