Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Annals of Surgical Oncology 11/2012

01.10.2012 | Colorectal Cancer

Systematic Review of Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping Procedure in Colorectal Cancer

verfasst von: Edwin S. van der Zaag, MD, PhD, Wim H. Bouma, MD, PhD, Pieter J. Tanis, MD, PhD, Dirk T. Ubbink, MD, PhD, Willem A. Bemelman, MD, PhD, Christianne J. Buskens, MD, PhD

Erschienen in: Annals of Surgical Oncology | Ausgabe 11/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

The clinical impact of sentinel lymph node (SN) biopsy in colorectal cancer is still controversial. The aim of our study was to determine the accuracy of this procedure from published data and to identify factors that contribute to the conflicting reports.

Methods

A systematic search of the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to July 2011 revealed 98 potentially eligible studies, of which 57 were analyzed including 3,934 patients (3,944 specimens).

Results

The pooled SN identification rate was 90.7 % (95 % CI 88.2–93.3), with a significant higher identification rate in studies including more than 100 patients or studies using the ex vivo SN technique. The pooled sensitivity of the SN procedure was 69.6 % (95 % CI 64.7–74.6). Including the immunohistochemical findings increased the pooled sensitivity of SN procedure to 80.2 % (95 % CI 4.7–10.7). Subgroups with significantly higher sensitivity could be identified: ≥4 SNs versus <4 SNs (85.2 vs. 66.3 %, p = 0.003), colon versus rectal cancer (77.6 vs. 65.7 %, p = 0.04), early T1 or T2 versus advanced T3 or T4 carcinomas (93.4 vs. 58.8 %, p = 0.01). Serial sectioning and immunohistochemistry resulted in a mean upstaging of 18.9 % (range 0–50 %). True upstaging defined as micrometastases (pN1mi+) rather than isolated tumor cells (pN0itc+) was 7.7 %.

