Introduction
Methods
Criteria for considering studies for this review
Search method for identifying the eligible studies
Inclusion criteria
Exclusion criteria
Selection of studies data extraction and management
Assessment of risk bias in included studies
Data synthesis
Author | Type of study | Patients | Radiotracer | Risk of bias | Comments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endothelial inflammation | |||||
Tarkin 200118 | Prospective | 42 | 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTA-TATE | We did not identify source of bias | SRS identifies culprit coronary and carotid arteries in individuals with acute coronary syndrome, TIA and stroke |
Malmberg 2015 19 | Observational prospective | 60 | 64Cu-DOTA-TATE | Reference test: they did not use reference test | SUVmax of inflamed plaques correlates with some Framingham risk factors |
Wan 2017 21 | Prospective cohort | 20 | 68Ga-DOTA-TATE | Flow and timing: Heterogeneity of time between carotid event, PET scan and endarterectomy | No significantly different uptake in carotid plaques and contralateral carotids and no inflammatory cells at histology of excised plaques |
Pedersen 2015 22 | Prospective cohort | 10 | 64Cu-DOTA-TATE | None | Uptake was significantly higher in symptomatic plaque versus the contralateral carotid artery and correlates with CD163 staining of plaques |
Xian Li 2012 23 | Descriptive retrospective series of cases | 16 | 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTA-TATE | Reference standard and index test: unprecise reference test and lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Correlation between mean uptake of 18F-FDG or 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and patients’ score of risk factors |
Mojtahedi 2014 24 | Retrospective series of cases | 44 | 68Ga-DOTA-TATE | Reference standard: Inaccurate method | 68Ga-DOTA-TATE detects more areas with increased uptake in patients with high cardiovascular risk |
Rominger 2010 25 | Descriptive, retrospective | 70 | 68Ga-DOTA-TATE | Reference standard: Inaccurate method. | 68Ga-DOTA-TATE detects more areas with increased focal uptake in patients with high cardiovascular risk and with calcified plaques |
Rheumatoid arthritis | |||||
Anzola 2016 30 | Pilot study | 18 | 99mTc-Hynic-TOC | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | By 99mTc-Hynic-TOC all patients showed uptake in joints and in 60% of salivary glands. Patients who were evaluated after Infliximab therapy showed significant reduction of joint uptake. |
Van Hagen 1994 31 | Prospective | 18 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test and reference standard: just 2 patients were confirmed with histopathology and lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 76% of swollen RA joints were visualized. The degree of pain and swelling correlated well with positive scintigraphy findings in joints |
Cardiac allograft rejection | |||||
Aparici 2000 61 | Prospective | 10 | 111In-octreotide | Index test: lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Preliminary results indicate the feasibility of targeting activated lymphocytes with SRS in the detection of cardiac allograft rejection. |
Small vessel vasculitis | |||||
Neumann 2004 62 | Pilot study | 36 | 111In-octreotide | Reference standard: lack of immunohistochemical analysis to confirm presence of SSTR2 and SSTR3 in the whole population. | 111In-octreotide for pulmonary disease showed a sensitivity of 86%, specificity of 96% and 97% of positive predictive value for active disease. For ear nose and throat disease 68% and 100% |
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | |||||
Ambrosini 2010 34 | Prospective | 14 | 68Ga-DOTA-NOC | Reference standard index test: it was not possible to confirm the presence of SSTR2 and SSTR3 in the affected areas. Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 68Ga-DOTA-NOC uptake corresponded to areas of HRCT abnormalities in IPF patients, supporting the hypothesis that SSTR is over- expressed in lungs of IPF patients. |
Lebtahi 2006 35 | Prospective | 11 | 111In-octreotide | Index test and reference standard: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. Inaccurate reference test. | Increased uptake of 111In-Octreotide in (mainly idiopathic) pulmonary fibrosis. Lung uptake correlates with alterations in lung function and with intensity of alveolitis and seems to be related to severity of lung fibrosis. |
Win Thida 2012 36 | Prospective | 26 | 18F-FDG and 68Ga-DOTA-TATE | Patient selection, index test, reference standard: Patient heterogeneity of the population, few biopsies just in some of the patients; no threshold defined to interpret the index test. | All patients demonstrated increased pulmonary PET signal with 68Ga-DOTA-TATE and 18−F-FDG. 68Ga-DOTA-TATE might be useful to identify SSTR overexpression in this patient subgroup, and might be used for selecting patients who might benefit from somatostatin analog treatment. |
Sarcoidosis and granulomatous diseases | |||||
Lapa 2016 51 | Prospective | 15 | 68Ga-DOTA-TOC | No source of bias. | Extent of 68 Ga DOTATOC PET positive myocardial areas might provide the same prognostic information as shown for 18F-FDG-PET/CT in myocardial sarcoidosis. Inflammatory cells. |
Kwekkeboom 1998 52 | Cross-sectional | 46 | 111In-octreotide | Reference test and index test: not all patients had histological proof of granuloma. Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-Octreotide somatostatin receptor imaging can demonstrate active granulomatous disease in patients with sarcoidosis. |
Lebtahi 2001 53 | Prospective | 18 | 111In-octreotide and 67 gallium | Reference test and index test lack of in vitro analysis of somatostatin receptor presence in lesions. Lack of standard method for index test analysis. Some patients were receiving steroids previous to the scan. | 111In-octreotide SSTRs seems to be a promising alternative for evaluating the extent of sarcoidosis, detects significantly more sites of sarcoidosis involvement, especially for lung and mediastinal involvement. |
