Introduction
Materials and methods
Study design and population
Outcome measures: Sexual activity and dysfunction
Exposure measures
Ethical consideration
Statistical analyses
Results
Demographic characteristic | Early pregnancy | 8 weeks postpartum | 12 months postpartum |
---|---|---|---|
N (%) Total: 958 | N (%) Total: 753 | N (%) Total: 701 | |
Age, years | |||
< 25 | 126 (13.2) | 90 (12.0) | 79 (11.27) |
25–29 | 454 (47.4) | 362 (48.1) | 338 (48.22) |
30–34 | 295 (30.8) | 238 (31.6) | 225 (32.1) |
≥ 35 | 83 (8.7) | 63 (8.4) | 59 (8.4) |
Missing | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Education | |||
Elementary school | 14 (1.7) | 10 (1.4) | 9 (1.3) |
High school | 276 (34.0) | 239 (33.1) | 222 (32.9) |
University | 522 (64.3) | 474 (65.6) | 443 (65.7) |
Missing | 146 | 30 | 27 |
Smoking | |||
No | 789 (97.5) | 741 (98.8) | 679 (96.9) |
Yes | 20 (2.5) | 9 (1.2) | 22 (3.1) |
Missing | 149 | 3 | 0 |
BMI in early pregnancy | |||
< 18.5 | 20 (2.5) | 17 (2.4) | 17 (2.5) |
18.5–24.9 | 475 (58.7) | 426 (59.1) | 392 (58.3) |
25.0–29.9 | 217 (26.8) | 192 (26.3) | 181 (26.9) |
> 30.0 | 97 (12.0) | 86 (11.9) | 83 (12.3) |
Missing | 149 | 32 | 28 |
Self-reported health in early pregnancy | |||
Excellent | 117 (14.4) | 101 (13.9) | 101 (14.9) |
Very good | 420 (51.5) | 386 (53.2) | 353 (52.1) |
Good | 255 (31.3) | 223 (30.7) | 208 (30.7) |
Fairly good | 21 (2.6) | 15 (2.1) | 13 (1.9) |
Bad | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | 2 (0.3) |
Missing | 143 | 27 | 24 |
Breastfeeding at 12 months postpartum | |||
No | . | . | 563 (81.1) |
Yes | . | . | 131 (18.9) |
Missing | . | . | 7 |
Obstetric characteristic | N (%) Total: 958 |
---|---|
Gestational age at delivery (w + d) | |
Mean (SD), range | 39w + 6d (2w), 26w + 5d–42w + 5d |
Pre-term (< 37 + 0) | 54 (5.8) |
Term (37 + 0 to 42 + 0) | 830 (88.6) |
Post-term (> 42 + 0) | 53 (5.7) |
Missing | 21 |
Delivery mode | |
Spontaneous vaginally | 658 (69.0) |
Vaginal with vacuum extraction | 148 (15.5) |
Cesarean section | 148 (15.5) |
Missing | 4 |
Delivery start | |
Spontaneous | 702 (73.7) |
Induction vaginal delivery | 195 (20.5) |
Cesarean section before labor | 55 (5.8) |
Missing | 6 |
Episiotomy | |
No | 584 (91.1) |
Yes | 57 (8.9) |
Missing | 317 |
Number of births | |
Singleton | 942 (99.1) |
Twins | 9 (1.0) |
Missing | 7 |
Degree of perineal tear | |
No injury or first degree | 447 (57.7) |
Second degree | 282 (36.4) |
Obstetric anal sphincter injury | 46 (5.9) |
Missing | 183 |
High vaginal tear | |
No | 671 (88.6) |
Yes | 86 (11.4) |
Missing | 201 |
Sexual activity
OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | Early pregnancy | 8 weeks postpartum | 12 months postpartum | N = 517 | Early pregnancy | 8 weeks postpartum | 12 months postpartum | |
Age | 847 | |||||||
< 35 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
≥ 35 | 7.23 (2.55, 20.47)* | 1.92 (1.14, 3.22)* | 4.59 (2.46, 8.59)* | 28.95 (4.37, 191.58)* | 1.80 (0.88, 3.67) | 5.57 (2.38, 13.05)* | ||
Education | 811 | |||||||
Elementary school | 1.29 (0.15, 10.76) | 0.19 (0.02, 1.53) | 1.29 (0.15, 10.76) | 3.28 (0.32, 33.21) | 0.42 (0.04, 4.56) | 3.28 (0.32, 33.21) | ||
High school | 1.93 (0.71, 5.19) | 0.70 (0.50, 0.98)* | 1.56 (0.93, 2.60) | 3.86 (0.83, 17.90) | 1.20 (0.79, 1.84) | 2.20 (1.16, 4.15)* | ||
University | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Smoking | 808 | |||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 0.16 (0.03, 0.77)* | 2.40 (0.67, 8.66) | 0.30 (0.09, 0.98)* | 0.02 (0.00, 0.24)* | 1.49 (0.36, 6.10) | 0.23 (0.06, 0.88)* | ||
BMI in early pregnancy | 806 | |||||||
< 18.5 | 1.25 (0.27, 5.80) | 1.32 (0.49, 3.54) | 1.25 (0.27, 5.80) | 0.71 (0.13, 3.95) | 1.24 (0.38, 4.09) | 0.71 (0.13, 3.95) | ||
18.5–24.9 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
25.0–29.9 | 0.59 (0.16, 2.15) | 0.91 (0.63, 1.31) | 1.19 (0.67, 2.11) | 0.55 (0.10, 3.09) | 0.98 (0.62, 1.53) | 1.08 (0.54, 2.16) | ||
> 30.0 | 0.89 (0.19, 4.07) | 0.85 (0.52, 1.40) | 1.27 (0.60, 2.69) | 0.11 (0.01, 1.76) | 0.63 (0.33, 1.20) | 1.03 (0.40, 2.64) | ||
Self-reported health in early pregnancy | 814 | |||||||
Good | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Poor | 13.67 (4.04, 46.31)* | 0.90 (0.31, 2.59) | 3.83 (1.23, 11.89)* | 18.81 (1.98, 178.60)* | 0.76 (0.19, 2.98) | 3.52 (0.85, 14.53) | ||
Delivery mode | 843 | |||||||
Vaginal | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Vaginal With vacuum extraction | 1.94 (0.59, 6.37) | 1.26 (0.84, 1.90) | 0.91 (0.45, 1.83) | 1.75 (0.30, 10.38) | 0.93 (0.53, 1.64) | 1.21 (0.52, 2.82) | ||
All Cesarean section | 1.44 (0.38, 5.46) | 0.71 (0.45, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.44, 1.90) | 0.54 (0.03, 10.79) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.92) | 0.68 (0.25, 1.86) | ||
Gestational age at delivery | 829 | |||||||
< 37 + 0 | 2.42 (0.53, 11.07) | 0.54 (0.25, 1.18) | 0.87 (0.27, 2.79) | 4.89 (0.30, 79.62) | 0.67 (0.23, 1.91) | 2.05 (0.51, 8.27) | ||
37 + 0 to 42 + 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
> 42 + 0 | 1.28 (0.17, 9.68) | 1.67 (0.90, 3.10) | 0.94 (0.32, 2.72) | 1.99 (0.17, 23.31) | 0.82 (0.35, 1.88) | 0.89 (0.25, 3.12) | ||
Degree perineal tear | 682 | |||||||
No injury or first degree | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Second degree | 2.66 (0.86, 8.23) | 2.09 (1.47, 2.98)* | 1.57 (0.89, 2.75) | 5.28 (0.66, 42.39) | 2.23 (1.41, 3.51)* | 2.20 (1.06, 4.58)* | ||
OASI | 1.90 (0.67, 5.40) | 6.18 (2.83, 13.47)* | 1.90 (0.67, 5.40) | 1.94 (0.51, 7.42) | 6.77 (2.67, 17.20)* | 1.94 (0.51, 7.42) | ||
High vaginal tear | 669 | |||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 2.28 (0.61, 8.50) | 2.08 (1.26, 3.44)* | 1.17 (0.52, 2.59) | 6.06 (0.95, 38.53) | 1.38 (0.75, 2.53) | 1.04 (0.41, 2.60) | ||
Breastfeeding at 12 months postpartum | 697 | |||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.30 (0.35, 4.78) | 1.62 (1.09, 2.42)* | 3.13 (1.85, 5.30)* | 1.38 (0.23, 8.29) | 1.80 (1.10, 2.95)* | 4.36 (2.26, 8.41)* |
Sexual function measured as PISQ-12 score
Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Early pregnancy | 12 months postpartum | Early pregnancy | 12 months postpartum | Early pregnancy | 12 months postpartum | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | Coefficient (95% CI) | |
All | 40.3 (3.3) | 38.4 (4.3) | ||||
Age | ||||||
< 35 | 40.2 (3.3) | 38.4 (4.3) | Ref | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
≥35 | 40.5 (3.4) | 38.4 (4.9) | 0.36 (−0.61, 1.34) | −0.35 (−1.53, 0.82) | −0.08 (−1.70, 1.54) | 0.22 (−1.62, 2.05) |
Education | ||||||