Conclusions

The SN procedure in colorectal cancer has an overall sensitivity of 70 %, with increased sensitivity and refined staging in early-stage colon cancer. Because the ex vivo SN mapping is an easy technique it should be considered in addition to conventional resection in colon cancer.
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2007. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2007. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2007. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; 2007.
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen Am, Kelsen D, Saltz L, Minsky BD, Nelson H, Farouk R, et al. Adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. Curr Probl Cancer. 1997;34:601–76. Cohen Am, Kelsen D, Saltz L, Minsky BD, Nelson H, Farouk R, et al. Adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. Curr Probl Cancer. 1997;34:601–76.
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Mitchell PJ, Ravi S, Grifftiths B, Reid F, Speake D, Midgley C, et al. Multicentre review of lymph node harvest in colorectal cancer: are we understaging colorectal cancer patients? Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24:915–21.PubMedCrossRef Mitchell PJ, Ravi S, Grifftiths B, Reid F, Speake D, Midgley C, et al. Multicentre review of lymph node harvest in colorectal cancer: are we understaging colorectal cancer patients? Int J Colorectal Dis. 2009;24:915–21.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Figueredo A, Coombes ME, Mukherjee S. Adjuvant therapy for completely resected stage II colon cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD005390.PubMed Figueredo A, Coombes ME, Mukherjee S. Adjuvant therapy for completely resected stage II colon cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;3:CD005390.PubMed
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Koyanagi K, Bilchik AJ, Saha S, Turner RR, Wiese D, McCarter M, et al. Prognostic relevance of occult nodal micrometastases and circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer in a prospective multicenter trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:7391–96.PubMedCrossRef Koyanagi K, Bilchik AJ, Saha S, Turner RR, Wiese D, McCarter M, et al. Prognostic relevance of occult nodal micrometastases and circulating tumor cells in colorectal cancer in a prospective multicenter trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14:7391–96.PubMedCrossRef
6.
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Morton DL, Cochran AJ, Thompson JF, Elashoff R, Essner R, Glass EC, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for early-stage melanoma: accuracy and morbidity in MSLT-I, an international multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2005;242:311–3. Morton DL, Cochran AJ, Thompson JF, Elashoff R, Essner R, Glass EC, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for early-stage melanoma: accuracy and morbidity in MSLT-I, an international multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2005;242:311–3.
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G, Luini A, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:546–53.PubMedCrossRef Veronesi U, Paganelli G, Viale G, Luini A, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, et al. A randomized comparison of sentinel-node biopsy with routine axillary dissection in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:546–53.PubMedCrossRef
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:25.PubMedCrossRef Whiting P, Rutjes AW, Reitsma JB, Bossuyt PM, Kleijnen J. The development of QUADAS: a tool for the quality assessment of studies of diagnostic accuracy included in systematic reviews. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3:25.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Singletary SE, Greene FL, Sobin LH. Classification of isolated tumor cells: clarification of the 6th edition of the American Joint Committee on cancer staging manual. Cancer. 2003;98:2740–1.PubMedCrossRef Singletary SE, Greene FL, Sobin LH. Classification of isolated tumor cells: clarification of the 6th edition of the American Joint Committee on cancer staging manual. Cancer. 2003;98:2740–1.PubMedCrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Vîlcea ID, Vasile I, Mirea CS, Meşină C, Enache SD, Tenovici M, et al. Sentinel lymph node study in colorectal cancer using serial sectioning and hematoxylin–eosin staining: importance and limitations. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2011;52:379–83.PubMed Vîlcea ID, Vasile I, Mirea CS, Meşină C, Enache SD, Tenovici M, et al. Sentinel lymph node study in colorectal cancer using serial sectioning and hematoxylin–eosin staining: importance and limitations. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2011;52:379–83.PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Ceranic MS, Kecmanovic DM, Pavlov MJ, Nale DP, Micev MT, Kovacevic PA, et al. Validation and feasibility of ex vivo sentinel lymph node “mapping” by methylene blue in colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57:1113–8.PubMed Ceranic MS, Kecmanovic DM, Pavlov MJ, Nale DP, Micev MT, Kovacevic PA, et al. Validation and feasibility of ex vivo sentinel lymph node “mapping” by methylene blue in colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2010;57:1113–8.PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Retter SM, Herrmann G, Schiedeck TH. Clinical value of sentinel node mapping in carcinoma of the colon. Colorectal Dis. 2010;13:855–9.PubMedCrossRef Retter SM, Herrmann G, Schiedeck TH. Clinical value of sentinel node mapping in carcinoma of the colon. Colorectal Dis. 2010;13:855–9.PubMedCrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Finan KR, Lewis JS Jr., Winslow E, Mutch MG, Birnbaum EH, Fleshman JW. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in patients undergoing proctectomy for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:243–50.PubMedCrossRef Finan KR, Lewis JS Jr., Winslow E, Mutch MG, Birnbaum EH, Fleshman JW. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in patients undergoing proctectomy for rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53:243–50.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Sommariva A, Donisi PM, Gnocato B, Vianello R, Stracca Pansa V, Zaninotto G. Factors affecting false-negative rates on ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:130–4.PubMedCrossRef Sommariva A, Donisi PM, Gnocato B, Vianello R, Stracca Pansa V, Zaninotto G. Factors affecting false-negative rates on ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:130–4.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Dragan R, Nebojsa M, Dejan S, Ivan P, Dragos S, Damir J, et al. Clinical application of sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging, treatment and prognosis of colon and gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56:1606–11.PubMed Dragan R, Nebojsa M, Dejan S, Ivan P, Dragos S, Damir J, et al. Clinical application of sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging, treatment and prognosis of colon and gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56:1606–11.PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Ivanov K, Kolev N, Ignatov V, Madjov R. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56:99–105.PubMed Ivanov K, Kolev N, Ignatov V, Madjov R. Intraoperative sentinel lymph node mapping in patients with colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2009;56:99–105.PubMed
