Suicidal plan, attempt, and associated factors among patients with diabetes in Felegehiwot referral hospital, Bahirdar, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study
Diabetes is a highly prevalent non-communicable disease which is prone to more psychiatric complications like suicide; however, research into this area is limited. Assessing suicidal plan and attempt as well as its determinants are therefore important.
Method
Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 21 to June 21 at the diabetic outpatient clinic by recruiting 421 participants using systematic sampling. Suicide manual of the composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI) was used to assess suicidal plan and attempt. Chart review was used to obtain data regarding the co-morbidity of medical illness and complications of diabetes mellitus. Binary logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with suicidal attempt. Odds ratio with 95% CI was employed and variables with a p-value of< 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression were declared significant.
Results
From 423 participants 421 participated in the study with 99.5% response rate. The mean age (±SD) of the respondents was 38.0((±13.9) years. The lifetime prevalence of Suicidal plan; an attempt was found to be 10.7 and 7.6% respectively. Being female (AOR = 2.14, 95%CI:1.10,5.65), poor social support (AOR = 3.21,95%CI:1.26,8.98), comorbid depression (AOR = 6.40,95%CI:2.56,15.46) and poor glycemic control (AOR = 4.38,95%CI:1.66,9.59) were factors associated with lifetime suicidal attempt.
Conclusion
The prevalence of suicidal attempt among Diabetes patients is high (7.6%). The suicidal attempt had a statistically significant association with female gender, comorbidity with depression, poor social support and poor glycemic control. Therefore the result of this study helps to do early screening, treatment, and referral of patients with suicidal attempt.
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Abkürzungen
BMI
Body mass index
CIDI
Composite international diagnostic interview
DM
Diabetes mellitus
OR
Odds ratio
PHQ-9
Patient health questionnaire-9
SPSS
Statistical package for social science
UOG
University of Gondar
USA
United States of America
WHO
World health organization
Background
Suicide is defined as intentional self-inflicted death and a suicidal attempt is an intentional but unsuccessful act of killing self which are both major public health priorities [1‐3]. Existing literature reports that the history of a prior suicide attempt is a statistically significant risk factor associated with future self-destructive including death by suicide [4, 5]. A suicide attempt should have the following possessions; self-initiated, potentially self-injurious behavior, presence of intent to die and nonfatal outcome [6]. Other non-fatal suicidal behaviors include deliberate self-harm (DSH), non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), suicidal threats and suicidal gestures [6].
Globally, suicide represents 1.8% of the burden of disease and estimates suggest that this will rise to 2.4% in 2020 [7]. According to World Health Organization (WHO), suicide accounts for 50% of all violent deaths in men and 71% in women and is the 2nd leading cause of death in 15–29-year age group worldwide [8]. Nearly 85% of the suicides in the world occur in low and middle-income countries (LMICS), of this;34,000 occur in Africa per year [9]. In Ethiopia, suicidal behavior affects about 6.3% of the population [10]. Suicidal attempt among people with DM had been reported as high as 58.5% [11] in the USA which is higher than the prevalence in the general population (1.1 to 4.6%).
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Suicidal behaviors in DM was significantly associated with lower than high school education and female gender in USA [12], alcohol use and cigarette smoking in USA [13], depression in USA [13], South Korea [14], Brazil [15], duration of illness longer than 5 years and medication non adherence in two USA studies [11, 16].
The impacts of suicide are not only loss of life, but the mental, physical and emotional stress imposed on family members and costs to resources, as people with attempted suicide often require help from health care and psychiatric institutes [6]. Prior suicide attempts are one of the strongest predictors of completed suicide [17, 18], suggesting that suicidal behaviors like ideation, plans and attempts as useful outcomes to study.
However, research into this area is limited. So this study aimed to assess the prevalence and determining factors of the suicidal plan and attempt among patients with diabetes mellitus at Felegehiwot referral hospital, Bahirdar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017.
Materials and methods
Study design and period
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May 21 to June 21, 2017.
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Study setting and population
This study was conducted at a diabetic clinic at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital. It is located in Bahir Dar; the capital city of Amhara region. It has a catchment population of more than 5.5 million people [19]. Currently, Felegehiwot referral hospital serves the population in the region and is open 24 h for emergency service. In Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, there are different departments, units, and clinics that provide specialized service. These include a mental health clinic, ophthalmology, internal medicine, outpatient diabetic follow up clinic, dermatology, pediatrics, gynecology/obstetrics, surgery, dentistry and physiotherapy department, hospital pharmacy; intensive care unit, operation room unit, anti-retroviral therapy, and tuberculosis clinic.