Elementary school | 39.7 (2.7) | 38.9 (3.3) | −0.61 (−2.61, 1.40) | 0.25 (−2.20, 2.70) | 0.04 (−3.41, 3.49) | 1.57 (−2.09, 5.23) |
High school | 40.1 (3.4) | 38.1 (4.7) | −0.19 (−0.74, 0.37) | −0.39 (−1.02, 0.24) | −0.33 (−1.12, 0.45) | −0.27 (−1.11, 0.56) |
University | 40.3 (3.3) | 38.5 (4.1) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Smoking | ||||||
No | 40.3 (3.3) | 38.4 (4.3) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 39.7 (3.7) | 37 (3.5) | −0.59 (−2.36, 1.18) | −1.11 (−3.50, 1.29) | −0.49 (−3.24, 2.25) | −0.65 (−3.83, 2.53) |
BMI in early pregnancy | ||||||
< 18.5 | 40.5 (3.7) | 38 (5.0) | 0.39 (−1.30, 2.08) | −0.02 (−1.90, 1.85) | −2.20 (−4.75, 0.35) | −1.56 (−4.32, 1.21) |
18.5–24.9 | 40.1 (3.3) | 38.3 (4.2) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
25.0–29.9 | 40.4 (3.3) | 38.4 (4.6) | 0.31 (−0.30, 0.93) | −0.01 (−0.69, 0.68) | −0.28 (−1.11, 0.55) | 0.23 (−0.68, 1.13) |
> 30.0 | 40.6 (3.2) | 38.7 (4.4) | 0.46 (−0.38, 1.29) | 0.37 (−0.56, 1.29) | −0.37 (−1.48, 0.73) | 0.48 (−0.73, 1.69) |
Self-reported health in early pregnancy | ||||||
Good | 40.3 (3.3) | 38.5 (4.3) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Poor | 37.9 (3.5) | 35 (2.6) | −2.36 (−4.07, −0.65)* | −3.29 (−5.37, −1.20)* | −2.67 (−5.27, −0.07)* | −5.85 (−8.58, −3.13)* |
Delivery mode | ||||||
Vaginal | 40.3 (3.4) | 38.4 (4.3) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Vaginal with vacuum extraction | 40.3 (3.7) | 38.4 (4.4) | 0.05 (−0.68, 0.79) | −0.26 (−1.07, 0.55) | −0.01 (−1.00, 0.98) | −0.53 (−4.22, 3.16) |
All cesarean section | 40.2 (3.4) | 38.3 (4.4) | −0.10 (−0.85, 0.64) | −0.24 (−1.07, 0.59) | −0.62 (−4.30, 3.07) | 0.10 (−0.95, 1.14) |
Episiotomy | ||||||
No | 40.2 (3.3) | 38.6 (4.3) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 40.1 (2.9) | 38 (3.2) | −0.03 (−1.12, 1.07) | −0.80 (−2.03, 0.42) | 0.32 (−1.11, 1.76) | −0.55 (−2.03, 0.93) |
Start of delivery | ||||||
Spontaneous vaginal | 40.2 (3.3) | 38.4 (4.3) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Induction | 40.5 (3.3) | 38.6 (4.5) | 0.31 (−0.35, 0.97) | 0.27 (−0.46, 1.00) | 0.90 (−0.14, 1.94) | 0.69 (−0.39, 1.78) |
Cesarean section before labor | 39.9 (3.6) | 38.1 (4.6) | −0.34 (−1.49, 0.82) | −0.68 (−1.96, 0.60) | NE | NE |
Gestational age at delivery | ||||||
< 37 + 0 | 40.2 (2.4) | 38.8 (4.3) | −0.07 (−1.22, 1.09) | 0.46 (−0.82, 1.74) | 0.29 (−2.17, 2.74) | 2.24 (−0.22, 4.70) |
37 + 0 to 42 + 0 | 40.3 (3.4) | 38.4 (4.3) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
> 42 + 0 | 40.0 (3.7) | 38.1 (5.8) | −0.22 (−1.39, 0.94) | −0.09 (−1.36, 1.18) | −0.63 (−2.41, 1.15) | 0.44 (−1.42, 2.30) |
Degree perineal tear | ||||||
No injury or first degree | 40.2 (3.4) | 38.5 (4.4) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Second degree | 40.3 (3.2) | 38.5 (4.0) | 0.13 (−0.49, 0.74) | −0.06 (−0.74, 0.62) | 0.04 (−0.75, 0.84) | −0.28 (−1.13, 0.56) |
OASI | 39.6 (3.9) | 37.8 (4.5) | −0.46 (−1.76, 0.84) | −0.70 (−2.16, 0.76) | −0.82 (−2.35, 0.70) | −1.61 (−3.21, 0.00) |
High vaginal tear | ||||||
No | 40.3 (3.4) | 38.6 (4.3) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 39.9 (3.0) | 38.6 (4.1) | −0.40 (−1.32, 0.52) | −0.25 (−1.25, 0.74) | 0.13 (−0.95, 1.20) | 0.56 (−0.57, 1.68) |
Breastfeeding at 12 months postpartum | ||||||