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Nordgard O, Oltedal S, Korner H, Aasprong OG, Tjensvoll K, Gilje B, et al. Quantitative RT-PCR detection of tumor cells in sentinel lymph nodes isolated from colon cancer patients with an ex vivo approach. Ann Surg. 2009;249:602–7.PubMedCrossRef Nordgard O, Oltedal S, Korner H, Aasprong OG, Tjensvoll K, Gilje B, et al. Quantitative RT-PCR detection of tumor cells in sentinel lymph nodes isolated from colon cancer patients with an ex vivo approach. Ann Surg. 2009;249:602–7.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Zaag ES, Buskens CJ, Kooij N, Akol H, Peters HM, Bouma WH, et al. Improving staging accuracy in colon and rectal cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping: a comparative study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35:1065–70.PubMedCrossRef Van der Zaag ES, Buskens CJ, Kooij N, Akol H, Peters HM, Bouma WH, et al. Improving staging accuracy in colon and rectal cancer by sentinel lymph node mapping: a comparative study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009;35:1065–70.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Park JS, Chang IT, Park SJ, Kim BG, Choi YS, Cha SJ, et al. Comparison of ex vivo and in vivo injection of blue dye in sentinel lymph node mapping for colorectal cancer. World J Surg. 2009;33:539–46.PubMedCrossRef Park JS, Chang IT, Park SJ, Kim BG, Choi YS, Cha SJ, et al. Comparison of ex vivo and in vivo injection of blue dye in sentinel lymph node mapping for colorectal cancer. World J Surg. 2009;33:539–46.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Chan SH, Ng C, Looi LM. Intraoperative methylene blue sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. ANZ J Surg. 2008;78:775–9.PubMedCrossRef Chan SH, Ng C, Looi LM. Intraoperative methylene blue sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. ANZ J Surg. 2008;78:775–9.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Quadros CA, Lopes A, Araujo I, Fregnani JH, Fahel F. Upstaging benefits and accuracy of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal adenocarcinoma nodal staging. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98:324–30.PubMedCrossRef Quadros CA, Lopes A, Araujo I, Fregnani JH, Fahel F. Upstaging benefits and accuracy of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal adenocarcinoma nodal staging. J Surg Oncol. 2008;98:324–30.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Faerden AE, Sjo OH, Andersen SN, Hauglann B, Nazir N, Gravdehaug B, et al. Sentinel node mapping does not improve staging of lymph node metastasis in colonic cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:891–6.PubMedCrossRef Faerden AE, Sjo OH, Andersen SN, Hauglann B, Nazir N, Gravdehaug B, et al. Sentinel node mapping does not improve staging of lymph node metastasis in colonic cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008;51:891–6.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim SJ, Feig BW, Wang H, Hunt KK, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM, et al. Sentinel lymph node evaluation does not improve staging accuracy in colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:46–51.PubMedCrossRef Lim SJ, Feig BW, Wang H, Hunt KK, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Skibber JM, et al. Sentinel lymph node evaluation does not improve staging accuracy in colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:46–51.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Sandrucci S, Mussa B, Goss M, Mistrangelo M, Satolli MA, Sapino A, et al. Lymphoscintigraphic localization of sentinel node in early colorectal cancer: results of a monocentric study. J Surg Oncol. 2007;96:464–9.PubMedCrossRef Sandrucci S, Mussa B, Goss M, Mistrangelo M, Satolli MA, Sapino A, et al. Lymphoscintigraphic localization of sentinel node in early colorectal cancer: results of a monocentric study. J Surg Oncol. 2007;96:464–9.PubMedCrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Köksal H, Bostanci H, Mentes BB. Importance of sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal cancer: a pilot study. Adv Ther. 2007;24:583–8.PubMedCrossRef Köksal H, Bostanci H, Mentes BB. Importance of sentinel lymph nodes in colorectal cancer: a pilot study. Adv Ther. 2007;24:583–8.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Kelder W, Braat AE, Karrenbeld A, Grond JA, De Vries JE, Oosterhuis JW, et al. The sentinel node procedure in colon carcinoma: a multi-centre study in The Netherlands. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:1509–14.PubMedCrossRef Kelder W, Braat AE, Karrenbeld A, Grond JA, De Vries JE, Oosterhuis JW, et al. The sentinel node procedure in colon carcinoma: a multi-centre study in The Netherlands. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:1509–14.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Bembenek AE, Rosenberg R, Wagler E, Gretschel S, Sendler A, Siewert JR, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in colon cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2007;245:858–63.PubMedCrossRef Bembenek AE, Rosenberg R, Wagler E, Gretschel S, Sendler A, Siewert JR, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in colon cancer: a prospective multicenter trial. Ann Surg. 2007;245:858–63.