Background
Methods
Study setting
Study design
Sampling technique
Sample size
Study procedures
Data processing and analysis
Ethical considerations
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics
Variables | Category | Frequency | Percentage (%) | Substance use disorder | COR (95% CI) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (%) | Yes (%) | ||||||
Sex | Male | 307 | 93.3 | 130 (42.3) | 177 (57.7) | 2.92 (1.16–7.36) | 0.023a |
Female | 22 | 6.7 | 15 (68.2) | 7 (31.8) | Reference value | ||
Age categories | < 30 | 219 | 66.6 | 98 (44.7) | 121 (55.3) | 1.52 (0.49–4.67) | 0.465 |
≥ 30 | 110 | 33.4 | 47 (42.7) | 63 (57.3) | Reference value | ||
Place of residence | Rural | 106 | 32.2 | 60 (56.6) | 46 (43.4) | Reference value | |
Urban | 223 | 67.8 | 85 (38.1) | 138 (61.9) | 2.12 (1.32–3.39) | 0.002a | |
Ethnicitya | Oromo | 210 | 63.8 | – | – | – | – |
Amhara | 51 | 15.5 | – | – | – | – | |
Tigray | 16 | 4.9 | – | – | – | – | |
Gurage | 17 | 5.2 | – | – | – | – | |
Dawuro | 17 | 5.2 | – | – | – | – | |
Yem | 16 | 4.9 | – | – | – | – | |
Otherb | 2 | 0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
Educational status | No formal education | 27 | 8.2 | 11 (40.7) | 16 (59.3) | Reference value | |
Primary education | 178 | 54.1 | 83 (46.6) | 95 (53.4) | 0.79 (0.35–1.79) | 0.568 | |
Secondary education | 94 | 28.6 | 41 (43.6) | 53 (56.4) | 0.89 (0.37–2.12) | 0.790 | |
Tertiary education | 30 | 9.1 | 10 (33.3) | 20 (66.7) | 1.38 (0.47–4.05) | 0.563 | |
Religion | Muslim | 181 | 55.0 | 79 (43.6) | 102 (56.4) | 2.91 (0.86–9.78) | 0.085a |
Orthodox | 97 | 29.5 | 40 (41.2) | 57 (58.8) | 3.21 (0.92–1.14) | 0.067a | |
Protestant | 38 | 11.6 | 17 (44.7) | 21 (55.3) | 2.78 (0.73–0.62) | 0.135a | |
Catholic | 13 | 4.0 | 9 (69.2) | 4 (30.8) | Reference value | ||
Marital status | Married | 124 | 37.7 | 58 (46.8) | 66 (53.2) | Reference value | |
Unmarried | 205 | 62.3 | 87 (42.4) | 118 (57.6) | 1.19 (0.76–1.87) | 0.443 | |
Occupation | Employed | 134 | 40.7 | 62 (46.3) | 72 (53.7) | Reference value | |
Unemployed | 36 | 10.9 | 14 (38.9) | 22 (61.1) | 1.35 (0.64–2.87) | 0.430 | |
Farmer | 99 | 30.1 | 40 (40.4) | 59 (59.6) | 1.27 (0.75–2.15) | 0.373 | |
Student | 43 | 13.1 | 22 (51.2) | 21 (48.8) | 0.82 (0.41–1.64) | 0.576 | |
Otherc | 17 | 5.2 | 7 (41.2) | 10 (58.8) | 1.23 (0.44–3.43) | 0.692 | |
Average monthly income (birr) | < 1200 | 192 | 58.4 | 81 (42.2) | 111 (57.8) | Reference value | |
≥1200 | 137 | 41.6 | 64 (46.7) | 73 (53.3) | 0.83 (0.54–1.29) | 0.415 |
Prevalence of substance use disorder
Prison history
Variables | Frequency | Percentage (%) | Substance use disorder | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | ||||
Reason for admission to prison | On remand | 25 | 7.6 | 15 (60.0) | 10 (40.0) |
Convicted | 304 | 92.4 | 130 (42.8) | 174 (57.2) | |
Type of offence committed | Assault | 103 | 31.3 | 38 (36.9) | 65 (63.1) |