No | 40.3 (3.2) | 38.6 (4.2) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) | (Ref) |
Yes | 39.9 (3.7) | 37.6 (4.8) | −0.39 (−1.14, 0.36) | −1.06 (−1.86, −0.25)* | −0.42 (−1.38, 0.55) | −0.24 (−1.31, 0.82) |
Sub-scores: Satisfaction
Sub-scores: Dyspareunia
OR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = varies | Early pregnancy | 12 months postpartum | N = 418 | Early pregnancy | 12 months postpartum | |
Age | 822 | |||||
< 35 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
≥35 | 1.07 (0.56, 2.07) | 1.37 (0.71, 2.65) | 1.77 (0.63, 4.96) | 1.87 (0.60, 5.82) | ||
Education | 798 | |||||
Elementary school | 0.84 (0.18, 3.80) | 1.65 (0.40, 6.78) | 1.78 (0.16, 20.13) | 1.15 (0.12, 10.96) | ||
High school | 1.40 (0.96, 2.02) | 1.42 (0.99, 2.04) | 1.34 (0.77, 2.34) | 1.24 (0.74, 2.08) | ||
University | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Smoking | 795 | |||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.05 (0.31, 3.60) | 0.60 (0.17, 2.07) | 1.21 (0.15, 10.06) | 0.79 (0.14, 4.36) | ||
BMI in early pregnancy | 795 | |||||
< 18.5 | 1.95 (0.73, 5.23) | 2.50 (0.90, 6.98) | 1.32 (0.24, 7.32) | 2.47 (0.50, 12.24) | ||
18.5–24.9 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
25.0–29.9 | 1.09 (0.72, 1.65) | 0.79 (0.53, 1.20) | 1.34 (0.73, 2.46) | 0.70 (0.38, 1.27) | ||
> 30.0 | 0.79 (0.43, 1.46) | 0.93 (0.54, 1.59) | 0.80 (0.33, 1.97) | 1.08 (0.53, 2.22) | ||
Self-reported health in early pregnancy | 801 | |||||
Good | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Poor | 5.27 (2.10, 13.21)* | 3.50 (1.06, 11.55)* | 1.87 (0.35, 9.97) | 3.20 (0.68, 15.05) | ||
Delivery mode | 818 | |||||
Vaginal | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Vacuum extraction | 1.19 (0.73, 1.93) | 1.86 (1.19, 2.89)* | 1.00 (0.48, 2.08) | 1.46 (0.79, 2.68) | ||
All cesarean section | 1.08 (0.66, 1.79) | 1.37 (0.86, 2.21) | 1.49 (0.14, 15.75) | 3.98 (0.51, 30.76) | ||
Start of delivery | 816 | |||||
Spontaneous | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Induction | 0.93 (0.59, 1.48) | 1.21 (0.80, 1.83) | 0.58 (0.25, 1.34) | 1.00 (0.51, 1.98) | ||
Cesarean section before labor | 1.30 (0.63, 2.72) | 0.92 (0.42, 2.01) | NE | NE | ||
Episiotomy | 553 | |||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.34 (0.66, 2.74) | 1.45 (0.70, 2.97) | 1.77 (0.64, 4.87) | 0.85 (0.35, 2.06) | ||
Gestational age at delivery | 803 | |||||
< 37 + 0 | 1.03 (0.47, 2.28) | 0.59 (0.26, 1.38) | 1.39 (0.27, 7.03) | 1.39 (0.27, 7.03) | ||
37 + 0 to 42 + 0 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
> 42 + 0 | 2.05 (1.04, 4.02)* | 1.29 (0.65, 2.55) | 3.35 (1.03, 10.87)* | 1.22 (0.39, 3.78) | ||
Degree of perineal tear | 663 | |||||
No injury or first degree | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Second degree | 0.75 (0.48, 1.16) | 1.48 (0.99, 2.20) | 0.59 (0.32, 1.09) | 1.69 (1.00, 2.88)* | ||
OASI | 1.16 (0.51, 2.68) | 3.19 (1.47, 6.93)* | 0.92 (0.32, 2.65) | 4.32 (1.71, 10.88)* | ||
High vaginal tear | 650 | |||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.34 (0.74, 2.43) | 1.96 (1.14, 3.38)* | 1.22 (0.56, 2.65) | 1.07 (0.55, 2.08) | ||
Breastfeeding at 12 months postpartum | 685 | |||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 1.44 (0.89, 2.32) | 1.09 (0.69, 1.71) | 1.33 (0.69, 2.56) | 0.95 (0.48, 1.86) |