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Stojadinovic A, Nissan A, Protic M, Adair CF, Prus D, Usaj S, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing sentinel lymph node evaluation with standard pathologic evaluation for the staging of colon carcinoma: results from the United States Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study G1-01. Ann Surg. 2007;245:846–57.PubMedCrossRef Stojadinovic A, Nissan A, Protic M, Adair CF, Prus D, Usaj S, et al. Prospective randomized study comparing sentinel lymph node evaluation with standard pathologic evaluation for the staging of colon carcinoma: results from the United States Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study G1-01. Ann Surg. 2007;245:846–57.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Matter M, Winckler M, Aellen S, Bouzourene H. Detection of metastatic disease with sentinel lymph node dissection in colorectal carcinoma patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:1183–90.PubMedCrossRef Matter M, Winckler M, Aellen S, Bouzourene H. Detection of metastatic disease with sentinel lymph node dissection in colorectal carcinoma patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:1183–90.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiffet O, Kaczmarek D, Chambonniere ML, Guillan T, Baccot S, Prévot N, et al. Combining radioisotopic and blue-dye technique does not improve the false-negative rate in sentinel lymph node mapping for colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:962–70.PubMedCrossRef Tiffet O, Kaczmarek D, Chambonniere ML, Guillan T, Baccot S, Prévot N, et al. Combining radioisotopic and blue-dye technique does not improve the false-negative rate in sentinel lymph node mapping for colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50:962–70.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Schaik PM, Van der Linden JC, Ernst MF, Gelderman WA, Bosscha K. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node “mapping” in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:1177–82.PubMedCrossRef Van Schaik PM, Van der Linden JC, Ernst MF, Gelderman WA, Bosscha K. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node “mapping” in colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:1177–82.PubMedCrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Murawa D, Filas V, Breborowicz J, Spychala A, Dworzecka K, Murawa P. Evaluation of the sentinel node biopsy in colorectal carcinoma including the results of immunohistochemical examinations. Acta Chir Belg. 2007;107:45–8.PubMed Murawa D, Filas V, Breborowicz J, Spychala A, Dworzecka K, Murawa P. Evaluation of the sentinel node biopsy in colorectal carcinoma including the results of immunohistochemical examinations. Acta Chir Belg. 2007;107:45–8.PubMed
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Liberale G, Lasser P, Sabourin JC, Malka D, Duvillard P, Elias D, et al. Sentinel lymph nodes of colorectal carcinoma: reappraisal of 123 cases. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2007;31:281–5.PubMedCrossRef Liberale G, Lasser P, Sabourin JC, Malka D, Duvillard P, Elias D, et al. Sentinel lymph nodes of colorectal carcinoma: reappraisal of 123 cases. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2007;31:281–5.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Covarelli P, Cristofani R, Boselli C, Servoli A, Burattini MF, Badolato M, et al. Preliminary study on radioguided sentinel node identification in colon cancer. Am Surg. 2007;73:222–6.PubMed Covarelli P, Cristofani R, Boselli C, Servoli A, Burattini MF, Badolato M, et al. Preliminary study on radioguided sentinel node identification in colon cancer. Am Surg. 2007;73:222–6.PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Bianchi PP, Ceriani C, Rottoli M, Torzilli G, Roncalli M, Spinelli A, et al. Laparoscopic lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node detection in colon cancer: technical aspects and preliminary results. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:1567–71.PubMedCrossRef Bianchi PP, Ceriani C, Rottoli M, Torzilli G, Roncalli M, Spinelli A, et al. Laparoscopic lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node detection in colon cancer: technical aspects and preliminary results. Surg Endosc. 2007;21:1567–71.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Yagci G, Unlu A, Kurt B, Can MF, Kaymakcioglu N, Cetiner S, et al. Detection of micrometastases and skip metastases with ex vivo sentinel node mapping in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:167–73.PubMedCrossRef Yagci G, Unlu A, Kurt B, Can MF, Kaymakcioglu N, Cetiner S, et al. Detection of micrometastases and skip metastases with ex vivo sentinel node mapping in carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007;22:167–73.PubMedCrossRef
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas KA, Lechner J, Shen P, Waters GS, Geisinger KR, Levine EA. Use of sentinel node mapping for cancer of the colon: ‘to map or not to map.’ Am Surg. 2006;72:606–11.PubMed Thomas KA, Lechner J, Shen P, Waters GS, Geisinger KR, Levine EA. Use of sentinel node mapping for cancer of the colon: ‘to map or not to map.’ Am Surg. 2006;72:606–11.PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Terwisscha Van Scheltinga SE, Den Boer FC, Pijpers R, Meyer GA, Engel AF, Silvis R, et al. Sentinel node staging in colon carcinoma: value of sentinel lymph node biopsy with radiocolloid and blue staining. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 2006;243:153–7.PubMedCrossRef Terwisscha Van Scheltinga SE, Den Boer FC, Pijpers R, Meyer GA, Engel AF, Silvis R, et al. Sentinel node staging in colon carcinoma: value of sentinel lymph node biopsy with radiocolloid and blue staining. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 2006;243:153–7.PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith J, Hwang H, Wiseman KW, Filipenko D, Phang PT. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: improving the accuracy of pathologic staging? Am J Surg. 2006;191:665–8.PubMedCrossRef Smith J, Hwang H, Wiseman KW, Filipenko D, Phang PT. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colon cancer: improving the accuracy of pathologic staging? Am J Surg. 2006;191:665–8.PubMedCrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Saha S, Seghal R, Patel M, Doan K, Dan A, Bilchik A, et al. A multicenter trial of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer: prognostic implications for nodal staging and recurrence. Am J Surg. 2006;191:305–10.PubMedCrossRef Saha S, Seghal R, Patel M, Doan K, Dan A, Bilchik A, et al. A multicenter trial of sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer: prognostic implications for nodal staging and recurrence. Am J Surg. 2006;191:305–10.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Tuech JJ, Pessaux P, Di Fiore F, Nitu V, Lefebure B, Colson A, et al. Sentinel node mapping in colon carcinoma: in-vivo versus ex-vivo approach. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32:158–61.PubMedCrossRef Tuech JJ, Pessaux P, Di Fiore F, Nitu V, Lefebure B, Colson A, et al. Sentinel node mapping in colon carcinoma: in-vivo versus ex-vivo approach. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2006;32:158–61.PubMedCrossRef
