Introduction
Methods
Study population
Outcome variable
Predictor variables
Statistical analysis
Results
Socioeconomic and demographic differentials in CoI
Variables | Prevalence of CoI | n | chi square ( χ2) |
---|---|---|---|
% | |||
Demographic Factors | |||
Gender | |||
Male | 10.02 | 14,931 | < 0.001 |
Female | 21.76 | 16,533 | |
Age (in years) | |||
60–69 | 10.66 | 18,410 | < 0.001 |
70–79 | 19.42 | 9501 | |
80 + years | 36.22 | 3553 | |
Marital Status | |||
Currently-in-union | 11.23 | 19,391 | < 0.001 |
Currently-not-in-union | 24.16 | 12,073 | |
Social groups | |||
SC | 18.89 | 5906 | < 0.001 |
ST | 30.51 | 2537 | |
OBC | 14.53 | 14,129 | |
None of Them | 12.29 | 7844 | |
Religion | |||
Hindu | 15.34 | 25,870 | < 0.001 |
Others | 20.1 | 5593 | |
Place of Residence | |||
Rural | 18.2 | 22,196 | < 0.001 |
Urban | 11.38 | 9268 | |
Region | |||
North | 14.79 | 3960 | < 0.001 |
West | 17.58 | 5401 | |
East | 17.31 | 7439 | |
South | 15.47 | 7136 | |
Central | 14.92 | 6593 | |
North East | 19.58 | 935 | |
Health Factors | |||
BMI | |||
Underweight | 11.73 | 11,222 | < 0.001 |
Normal Weight | 5.73 | 10,616 | |
Overweight or Obese | 3.24 | 6212 | |
Self-rated health | |||
Good | 9.47 | 9449 | < 0.001 |
Moderate | 13.12 | 13,892 | |
Poor | 21.13 | 7457 | |
Depression | |||
No | 11.44 | 21,211 | < 0.001 |
Yes | 18.52 | 9178 | |
Difficulty in ADL | |||
No | 12.51 | 24,042 | < 0.001 |
1 + ADL difficulties | 28.11 | 7422 | |
Difficulty in IADL | |||
No | 10.13 | 16,370 | < 0.001 |
1 + IADL difficulties | 22.76 | 15,094 | |
Alcohol Consumption | |||
Yes | 12.41 | 4555 | < 0.001 |
No | 15.85 | 26,655 | |
Smoking | |||
Yes | 14.53 | 12,539 | P = 0.037 |
No | 15.89 | 18,665 | |
Socio-Economic Status | |||
Years of schooling | |||
No schooling | 24.35 | 17,783 | < 0.001 |
Up to 9 years | 5.89 | 9209 | |
10 and more years | 4.96 | 4472 | |
Working status | |||
Currently working | 9.34 | 9483 | < 0.001 |
Currently Not working | 19.02 | 13,197 | |
MPCE quintile | |||
Poorest | 20.93 | 6829 | < 0.001 |
Poorer | 18.27 | 6831 | |
Middle | 15.18 | 6590 | |
Richer | 13.19 | 6038 | |
Richest | 11.97 | 5175 | |
Social Support | |||
Financial Support | |||
Yes | 15.29 | 4713 | P = 0.075 |
No | 15.19 | 26,266 | |
Living arrangements | |||
Living alone | 22.15 | 1787 | < 0.001 |
Living with spouse and/or others | 15.07 | 6397 | |
Living with spouse and children | 9.07 | 12,779 | |
Living with children and others | 23.55 | 8696 | |
Living with others only | 29.2 | 1805 | |
Total | 15.61 | 31,464 |
Determinants of CoI
Variables | OR | CI (95%) | |
---|---|---|---|
lower | Upper | ||
Demographic Factors | |||
Gender | |||
Male (ref) | |||
Female | 1.88*** | 1.70 | 2.09 |
Age (in years) | |||
60–69 (ref) | |||
70–79 | 1.75*** | 1.60 | 1.91 |
80 + years | 3.98*** | 3.57 | 4.45 |
Marital Status | |||
Currently-in-union (ref) | |||
Currently-not-in-union | 1.09 | 0.71 | 1.69 |
Social groups | |||
SC | 1.21** | 1.06 | 1.37 |
ST | 2.65*** | 2.32 | 3.03 |
OBC | 1.06 | 0.95 | 1.19 |
None of them (ref) | |||
Religion | |||
Hindu (ref) | |||