The outpatient follow-up department is open in normal working hours five days weekly from Monday to Friday. There are more than 1984 diabetic patients registered for follow-up previously in the clinic. In general, the clinic gives service for around 1384 patients per month and nearly 346 patients attend the clinic weekly [20].
Inclusion criteria
Diabetic Mellitus patients18 years and older on follow up visit for DM at the diabetic outpatient clinic of Felegehiwot referral hospital during the data collection period were included.
Exclusion criteria
Patients who were seriously ill and in difficulty of communication during the data collection period were excluded.
Sample size determination and sampling technique
The sample size for the study was calculated using single population proportion formula, considering an estimated prevalence of 50% since there is no previous published study on the prevalence of suicidal attempt in DM patients in Ethiopia, 5% margin of error, 95% confidence level and 10% non-response rate . The sample size was calculated to be 423. The sampling interval (K = 3) was determined by dividing the expected number of diabetic patients with follow up per month into the sample size (1384/423). The first patient was selected from the first three by a lottery method then every third of respondents included in the study.
Operational definitions
Suicidal attempt: is defined as if the respondent answers for the question have you ever attempted suicide? If the answer is yes, the respondent has a suicidal attempt [21].
Depression: Score ≥ 5 on patient health questionnaire-9 depression screening scale [22].
Adherence to medication: low-adherence if a score is < 6, medium adherence if a score is 6 and 7, and high adherence if a score is 8 on 8-Item Morisky medication adherence scale [23‐26].
Comorbid medical illness: the presence of other diagnosed medical disorder with diabetes mellitus.
Social support: individuals who scored ≥9(moderate and strong) on the Oslo 3-item social support scale [27].
Glycemic control: Glycemic control was assessed using a fasting blood glucose level of the previous visit from the medical chart of patients. Reading≤130 mg/dl was considered as good control and FBG level > 130 mg/dl was considered as a poor control [28].
Current substance use: use of at least one of the specified substance within the last 3 months [29].
Moderate physical activity: was defined as routine walking at least five times per week for at least 30 min at a time or engaging during the survey period in regular moderate (at least five times per week for at least 30 min at a time) by the American College of Sports Medicine Guidelines [30].
Monthly income: Average monthly income was categorized as < $27, $27–$43.56 and ≥ $43 .56.
Data collection
The pre-test was done 1 week before the data collection period among 21 (5%) of sample size at Adisalem Hospital. Data was collected by BSc nurses after training was given. The suicide manual of WHO composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI) was used to assess suicidal attempt among patients with diabetes mellitus. Depression was assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 which has been validated in the general hospital setting in Ethiopia with sensitivity 86% and specificity 67% for diagnosing MDD among Ethiopian adults [22].
Medication adherence was assessed using Morisky-8 item medication adherence scale. MMAS-8 is the latest medication adherence assessment scales and has a good specificity of 53% and sensitivity of 93% [31, 32]. Social support was assessed with Oslo-3-item social support scale [27].
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Data processing and analysis
Data was entered using Epi-info version 7, exported and analyzed using the Statistical Packages for Social Sciences, version 20. Descriptive statistics measures like frequency, mean, median, standard deviation and crosstabs were used to summarize the outcome and predictor variables. A logistic regression model was fitted to asses potential risk factors for a suicidal attempt. Variables with p-value < 0.25 in bivariate analysis were fitted into a multivariable logistic regression to control the effect of confounders. Odds ratio with 95%CI was employed and statistical significance were declared with a p-value of < 0.05 in multivariable logistic regression.
Results
Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants
A total of 421 respondents were included in the study with a response rate of 99.5%. The mean age (±SD) of the respondents was 38.0((±13.9) year. Among respondents 227(53.9%), 353(83.6%), 256(60.8%), 192(45.6%) and 196(46.6%) were males, orthodox, married, not educated and farmers respectively (Table 1).