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Khafagy W, El-Dawoody A, El-Ghawalby N, El-Shobaky M, Atwan N. Ultrastaging of rectal cancer based on identification of micrometastases in sentinel lymph node. Coloproctology. 2005;27:153–60.CrossRef Khafagy W, El-Dawoody A, El-Ghawalby N, El-Shobaky M, Atwan N. Ultrastaging of rectal cancer based on identification of micrometastases in sentinel lymph node. Coloproctology. 2005;27:153–60.CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Codignola C, Zorzi F, Zaniboni A, Mutti S, Rizzi A, Padolecchia E, et al. Is there any role for sentinel node mapping in colorectal cancer staging? Personal experience and review of the literature. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2005;35:645–50.PubMedCrossRef Codignola C, Zorzi F, Zaniboni A, Mutti S, Rizzi A, Padolecchia E, et al. Is there any role for sentinel node mapping in colorectal cancer staging? Personal experience and review of the literature. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2005;35:645–50.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Braat AE, Oosterhuis JW, Moll FC, de Vries JE, Wiggers T. Sentinel node detection after preoperative short-course radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma is not reliable. Br J Surg. 2005;92:1533–8.PubMedCrossRef Braat AE, Oosterhuis JW, Moll FC, de Vries JE, Wiggers T. Sentinel node detection after preoperative short-course radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma is not reliable. Br J Surg. 2005;92:1533–8.PubMedCrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith FM, Coffey JC, Khasri NM, Walsh MF, Parfrey N, Gaffney E, et al. Sentinel nodes are identifiable in formalin-fixed specimens after surgeon-performed ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12:504–9.PubMedCrossRef Smith FM, Coffey JC, Khasri NM, Walsh MF, Parfrey N, Gaffney E, et al. Sentinel nodes are identifiable in formalin-fixed specimens after surgeon-performed ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12:504–9.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Dahl K, Westlin J, Kraaz W, Winqvist O, Bergkvist L, Thörn M. Identification of sentinel nodes in patients with colon cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005;31:381–5.PubMedCrossRef Dahl K, Westlin J, Kraaz W, Winqvist O, Bergkvist L, Thörn M. Identification of sentinel nodes in patients with colon cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2005;31:381–5.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Bell SW, Mourra N, Flejou JF, Parc R, Tiret E. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:74–9.PubMedCrossRef Bell SW, Mourra N, Flejou JF, Parc R, Tiret E. Ex vivo sentinel lymph node mapping in colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48:74–9.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertagnolli M, Miedema B, Redston M, Bem J, Dowell J, Niedzwiecki D, Fleshman J, et al. Sentinel node staging of resectable colon cancer: results of a multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2004;624:628–30. Bertagnolli M, Miedema B, Redston M, Bem J, Dowell J, Niedzwiecki D, Fleshman J, et al. Sentinel node staging of resectable colon cancer: results of a multicenter study. Ann Surg. 2004;624:628–30.
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Demirbas S, Ince M, Baloglu H, Celenk T. Should sentinel lymph node mapping be performed for colorectal cancer? Turk J Gastroenterol. 2004;15:39–44.PubMed Demirbas S, Ince M, Baloglu H, Celenk T. Should sentinel lymph node mapping be performed for colorectal cancer? Turk J Gastroenterol. 2004;15:39–44.PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Wong JH, Johnson DS, Namiki T, Tauchi-Nishi P. Validation of ex vivo lymphatic mapping in hematoxylin–eosin node negative carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:772–7.PubMedCrossRef Wong JH, Johnson DS, Namiki T, Tauchi-Nishi P. Validation of ex vivo lymphatic mapping in hematoxylin–eosin node negative carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:772–7.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Patten LC, Berger DH, Rodriquez-Bigas M, Mansfield P, Delpassand E, Cleary KR, et al. A prospective evaluation of radiocolloid and immunohistochemical staining in colon carcinoma lymphatic mapping. Cancer. 2004;15:2104–9.CrossRef Patten LC, Berger DH, Rodriquez-Bigas M, Mansfield P, Delpassand E, Cleary KR, et al. A prospective evaluation of radiocolloid and immunohistochemical staining in colon carcinoma lymphatic mapping. Cancer. 2004;15:2104–9.CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Bembenek A, Rau B, Moesta T, Markwardt J, Ulmer C, Gretschel S, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in rectal cancer: not yet ready for routine clinical use. Surgery. 2004;135:498–505.PubMedCrossRef Bembenek A, Rau B, Moesta T, Markwardt J, Ulmer C, Gretschel S, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in rectal cancer: not yet ready for routine clinical use. Surgery. 2004;135:498–505.PubMedCrossRef
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Bertoglio S, Sandrucci S, Percivale P, Goss M, Gipponi M, Moresco L, et al. Prognostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the pathologic staging of colorectal cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 2004;85:166–70.PubMedCrossRef Bertoglio S, Sandrucci S, Percivale P, Goss M, Gipponi M, Moresco L, et al. Prognostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the pathologic staging of colorectal cancer patients. J Surg Oncol. 2004;85:166–70.PubMedCrossRef
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Roseano M, Scaramucci M, Ciutto T, Balani A, Turoldo A, Zanconati F, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in the management of colorectal cancer: preliminary report. Tumori. 2003;89:412–6.PubMed Roseano M, Scaramucci M, Ciutto T, Balani A, Turoldo A, Zanconati F, et al. Sentinel lymph node mapping in the management of colorectal cancer: preliminary report. Tumori. 2003;89:412–6.PubMed