Others | 1.06 | 0.96 | 1.16 |
Place of Residence | |||
Rural (ref) | |||
Urban | 0.64*** | 0.58 | 0.70 |
Region | |||
North (ref) | |||
West | 1.54*** | 1.34 | 1.77 |
East | 0.99 | 0.87 | 1.13 |
South | 0.91 | 0.80 | 1.03 |
Central | 0.74*** | 0.65 | 0.86 |
North East | 0.96 | 0.82 | 1.13 |
Health Factors | |||
Self-rated health | |||
Good (ref) | |||
Moderate | 1.13* | 1.02 | 1.24 |
Poor | 1.62*** | 1.45 | 1.80 |
Depression | |||
No (ref) | |||
Yes | 1.32*** | 1.2 | 1.43 |
Difficulty in ADL | |||
No (ref) | |||
1 + ADL difficulties | 1.44*** | 1.31 | 1.58 |
Difficulty in IADL | |||
No (ref) | |||
1 + IADL difficulties | 1.30*** | 1.19 | 1.42 |
Alcohol Consumption | |||
Yes (ref) | |||
No | 0.90 | 0.80 | 1.02 |
Smoking | |||
Yes (ref) | |||
No | 0.98 | 0.90 | 1.07 |
Socio-Economic Status | |||
Years of schooling | |||
No schooling (ref) | 16.47*** | 11.31 | 23.97 |
Up to 9 years | 3.94*** | 2.69 | 5.78 |
10 and more years | |||
MPCE Quintile | |||
Poorest (ref) | |||
Poorer | 0.88* | 0.79 | 0.98 |
Middle | 0.76*** | 0.67 | 0.85 |
Richer | 0.64*** | 0.56 | 0.72 |
Richest | 0.61*** | 0.54 | 0.70 |
Social Support | |||
Financial Support | |||
Yes | 0.69*** | 0.62 | 0.77 |
No (ref) | |||
Living arrangements | |||
Living alone (ref) | |||
Living with spouse and/or others | 0.84 | 0.53 | 1.33 |
Living with spouse and children | 0.77 | 0.49 | 1.22 |
Living with children and others | 1.04 | 0.89 | 1.21 |
Living with others only | 1.14 | 0.94 | 1.39 |
Constant | 0.09*** | 0.06 | 0.15 |
Log-likelihood | -8937.93 | ||
Prob > chi2 | 0.000 |
Measurement of Socioeconomic inequalities in CoI
Index | No. of obs | Index value | Std. error | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
CI | 31,464 | -0.11841602 | 0.00722334 | 0 |
Results of the Shapley decomposition analysis
Contributors | Marginal effect (dy /dx) | P value | Absolute Contribution | Relative Contribution (in %) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 0.044 | 0.000 | 0.022 | 11.1 |
Age (in years) | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.037 | 18.78 |
Marital Status | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.017 | 8.8 |
Place of Residence | -0.032 | 0.000 | 0.012 | 6.2 |
Depression | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 2.37 |
Difficulty in ADL | 0.047 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 5.81 |
smoke ever | -0.007 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.31 |
Years of Schooling | -0.102 | 0.000 | 0.082 | 41.97 |
MPCE Quintile | -0.007 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 4.08 |
Financial support | -0.009 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.43 |
Living arrangements | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 2.07 |
Pseudo R-square | 0.195 | 100 |
Contributors | Demographic variables | Socio-economic variables | Social support variables | Health-related variables | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Absolute Contribution | 0.082 | 0.089 | 0.006 | 0.028 | 0.203 |
Relative Contribution (in %) | 41.22 | 44.59 | 3.15 | 14.13 | 100 |