Table 1
Descriptions of Socio demographic characteristics among patients with diabetes mellitus on follow up at Felegehiwot referral hospital (n = 421), Bahirdar, Ethiopia, 2017
Variable
Frequency
Percentage
Age group
18–24
74
17.6
25–34
116
27.6
35–44
97
23
45–54
77
18.3
≥ 55
57
13.5
Sex
Male
227
53.9
Female
194
46.1
Marital status
Married
256
60.8
Single
93
22.5
Widowed/divorced
72
16.7
Religion
Orthodox
352
83.6
Muslim
51
12.1
Protestant
18
4.3
Occupation
Government employee
71
16.9
Private employee
58
13.8
Unemployed
28
6.7
Farmer
196
46.6
Student
26
6.2
Others
42
10
Educational status
No formal education
192
45.6
Grade1–8
93
22.1
Grade9–12
58
13.8
Diploma and above
78
18.5
Monthly income
< $27
159
37.8
$27–$43.56
96
22.8
> $ 43.56
166
39.4
With whom patient is living
With family
375
89
Alone
46
11
Social support
Poor
242
57.5
Moderate
128
30.4
Strong
51
12.1
Clinical characteristics of the respondents
Three hundred sixty-three (86%) and 56 (14%) of respondents were found to have type-II and type-I DM respectively. Regarding their diabetes medication; 184(43.7%) were on insulin. More than half of study participants; 257(61%) had been living with diabetes for < 5 years. Fifty-six (13.3%) of participants had a comorbid medical illness of which hypertension was the commonest one, 44(78.6%). The prevalence of comorbid depression in the study was found to be 38.7% (Table 2).
Table 2
Clinical characteristics of diabetic patients attending Felegehiwot referral Hospital, Diabetic Clinic (n = 421), Bahirdar, Northwest Ethiopia, July 2017
Variable
Frequency
Percentage
Type of DM
Type1
58
13.8
Type 2
363
86.2
Duration since DM dx
< 5 years
257
61
> =5 years
164
39
Current DM treatment
Insulin
184
43.7
Insulin and oral agents
57
13.6
Oral hypoglycemic agents
180
42.8
Comorbid medical illness
HTN
44
10.5
HIV
6
1.5
Asthma
3
0.65
Renal diseases
3
0.65
No medical illness
365
86.7
Complication due to DM
Yes
18
4.3
No
401
95.2
Glycemic control
Poor
205
48.7
Good
216
51.3
Medication adherence
low
85
20.2
Medium
167
39.7
High
169
40.1
Moderate physical activity
Yes
129
30.6
No
292
69.4
Co morbid depression
Yes
163
38.7
No
258
61.3
Body mass index(kg/m2)
< 18.5
40
9.5
18.5–24.9
333
79.1
≥ 25.00
48
11.4
Family history of suicidal attempt
Yes
15
3.6
No
406
96.4
Substance use characteristics of respondents
One hundred thirty-six (32.3%) of the respondents had a history of substance use within the past three months before data collection time. Among these; the majority, 123(90.5%) reported that they were using alcohol and 11(8%) of them were smoking a cigarette, but only two of the respondents (1.5%) had used chat within the past three months (Table 3).
Table 3
Substance use characteristics of study participants at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital,Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia, 2017(n = 421)
Variables
Frequency
Percentages
Lifetime substance use
Yes
209
49.6
No
212
50.4
Lifetime alcohol use
Yes
193
45.8
No
228
54.2
Lifetime cigarette smoking
Yes
12
2.85
No
409
97.15
Lifetime chat chewing
Yes
3
7.1
No
418
92.9
Current substance use
Yes
136
32.3
No
285
67.7
Current alcohol use
Yes
123
29.2
No
298
70.8
Current cigarette smoking
Yes
11
2.6
No
410
97.4
Current chat chewing
Yes
2
0.5
No
419
99.5
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Prevalence of suicidal attempt among patients with diabetes mellitus
The lifetime prevalence of suicidal attempt in the study participants was 32(7.6%) and 12(36.4%) of them had reported attempt history within 12 months before the data collection time. Of those who attempted suicide 28(87.5%) had a plan and 21(65.6%) were females. Considering types of DM, it was found that suicidal attempt is 8(14%) in type 1 and 24(6.6%) in type 2 DM respectively (Table 4). Regarding the frequency of attempt, 25(78.1%), 5(15.6%) and 2(6.3%) of participants had attempted suicide once, twice and more than two times respectively in their lifetime (Fig. 1). The most commonly used method for the suicidal attempt was hanging 15(46.8%) followed by poisoning 13(40.6%) (Fig. 2). Among participants who attempted suicide, 18(56%) made a serious attempt to kill themselves, 5(15.6%) tried to kill themselves but knew that method used was not fool-proof suggests that in both of the above cases the participants had a real intent to die. The rest 9(28%) of attempters reported that their attempt was a shout for help but no real intent to die (Table 4).
