Introduction
Methods and materials
Study design and period
Study area
Source population
Study population
Inclusion and exclusion criteria
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Sampling procedure and sampling techniques
Sample size estimation
Sampling procedure
Variables
Dependent variable
Independent variables
Operational definitions
Data collection method and tools
Data collection procedure
Data processing and analysis
Result
Socio-demographic characteristics of participants
Variables | Categories | Frequency(n = 415) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age in years | 18–24 | 200 | 48.2 |
25–29 | 128 | 30.8 | |
≥30 | 87 | 21.0 | |
Religion | Muslim | 215 | 51.8 |
Orthodox | 113 | 27.2 | |
Protestant | 81 | 19.5 | |
Others* | 6 | 1.5 | |
Marital status | Lack of cohabiting partner | 102 | 24.6 |
Married | 313 | 75.4 | |
Ethnicity | Oromo | 251 | 60.5 |
Amhara | 69 | 16.6 | |
Yeme | 35 | 8.4 | |
Keffa | 29 | 7.0 | |
Gurage | 20 | 4.8 | |
Others** | 11 | 2.7 | |
Education status | Have no formal education | 32 | 7.7 |
Primary | 120 | 28.9 | |
Secondary | 127 | 30.6 | |
College and above | 136 | 32.8 | |
Occupational status | Government employed | 88 | 21.2 |
Merchant | 38 | 9.2 | |
Farming | 14 | 3.4 | |
Student | 67 | 16.1 | |
Housewife | 163 | 39.3 | |
Private employed | 45 | 10.8 | |
Residence | Urban | 320 | 77.1 |
Rural | 95 | 22.9 | |
BMI(pre-pregnancy) | < 18.5 kg/m2 | 36 | 8.7 |
18.5–24.99 kg/m2 | 326 | 78.6 | |
25–29.99 kg/m2 | 40 | 9.6 | |
≥30 kg/m2 | 13 | 3.1 | |
Average monthly income (Eth. Birr) | ≤1000 | 165 | 39.8 |
1001–2000 | 99 | 23.8 | |
≥2001 | 151 | 36.4 |
Obstetrics related characteristics of the participants
Variables | Categories | Frequency(n = 415) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy by trimester | First trimester | 112 | 27.0 |
Second trimester | 108 | 26.0 | |
Third trimester | 195 | 47.0 | |
Gravidity | Primigravida | 146 | 35.2 |
Multigravida | 269 | 64.8 | |
Parity | Nullipara | 107 | 25.8 |
Multipara | 308 | 74.2 | |
Current pregnancy status planned | No | 133 | 32 |
Yes | 282 | 68 |
Clinical related factors of the participants
Variables | Categories | Frequency(n = 415) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Comorbid depression | Yes | 114 | 27.5 |
No | 301 | 72.5 | |
Past or current mental illness history | Yes | 21 | 5.1 |
No | 394 | 94.9 | |
Anxiety | Yes | 141 | 34.0 |
No | 274 | 66.0 | |
Chronic medical illness | Yes | 23 | 5.5 |
No | 392 | 94.5 | |
HIV/AIDS | Yes | 4 | 1.0 |
No | 411 | 99.0 | |
Asthma | Yes | 5 | 1.2 |
No | 410 | 98.8 | |
Diabetes | Yes | 6 | 1.4 |
No | 409 | 98.6 | |
Hypertension | Yes | 8 | 1.9 |
No | 407 | 98.1 |
Psychosocial and substance-related factors of the participants
Variables | Categories | Frequency(n = 415) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Stress | Yes | 144 | 34.7 |
No | 271 | 65.3 | |
Social support | Low social support | 53 | 12.8 |
Medium social support | 221 | 53.2 | |
High social support | 141 | 34.0 | |
Current alcohol use | Yes | 19 | 4.6 |
No | 396 | 95.4 | |
Current Khat use | Yes | 13 | 3.1 |
No | 402 | 96.9 | |
Current tobacco use | Yes | 3 | 0.7 |
No | 412 | 99.3 |
Prevalence of sleep quality among pregnant women
Variables | Category | Frequency (n) | Percent (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Subjective sleep quality | Very good (0) | 180 | 43.4% |
Fairly good (1) | 137 | 33.0% | |
Fairly bad (2) | 82 | 19.8% | |
Very bad (3) | 16 | 3.8% | |
Sleep latency | 0–15 min (0) | 60 | 14.5% |
16–30 min (1) | 108 | 26.0% | |
31–60 min (2) | 177 | 42.7% | |
> 60 min (3) | 70 | 16.8% | |
Sleep duration | > 7 h | 286 | 68.9 |