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Viehl CT, Hamel CT, Marti WR, Guller U, Eisner L, Stammberger U, et al. Identification of sentinel lymph nodes in colon cancer depends on the amount of dye injected relative to tumor size. World J Surg. 2003;27:1285–90.PubMedCrossRef Viehl CT, Hamel CT, Marti WR, Guller U, Eisner L, Stammberger U, et al. Identification of sentinel lymph nodes in colon cancer depends on the amount of dye injected relative to tumor size. World J Surg. 2003;27:1285–90.PubMedCrossRef
57.
Zurück zum Zitat Bilchik AJ, Nora DT, Sobin LH, Turner RR, Trocha S, Krasne D, et al. Effect of lymphatic mapping on the new tumor-node-metastasis classification for colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:668–72.PubMedCrossRef Bilchik AJ, Nora DT, Sobin LH, Turner RR, Trocha S, Krasne D, et al. Effect of lymphatic mapping on the new tumor-node-metastasis classification for colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21:668–72.PubMedCrossRef
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Broderick-Villa G, Ko A, O’Connell TX, Guenther JM, Danial T, DiFronzo LA. Does tumor burden limit the accuracy of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in colorectal cancer? Cancer J. 2002;8:445–50.PubMedCrossRef Broderick-Villa G, Ko A, O’Connell TX, Guenther JM, Danial T, DiFronzo LA. Does tumor burden limit the accuracy of lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy in colorectal cancer? Cancer J. 2002;8:445–50.PubMedCrossRef
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitagawa Y, Watanabe M, Hasegawa H, Yamamoto S, Fujii H, Yamamoto K, et al. Sentinel node mapping for colorectal cancer with radioactive tracer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1476–80.PubMedCrossRef Kitagawa Y, Watanabe M, Hasegawa H, Yamamoto S, Fujii H, Yamamoto K, et al. Sentinel node mapping for colorectal cancer with radioactive tracer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002;45:1476–80.PubMedCrossRef
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Nastro P, Sodo M, Dodaro CA, Gargiulo S, Acampa W, Bracale U, et al. Intraoperative radiochromoguided mapping of sentinel lymph node in colon cancer. Tumori. 2002;88:352–3.PubMed Nastro P, Sodo M, Dodaro CA, Gargiulo S, Acampa W, Bracale U, et al. Intraoperative radiochromoguided mapping of sentinel lymph node in colon cancer. Tumori. 2002;88:352–3.PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Paramo JC, Summerall J, Poppiti R, Mesko TW. Validation of sentinel node mapping in patients with colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9:529–31.CrossRef Paramo JC, Summerall J, Poppiti R, Mesko TW. Validation of sentinel node mapping in patients with colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9:529–31.CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Cox ED, Kellicut D, Adair C, Marley K, Otchy DP, Peoples GE. Sentinel lymph node evaluation is technically feasible and may improve staging in colorectal cancer. Curr Surg. 2002;59:301–6.PubMedCrossRef Cox ED, Kellicut D, Adair C, Marley K, Otchy DP, Peoples GE. Sentinel lymph node evaluation is technically feasible and may improve staging in colorectal cancer. Curr Surg. 2002;59:301–6.PubMedCrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Gandy CP, Biddlestone LR, Roe AM, O’Leary DP. Intra-operative injection of patent blue V dye to facilitate nodal staging in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2002;4:447–9.PubMedCrossRef Gandy CP, Biddlestone LR, Roe AM, O’Leary DP. Intra-operative injection of patent blue V dye to facilitate nodal staging in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2002;4:447–9.PubMedCrossRef
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Esser S, Reilly WT, Riley LB, Eyvazzadeh C, Arcona S. The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in staging of colon and rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:850–4.PubMedCrossRef Esser S, Reilly WT, Riley LB, Eyvazzadeh C, Arcona S. The role of sentinel lymph node mapping in staging of colon and rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:850–4.PubMedCrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Merrie AE, van Rij AM, Phillips LV, Rossaak JI, Yun K, McCall JL. Diagnostic use of the sentinel node in colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:410–7.PubMedCrossRef Merrie AE, van Rij AM, Phillips LV, Rossaak JI, Yun K, McCall JL. Diagnostic use of the sentinel node in colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44:410–7.PubMedCrossRef
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Cserni G, Vajda K, Tarjan M, Bori R, Svebis M, Baltas B. Nodal staging of colorectal carcinomas from quantitative and qualitative aspects. Can lymphatic mapping help staging? Pathol Oncol Res. 1999; 5:291–6.PubMedCrossRef Cserni G, Vajda K, Tarjan M, Bori R, Svebis M, Baltas B. Nodal staging of colorectal carcinomas from quantitative and qualitative aspects. Can lymphatic mapping help staging? Pathol Oncol Res. 1999; 5:291–6.PubMedCrossRef
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Joosten JJ, Strobbe LJ, Wauters CA, Pruszczynski M, Wobbes T, Ruers TJ. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and the sentinel node concept in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1999;86:482–6.PubMedCrossRef Joosten JJ, Strobbe LJ, Wauters CA, Pruszczynski M, Wobbes T, Ruers TJ. Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and the sentinel node concept in colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg. 1999;86:482–6.PubMedCrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Cahill RA, Leroy J, Marescaux J. Could lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy provide oncological providence for local resectional techniques for colon cancer? A review of the literature. BMC Surg. 2008;24:8–17. Cahill RA, Leroy J, Marescaux J. Could lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy provide oncological providence for local resectional techniques for colon cancer? A review of the literature. BMC Surg. 2008;24:8–17.