Table 4
Frequency distribution of suicidal attempt among diabetes mellitus patients at outpatient department of Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Bahirdar, Ethiopia,2017(n = 421)
Variable
Frequency
Percentage
Lifetime suicidal ideation
Yes
83
19.7
No
338
80.3
Lifetime suicidal ideation
Type 1 DM
21
25.3
Type 2 DM
62
74.7
Duration of suicidal ideation
≤ 12 months
28
33.7
> 12 months
55
66.3
Suicidal ideation 1 month
Yes
7
1.7
No
417
98.3
Lifetime plan of suicide
Yes
45
10.7
No
376
89.3
Lifetime suicidal attempt
Yes
32
7.6
No
389
92.4
Lifetime suicidal attempt
Type1 DM
8
25
Type 2 DM
24
75
Duration of suicidal attempt
≤ 12 months
12
36.4
> 12 months
20
63.6
Reasons for suicidal attempt
Family conflict
6
18.75
Economic problem
6
18.75
Death in family
2
6.25
Related to DM
12
37.5
Others
6
18.75
Fig. 1
Percentage distribution of suicidal attempt among patients with diabetes mellitus at Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Bahirdar, Ethiopia, 2017
Fig. 2
A graph showing percentage distribution of methods of suicidal attempt among diabetes mellitus patients attending outpatient follow up department of Felegehiwot referral hospital, Bahirdar, Ethiopia, 2017
×
×
Factors associated with lifetime suicidal attempt among people with diabetes mellitus
The result of this study shows that being female was about 2.14 times (AOR = 2.14, 95%CI: 1.10, 5.65) more likely to attempt suicide when compared to male. The odds of attempting suicide among participants with poor social support was 3.21 times higher as compared to participants with good social support (AOR = 3.21,95%CI:1.26,8.98).
The presence of comorbid depression was significantly associated with a suicidal attempt in the current study. Participants with comorbid depression were 6.4 times more likely to attempt suicide as compared to those who do not have comorbid depression AOR = 6.40,95% CI 2.56,15.46). The odds of having suicidal attempt among participants with poor glycemic control was 4.4 times higher than participants with good control of their blood glucose level as measured by their fasting blood sugar test (AOR = 4.38,95%CI:1.66,9.59) (Table 5).
Table 5
Bivariate and multivariable Logistic Regression analysis showing the Associations between some of the factors and life time suicidal Attempt among diabetic patients at Felegehiwot Referral hospital, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2017(n = 421)
Explanatory variable
Suicidal attempt
COR(95% CI)
AOR(95% CI)
Yes
No
Sex
Male
11
216
1.00
1.00
Female
21
173
2.38 (1.12–5.08)
2.14 (1.10–5.65)a
Occupational status
Employeda
10
119
1.00
1.00
Unemployed
5
23
2.59 (0.81–8.27)
2.53 (0.53–12.11)
Farmer
12
184
0.78 (0.32–1.85)
0.44 (0.12–1.71)
Student
3
23
1.55 (0.39–6.08)
2.09 (0.31–14.08)
Othersa
2
40
0.59 (0.12–2.83)
0.21 (0.02–1.84)
Social support
Poor
26
216
3.47 (1.39–8.62)
3.21 (1.26–8.98)b
Good
6
173
1.00
1.00
Duration of DM
< 5 Years
15
242
1.00
1.00
≥ 5 Years
17
147
1.86 (0.90–3.85)
1.906 (0.75–4.84)
Glycemic control
Poor
23
182
2.90 (1.31–6.44)
4.38 (1.66–9.59)b
Good
9
207
1.00
1.00
Depression
Yes
22
141
3.87 (1.78–8.40)
6.40 (2.56–15.46)c
No
10
248
1.00
1.00
Educational level
No formal education
9
183
0.59 (0.20–1.72)
0.91 (0.18–4.53)
Grade1–8
15
78
2.31 (0.85–6.27)
4.05 (0.78–20.84)
Grade9–12
2
56
0.43 (0.08–2.20)
0.34
(0.05–2.56)
Diploma and above
6
72
1.00
1.00
ap-value< 0.05, bp-value< 0.01, cp-value < 0.001
Model chi-square = 8.467,df = 8 and sig = 0.389
aEmployed are both Government and Private employed
aOthers are merchants and housewife
Discussion
So far this study was conducted on one of the least investigated mental health problem among people with diabetes mellitus in Ethiopia. The lifetime prevalence of suicidal attempt was 7.6% (95%CI: 5.20, 10.50).