Kamphuis 2015 54 | Retrospective | 175 | 111In-Octreotide | Reference standard and index test: lack of in vitro analysis of somatostatin receptor expression in the lesions. Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-Octreotide SRS is additional in the diagnostic workup and more sensitive than conventional imaging in sarcoidosis patients. |
Gormsen 2016 55 | Pilot study | 19 | 68Ga-DOTA-NOC | Patient selection, reference standard, index test: 3 out of 19 patients had confirmed cardiac sarcoidosis; lack of a real reference test to diagnose the cardiac sarcoidosis; variation observer during the analysis of the index test. | 68Ga-DOTA-NOC can be used as an adjunct imaging modality in patients with suspected cardiac sarcoidosis; preferably as an imaging substitute for the obsolete 67Ga-citrate scintigraphy. |
Nobashi 2016 56 | Retrospective | 20 | 68Ga-DOTA-TOC 67 Ga | Reference standard: lack of in vitro analysis of SSTR in the lesions. | 68Ga-DOTA-TOC was superior than 67Ga-citrate identifying lymph nodes and in visualizing lesions in the uvea and muscle as well as in the lymph nodes. |
Piotrowoski 2012 57 | Observational | 32 | 99m Tc-HYNIC-TOC | Reference test and index test: reference test with limitations to detect extrapulmonary disease. Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Although 99mTc-Hynic-TOC could discriminate between positive and negative studies further studies are needed to find the utility of those results. |
Weinmmann 2000 58 | Pilot study | 13 | 111In-Octreotide | Reference test and index test: not all patients went o biopsy to confirm the activated SSTRs; Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-Penteotride identified abnormal uptake in lungs, bone, but not in the skin nor in the liver and central nervous system in patients with granulomatous disease. |
Oztürk 1994 59 | Descriptive analysis | 3 | 111In-octreotide | Descriptive study on three cases. | Descriptive study showed increased uptake of 111In-penteotride in granulomatous lesions. |
Vanhagen 1994 60 | Prospective | 20 | 111In-octreotide | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Descriptive study showed increased uptake of 111In-Penteotride in granulomatous lesions |
Thyroid exophthalmopathy | |||||
Aguirre Balsalobre 2007 37 | Series of cases | 18 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-Octreotide identified active thyroid orbitopathy. Patients identified as positive, treated with lanreotide showed improvement clinically and scintigraphically. |
Colao 1998 38 | Series of cases | 10 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | They showed that in a semiquantitative analysis with 111In-pentreteotide for patients with higher scores in the orbital uptake, it is possible to predict the therapeutical outcome in these patients. |
Burggasser 2003 47 | Observational prospective | 44 | 99mTcP829 | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Orbital uptake ratios were significantly different between patients with active and non-active orbitopathy. A statistically significant correlation was found between the CAS of the orbital disease and 99mTcP829 tracer uptake. |
Gerdin 1999 39 | Prospective observational | 22 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Quantitative measurement of orbital 111Octreotide uptake might be of use in predicting the outcome of immunosuppressive and radiotherapy treatment of patients with Graves ophthalmopathy. |
Huan Sun 2007 48 | Prospective observational | 14 | 99mTc-Hynic-TOC | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Orbital 99mTc-Hynic-TOC can be useful for the estimation of disease activity and prediction of the response to radiotherapy in Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients |
Kahaly 1998 40 | Prospective observational | 20 | 111In-octreotide | Index test: lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-octreotide was a sensitive technique with a high positive predictive value to select those patients who might benefit from treatment with immunosuppressive agents. |
Kahaly 1995 41 | Prospective observational | 44 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Graves’ ophthalmopathy patients showed markedly orbital accumulation of 111In-pentetreotide in contrast to controls. |
Krassas 1999 42 | Prospective | 14 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-Octreoscan correlates well with the clinical activity of the thyroid exophthalmopathy and orbital accumulation of radioactivity was diminished after treatment with somatostatin analogues. |
Krassas 1995 43 | Prospective | 20 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test: Lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-Octreoscan could predict those patients with Graves’ thyroid eye disease who might benefit from treatment. |
Lincke 2009 50 | Prospective | 73 | 111In-pentetreotide and 68Ga-DOTA-TOC | Index test, reference standard: lack of standard method for index test analysis; there was not immunohistochemical confirmation of activated SSTRs in the thyroid nodules. | Normal thyroid tissue shows detectable 111In-Pentetreotide and 68Ga-DOTA-TOC which could indicate a basal SSTR expression in normal tissue. Hot nodules showed increased uptake of both tracers also for active Hashimoto and Graves. |
Moncayo 1999 44 | Prospective | 51 | 111In-octreotide | Index test: lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Positive 111In-Octreotide in patients Images provide useful information on the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy. |
Nocaudi 1999 45 | Prospective | 17 | 111In-Octreotide | Index test: lack of standard method for index test analysis. | 111In-pentreteotide scintigraphy may be a good indicator of the likelihood of evolution in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathies. |
Postema 1994 46 | Cross sectional | 58 | 111In-Octreotide | Patient selection, index test: lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Thyroidal and orbital Graves’ disease can be visualized by 111In-Octreotide reflecting disease activity. |
Rong Zhao 2012 49 | Prospective | 46 | 99mTc-Hynic-TOC | Index test: lack of standard method for index test analysis. | Orbital 99mTc-TOC fusion imaging is able to determine the pathological phase of Graves’ disease, giving a high positive scan in the active early phase and a low positive or negative scan in the stable end phase of the disease. |