6–7 h | 64 | 15.4 | |
5–6 h | 43 | 10.4 | |
< 5 h | 22 | 5.3 | |
Habitual sleep efficiency | ≥85% | 377 | 90.8 |
75–84% | 35 | 8.5 | |
65–74% | 3 | 0.7 | |
< 65% | 0 | 0% | |
Sleep disturbances | Never (0) | 63 | 15.2% |
1 time a week (1) | 306 | 73.7% | |
1–2 times a week (2) | 41 | 9.9% | |
≥3 times a week (3) | 5 | 1.2% | |
Use of sleeping medications | Never | 389 | 93.7% |
Less than Once a week | 15 | 3.6% | |
Once or twice a week | 9 | 2.2% | |
Three or more times a week | 2 | 0.5% | |
Daytime dysfunction over the last month | No problem (0) | 333 | 80.2% |
1–2 times a week (1) | 62 | 14.9% | |
3 times a week (2) | 15 | 3.6% | |
> 3 times a week (3) | 5 | 1.3% | |
Overall sleep quality | Good sleep quality | 287 | 69.2% |
Poor sleep quality | 128 | 30.8% |
Factors associated with sleep quality among pregnant women
Variables | Category | Sleep quality | COR(95% C.I) | AOR(95% C.I) | P-values | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poor sleep quality (n) | Good sleep quality (n) | |||||
Age | 18–24 | 59(29.5%) | 141(70.5%) | 1 | 1 | |
25–29 | 30(23.4%) | 98(76.6%) | 0.73(0.44,1.22) | 0.98(0.53,1.81) | 0.95 | |
≥30 | 39(23.4%) | 48(76.6%) | 1.94(1.15,3.27) | 1.94(1.03,3.66) | 0.041* | |
Marital status | Single | 46(45.1%) | 56(54.9%) | 2.31(1.45,3.68) | 1.47(0.85,2.52) | 0.17 |
Married | 82(26.2%) | 231(73.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Educational status | No formal education | 12(37.5%) | 20(62.5%) | 1.66(0.74,3.75) | 0.87(0.31,2.40) | 0.78 |
Primary | 39(32.5%) | 81(67.5%) | 1.34(0.78,2.29) | 1.46(0.85,2.52) | 0.16 | |
Secondary | 41(32.3%) | 86(67.7%) | 1.32(0.78,2.25) | 1.01(0.53,1.91 | 0.99 | |
College and above | 36(26.5%) | 100(73.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Residence | Rural | 35(36.8%) | 60(63.2%) | 1.42(0.88,2.31) | 0.97(0.54,1.73) | 0.92 |
Urban | 93(29.1%) | 227(70.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Income (Ethio birr) | ≤1000 | 68(41.2%) | 97(58.8%) | 2.08(1.29,3.37) | 1.71(0.98,2.97) | 0.06 |
1001–2000 | 22(22.2%) | 77(77.8%) | 0.85(0.46,1.55) | 0.88(0.46,1.71) | 0.71 | |
≥2001 | 38(25.2%) | 113(74.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Current pregnancy planned | No | 46(34.6%) | 87(65.4%) | 1.29(0.83,2.01) | 0.97(0.57,1.64) | 0.91 |
Yes | 82(29.1%) | 200(70.9%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Gestational age | First trimester | 45(40.2%) | 67(59.8%) | 1.75(1.07,2.86) | 1.01(0.56,1.81) | 0.99 |
Second trimester | 29(26.9%) | 79(73.1%) | 0.96(0.56,1.63) | 0.72(0.39,1.31) | 0.28 | |
Third trimester | 54(27.7%) | 141(72.3%) | 1 | 1 | 0.99 | |
Gravidity | Primigravida | 31(21.2%) | 115(78.8%) | 1 | 1 | |
Multigravida | 97(36.1%) | 172(63.9%) | 2.09(1.31,3.34) | 1.90(1.09,3.32) | 0.025* | |
Depression | Yes | 66(57.9%) | 48(42.1%) | 5.30(3.33,8.44) | 4.26(2.54,7.14) | < 0.001* |
No | 62 (20.6%) | 239(79.4%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Anxiety | Yes | 61(43.3%) | 80(56.7%) | 2.35(1.53,3.63) | 1.10(0.61,1.83) | 0.80 |
No | 67(24.5%) | 207(75.5%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Stress | Yes | 65(45.1%) | 79(54.9%) | 2.72(1.76,4.19) | 1.85(1.20,3.02) | 0.013* |
No | 63(23.2%) | 208(76.8%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Social support | Low social support | 26(49.1%) | 27(50.9%) | 3.15(1.6,6.13) | 1.32(0.60,2.87) | 0.49 |
Medium social support | 69(31.2%) | 152(68.8%) | 1.48(0.92,2.41) | 0.99(0.57,1.71) | 0.97 | |
High social support | 33(23.4%) | 108(76.6%) | 1 | 1 | ||
Alcohol | Yes | 13(68.4%) | 6(31.6%) | 5.29(1.96,14.26) | 2.55(0.85,7.70) | 0.10 |
No | 115(29.0%) | 281(71.0%) | 1 | 1 |