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The prevalence of lifetime suicidal attempt in this study was in line with studies conducted at USA 10% [15] and 6.4% [11]. On the other hand, it was higher than the result from studies in South Carolina 4% [16] and Korea 1.3% [33]. On the contrary; the result was lower than findings from Newjersy13.5% [13]. This might be due to the socio-cultural difference in which suicidal behaviors are stigmatized in our society and religiously condemned and so patients may under-report suicidal attempt [10, 34]. It might also be due to a difference in study subjects including both type1 and 2 DM in current but only type 1 in new jersey and South Carolina studies. Besides, it was a case-control design in Newjersy [13] and a national survey in Korea [33].
The most commonly used method for a suicidal attempt in patients with diabetes mellitus in this study is hanging 15 (46.9%). This is consistent with the method of suicide attempt known to be commonest globally [1] but different from findings in other studies. For instance, a study in northern Finland shows that self-poisoning was the commonest method 48% [35] and another study in the USA found that diabetes-related methods like insulin overdose are most common [11]. The difference might be due to accessibility to opportunities of suicidal methods, knowledge of participants regarding methods of attempt and socio-cultural differences.
Regarding factors associated with suicidal attempt, the result of this study shows that being female was about 2.14 times more likely to have suicidal attempt when compared to male and this is under most literature. This finding was supported by studies conducted in the USA [13, 36]. This might be due to cultural influences in which women may not discuss their issues openly as men so suicide attempts may be used as a means of externalizing their suppressed emotion [37].
The odds of attempting suicide among participants with poor social support was found to be 3.21 times higher as compared to participants with good social support as measured by Oslo 3 item social support scale. This is in agreement with other studies [7, 8, 38]. This can be explained as where social support is available; alternatives of coping from suicidal attempt are more likely before a person attempts suicide.
Participants with comorbid depression were 6.4 times more likely to attempt suicide as compared to those who do not have comorbid depression. This is consistent with several studies in the USA [13, 15, 39, 40] and Korea [14]. The reason may be depression will lead to a decrease in serotonin levels and studies show an association between serotonin decrease and suicidal behavior [6, 41]. It may also be due to the direct impact of depression on patients which makes them socially withdrawn, hopeless and worthless.
The odds of attempting suicide among participants with poor glycolic control were 2.6 times higher than those with good glycemic control. This is in agreement with studies in Brazil [42] and South Korea [43]. The possible reason is that glycemic control might be a potential clinical mediator of the relationship between suicidal attempt and diabetes complications. Studies should be conducted to confirm this proposed mediation [43, 44].
The following limitations need to be considered in interpreting the results of this study. First; lack of a dedicated instrument for assessing suicide risk. Second, we assessed depression using PHQ-9 and vegetative symptoms like poor appetite, fatigue, lack of sleep are common in diabetes patients which might overestimate the depression measurement. Besides, the use of the medical chart of patient’s without written consent is also the limitation of this study.
Conclusion
The prevalence of suicidal attempt among diabetes mellitus patients was found to be high which indicates that diabetes mellitus is a public health concern. Comorbidity of depression, being female, poor glycemic level and poor social support was found to a have statistically significant association with suicidal attempt. So the result of this study helps to do early screening, treatment, and referral of patients with suicidal attempt.
Acknowledgments
We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the University of Gondar College of medicine and health science &Felegehiwot Specialized hospital for all support provided. Furthermore, our thanks go to data collectors, supervisors and participants of this study for devoting their precious time.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical approval was received from the Institutional Review Board of University of Gondar and ethical committee of Amanuel mental specialized hospital. Authors presented a request to take a verbal consent form study participants since involvement in the research pose no more than a minimal risk to the study subjects and the named institution above approved it. So, Participants were informed about the objectives of the study before the interview began and informed verbal consent was obtained from each participant. Patients who had current suicidal attempt were referred to a mental health clinic for further evaluation and treatment.
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Suicidal plan, attempt, and associated factors among patients with diabetes in Felegehiwot referral hospital, Bahirdar, Ethiopia: cross-sectional study
Wenn Demenzkranke aufgrund von Symptomen wie Agitation oder Aggressivität mit Antipsychotika behandelt werden, sind damit offenbar noch mehr Risiken verbunden als bislang angenommen.
Die Kombination aus Medikamenten und Psychotherapie gilt als effektivster Ansatz bei Depressionen. Das ist bei betagten Menschen nicht anders, trotz Besonderheiten.
Um Menschen nach der Flucht aus einem Krisengebiet bestmöglich medizinisch betreuen zu können, ist es gut zu wissen, welche Erkrankungen im jeweiligen Herkunftsland häufig sind. Dabei hilft eine Internetseite der CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