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Nissan A, Protic M, Bilchik A, Eberhardt J, Peoples GE, Stojadinovic A. Predictive model of outcome of targeted nodal assessment in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2010;251:265–74.PubMedCrossRef Nissan A, Protic M, Bilchik A, Eberhardt J, Peoples GE, Stojadinovic A. Predictive model of outcome of targeted nodal assessment in colorectal cancer. Ann Surg. 2010;251:265–74.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Pas MH, Meijer S, Hoekstra, Riphagen II, de Vet HC, Knol DL, et al. Sentinel-lymph-node procedure in colon and rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:540–50.PubMedCrossRef Van der Pas MH, Meijer S, Hoekstra, Riphagen II, de Vet HC, Knol DL, et al. Sentinel-lymph-node procedure in colon and rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12:540–50.PubMedCrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Cahill RA, Bembenek A, Sirop S, Waterhouse DF, Schneider W, Leroy J, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for the individualization of surgical strategy for cure of early-stage colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:2170–80.PubMedCrossRef Cahill RA, Bembenek A, Sirop S, Waterhouse DF, Schneider W, Leroy J, et al. Sentinel node biopsy for the individualization of surgical strategy for cure of early-stage colon cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2009;16:2170–80.PubMedCrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat De Wijkerslooth TR, De Haan MC, Stoop EM, Deutekom M, Fockens P, Bossuyt PM, et al. Study protocol: population screening for colorectal cancer by colonoscopy or CT colonography: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10;47.PubMedCrossRef De Wijkerslooth TR, De Haan MC, Stoop EM, Deutekom M, Fockens P, Bossuyt PM, et al. Study protocol: population screening for colorectal cancer by colonoscopy or CT colonography: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010;10;47.PubMedCrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, Wooldrage K, Hart AR, Northover JM, et al. UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial Investigators. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:1624–33.PubMedCrossRef Atkin WS, Edwards R, Kralj-Hans I, Wooldrage K, Hart AR, Northover JM, et al. UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Trial Investigators. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;375:1624–33.PubMedCrossRef
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Zaag ES, Kooij N, Van de Vijver MJ, Bemelman WA, Peters HM, Buskens CJ. Diagnosing occult tumour cells and their predictive value in sentinel nodes of histologically negative patients with colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:350–7.PubMedCrossRef Van der Zaag ES, Kooij N, Van de Vijver MJ, Bemelman WA, Peters HM, Buskens CJ. Diagnosing occult tumour cells and their predictive value in sentinel nodes of histologically negative patients with colorectal cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2010;36:350–7.PubMedCrossRef
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Bukholm IR, Bondi J, Wiik P, Nesland JM, Andersen SN, Bakka A, et al. Presence of isolated tumour cells in mesenteric lymph nodes predicts poor prognosis in patients with stage II colon cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:862–6.PubMedCrossRef Bukholm IR, Bondi J, Wiik P, Nesland JM, Andersen SN, Bakka A, et al. Presence of isolated tumour cells in mesenteric lymph nodes predicts poor prognosis in patients with stage II colon cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:862–6.PubMedCrossRef
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Cristofanili M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, Miller MC, et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:781–91.CrossRef Cristofanili M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, Stopeck A, Matera J, Miller MC, et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:781–91.CrossRef
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Cohen SJ, Punt CJ, Iannotti N, Saidman BH, Sabbath KD, Gabrail NY, et al. Prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:1223–9.PubMedCrossRef Cohen SJ, Punt CJ, Iannotti N, Saidman BH, Sabbath KD, Gabrail NY, et al. Prognostic significance of circulating tumor cells in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2009;20:1223–9.PubMedCrossRef
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Moreno JG, Miller MC, Gross S, Allard WJ, Gomella LG, Terstappen LW. Circulating tumor cells predict survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 2005;65:713–8.PubMedCrossRef Moreno JG, Miller MC, Gross S, Allard WJ, Gomella LG, Terstappen LW. Circulating tumor cells predict survival in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Urology. 2005;65:713–8.PubMedCrossRef
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Messerini L, Cianchi F, Cortesini C, Comin CE. Incidence and prognostic significance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes from patients with stage IIA colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1259–67.PubMedCrossRef Messerini L, Cianchi F, Cortesini C, Comin CE. Incidence and prognostic significance of occult tumor cells in lymph nodes from patients with stage IIA colorectal carcinoma. Hum Pathol. 2006;37:1259–67.PubMedCrossRef
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Hashiguchi Y, Hase K, Ueno H, Mochizuki H, Kajiwara Y, Ichikura T, et al. Prognostic significance of the number of lymph nodes examined in colon cancer surgery. Ann Surg. 2010;251:872–81.PubMedCrossRef Hashiguchi Y, Hase K, Ueno H, Mochizuki H, Kajiwara Y, Ichikura T, et al. Prognostic significance of the number of lymph nodes examined in colon cancer surgery. Ann Surg. 2010;251:872–81.PubMedCrossRef
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Van der Zaag ES, Bouma WH, Peters HM, Bemelman WA, Buskens CJ. Implications of sentinel lymph node mapping for nodal staging and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2012;14:684–90.PubMedCrossRef Van der Zaag ES, Bouma WH, Peters HM, Bemelman WA, Buskens CJ. Implications of sentinel lymph node mapping for nodal staging and prognosis in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2012;14:684–90.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Systematic Review of Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping Procedure in Colorectal Cancer
verfasst von
Edwin S. van der Zaag, MD, PhD
Wim H. Bouma, MD, PhD
Pieter J. Tanis, MD, PhD
Dirk T. Ubbink, MD, PhD
Willem A. Bemelman, MD, PhD
Christianne J. Buskens, MD, PhD
Publikationsdatum
01.10.2012
Verlag
Springer-Verlag
Erschienen in
Annals of Surgical Oncology / Ausgabe 11/2012
Print ISSN: 1068-9265
Elektronische ISSN: 1534-4681
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2417-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 11/2012