Murder | 83 | 25.2 | 41 (49.4) | 42 (50.6) | |
Theft | 81 | 24.6 | 34 (42.0) | 47 (58.0) | |
Rape | 32 | 9.7 | 16 (50.0) | 16 (50.0) | |
Robbery | 12 | 3.6 | 5 (41.7) | 7 (58.3) | |
Othera | 18 | 5.4 | 11 (61.1) | 7 (38.9) | |
Previous imprisonment | No | 301 | 91.5 | 140 (46.5) | 161 (53.5) |
Yes | 28 | 8.5 | 5 (17.9) | 23 (82.1) | |
Committed crime under the influence of substance | No | 287 | 87.2 | 140 (48.4) | 147 (51.6) |
Yes | 42 | 12.8 | 5 (11.9) | 37 (88.1) |
Factors associated with substance use disorder
Variable | Substance use disorder | COR (95% CI) | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (%) | Yes (%) | ||||
Psychopathy | No | 139 (48.3) | 149 (51.7) | Reference value | |
Yes | 6 (14.6) | 35 (85.4) | 5.44 (2.22–13.34) | 0.001* | |
Adverse traumatic life event | No exposure to traumatic life event | 62 (51.7) | 58 (48.3) | Reference value | |
One traumatic life event | 33 (52.4) | 30 (47.6) | 0.97 (0.53–1.79) | 0.927 | |
Multiple traumatic life events | 50 (34.2) | 96 (65.8) | 2.05 (1.25–3.37) | 0.004* | |
Mental illness | No | 132 (44.3) | 166 (55.7) | Reference value | |
Yes | 13 (41.9) | 18 (58.1) | 1.10 (0.52–2.33) | 0.801 | |
Social support | Poor | 53 (28.8) | 131 (71.2) | 4.35 (2.42–7.81) | 0.001* |
Moderate | 48 (63.2) | 28 (36.8) | 1.03 (0.52–2.02) | 0.939 | |
Strong | 44 (63.8) | 25 (36.2) | Reference value | ||
Immigration | No | 123 (45.6) | 147 (54.4) | Reference value | |
Yes | 22 (37.3) | 37 (62.7) | 1.40 (0.79–2.51) | 0.248* | |
Previous imprisonment | No | 140 (46.5) | 161 (53.5) | Reference value | |
Yes | 5 (17.9) | 23 (82.1) | 4.00 (1.48–10.80) | 0.006* | |
Family history of substance use | No | 110 (57.0) | 83 (43.0) | Reference value | |
Yes | 35 (25.7) | 101 (74.3) | 3.82 (2.37–6.17) | 0.001 | |
Suicidal ideation and suicide attempt | No | 114 (46.9) | 129 (53.1) | Reference value | |
Yes | 31 (36.0) | 55 (64.0) | 1.57 (0.94–2.60) | 0.082* | |
Chronic physical illness | No | 120 (43.5) | 156 (56.5) | Reference value | |
Yes | 25 (47.2) | 28 (52.8) | 0.86 (0.48–1.55) | 0.62 | |
Perceived that substance use did not affect health | No | 66 (46.5) | 76 (53.5) | Reference value | |
Yes | 79 (42.2) | 108 (57.8) | 1.19 (0.77–1.84) | 0.444 |
Variable | Substance use disorder | AOR (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
No, n (%) | Yes, n (%) | |||
Social support | Poor support | 53 (28.8) | 131 (71.2) | 4.41 (2.22–8.77) |
Moderate support | 48 (63.2) | 28 (36.8) | 1.07 (0.49–2.34) | |
Strong support | 44 (63.8) | 25 (36.2) | Reference value | |
Family history of substance use | No | 110 (57.0) | 83 (43.0) | Reference value |
Yes | 35 (25.7) | 101 (74.3) | 4.39 (2.49–7.79) | |
Psychopathy | No | 139 (48.3) | 149 (51.7) | Reference value |
Yes | 6 (14.6) | 35 (85.4) | 4.68 (1.71–12.78) | |
Place of residence | Rural | 60 (56.6) | 46 (43.4) | Reference value |
Urban | 85 (38.1) | 138 (61.9) | 2.42 (1.33–4.40) |