Annals of Surgical Oncology 11/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Hepatobiliary Tumors

Upper Transversal Hepatectomy

Echinokokkose medikamentös behandeln oder operieren?

06.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Die Therapie von Echinokokkosen sollte immer in spezialisierten Zentren erfolgen. Eine symptomlose Echinokokkose kann – egal ob von Hunde- oder Fuchsbandwurm ausgelöst – konservativ erfolgen. Wenn eine Op. nötig ist, kann es sinnvoll sein, vorher Zysten zu leeren und zu desinfizieren. 

Wie sieht der OP der Zukunft aus?

04.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Der OP in der Zukunft wird mit weniger Personal auskommen – nicht, weil die Technik das medizinische Fachpersonal verdrängt, sondern weil der Personalmangel es nötig macht.

Umsetzung der POMGAT-Leitlinie läuft

03.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Seit November 2023 gibt es evidenzbasierte Empfehlungen zum perioperativen Management bei gastrointestinalen Tumoren (POMGAT) auf S3-Niveau. Vieles wird schon entsprechend der Empfehlungen durchgeführt. Wo es im Alltag noch hapert, zeigt eine Umfrage in einem Klinikverbund.

Recycling im OP – möglich, aber teuer

02.05.2024 DCK 2024 Kongressbericht

Auch wenn sich Krankenhäuser nachhaltig und grün geben – sie tragen aktuell erheblich zu den CO2-Emissionen bei und produzieren jede Menge Müll. Ein Pilotprojekt aus Bonn zeigt, dass viele Op.-Abfälle wiederverwertet werden können.

Update Chirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Karpaltunnelsyndroms“

Karpaltunnelsyndrom BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Karpaltunnelsyndrom ist die häufigste Kompressionsneuropathie peripherer Nerven. Obwohl die Anamnese mit dem nächtlichen Einschlafen der Hand (Brachialgia parästhetica nocturna) sehr typisch ist, ist eine klinisch-neurologische Untersuchung und Elektroneurografie in manchen Fällen auch eine Neurosonografie erforderlich. Im Anfangsstadium sind konservative Maßnahmen (Handgelenksschiene, Ergotherapie) empfehlenswert. Bei nicht Ansprechen der konservativen Therapie oder Auftreten von neurologischen Ausfällen ist eine Dekompression des N. medianus am Karpaltunnel indiziert.

Prof. Dr. med. Gregor Antoniadis
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S2e-Leitlinie „Distale Radiusfraktur“

Radiusfraktur BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Das Webinar beschäftigt sich mit Fragen und Antworten zu Diagnostik und Klassifikation sowie Möglichkeiten des Ausschlusses von Zusatzverletzungen. Die Referenten erläutern, welche Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können und wie. Das Webinar beantwortet die Frage nach aktuellen operativen Therapiekonzepten: Welcher Zugang, welches Osteosynthesematerial? Auf was muss bei der Nachbehandlung der distalen Radiusfraktur geachtet werden?

PD Dr. med. Oliver Pieske
Dr. med. Benjamin Meyknecht
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.

S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“

Appendizitis BDC Leitlinien Webinare
CME: 2 Punkte

Inhalte des Webinars zur S1-Leitlinie „Empfehlungen zur Therapie der akuten Appendizitis bei Erwachsenen“ sind die Darstellung des Projektes und des Erstellungswegs zur S1-Leitlinie, die Erläuterung der klinischen Relevanz der Klassifikation EAES 2015, die wissenschaftliche Begründung der wichtigsten Empfehlungen und die Darstellung stadiengerechter Therapieoptionen.

Dr. med. Mihailo Andric
Berufsverband der Deutschen Chirurgie e.V.