Introduction
Case Report
Review of Literature
Methods
Results
References | Number of patients | Admission level of consciousness, GCS | Imaging | TC onset day | Echocardiography | ECG | Laboratory | Other investigation (s) | Treatment (s) | Functional outcome/cardiac outcome |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palac et al. [7] | 1 | Unresponsive | tSAH | 1 | EF 45 % LV hypokinesia sparing apex | NA | CK max = 1244 U/La
Troponin max = 1.4 ng/mL (NR < 0.5 ng/mL) | NA | Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Vasopressin | Mortality: Yes Echo the same day: EF = 60 % |
Krishnamoorthy et al. [8] | 1 | Worsening somnolence | SDH Midline shift | 2 | EF 35 % Basal hypokinesia | NA | NA | NA | Phenylephrine: 300 mcg Ephedrine: 20 mg Craniectomy | Mortality: No Echo the same day: EF = 55 % |
Divekar et al. [9] | 1 | Unresponsive | SDH | 1 | EF 45 %. Apical akinesia | T wave inversion in I, aVL, and V4–V6 with QT prolongation | CK max = 853 U/La
Troponin T max = 0.6 ng/mLa
| CAG: normal | NA | Mortality: NA Echo after 3 days: normal |
Deleu et al. [10] | 1 | GCS 6 | Contusion EDH | 6 | EF 18 %, Diffuse LV akinesia | Sinus tachycardia, diffuse, symmetric T wave inversion | CK max = 311 U/L (NR 39–238 U/L) Troponin max = 0.08 ng/mL (NR < 0.03 ng/mL) | NA | Epinephrineb: up to 3 mcg/min Norepinephrinec
Craniotomy | Mortality: No Echo after 12 days: EF = 50 % |
Wippermann et al. [11] | 1 | NA | Diffuse edema | 1 | EF < 10 % LV akinesia | Anterior myocardial ischemia | Troponin I max = 2.3 ng/mLa
| NA | Inotropes, Craniotomy ECLS | Mortality: Yes Echo after 2 days: EF = 50 % |
Maréchaux et al. [12] | 1 | Impaired consciousness | tSAH | 1 | EF 20 % LV akinesia sparing apex | Diffuse T wave inversion with QT prolongation | Troponin max = 1.6 ng/mL (NR < 0.1 ng/mL) | NA | NA | Mortality: Yes Echo: NA |
Vergez et al. [13] | 1 | NA | SDH, herniation | 2 | Severe LV hypokinesia | Marked ST elevation (≥2 mm) negative T waves left precordium | Troponin I max = 3.2 ng/mL (NR < 0.02 ng/mL) | NA | Norepinephrinec: 0.–0.83 mcg/kg/min Dobutamine: 15 mcg/kg/min Craniotomy | Mortality: No Echo after 17 days: Improvement in apical LV contractility |
Riera et al. [14] | 1 | GCS 5 | Contusion, tSAH | 5 | Moderate to severe LV hypokinesia sparing apex | Sinus tachycardia, subendocardial injury anteroseptal and inferior | CK max = 242U/L (NR 24–170 U/L) Troponin I max = 1.13 ng/mL (NR < 0.06 ng/mL) | CAG: normal LVG: LV myocardial dysfunction | Norepinephrine: 0.8–1 mcg/kg/min Dobutamine | Mortality: No Echo after 7 days: EF 45–50 % |
Samol et al. [15] | 1 | Comatose | Contusion tSAH | 1 | LV hypokinesia | T negativity in V3–V6 with QT prolongation | CK max = 480U/La
Troponin I max = 6.8 ng/mL (NR < 0.04 ng/mL) | CAG: normal LVG: LV hypokinesia midventricular Cardiac MRI: severe LV hypokinesia (EF 25 %) | Catecholamines | Mortality: No Echo after 2 days: EF 45 % |
Santoro et al. [16] | 1 | NA | NA | 1 | EF 30 % | NA | Troponin max = 4.72 ng/mLa
| CAG: normal | Levosimendan: 0.1 mcg/kg/min | Mortality: No Echo after 3 days: EF 50 % |
Krpata et al. [17] | 1 | GCS 7 | Cerebral edema | 3 | EF 10–15 % LV akinesia | T wave inversion V3–V6 | CK max = 541U/La
Troponin max = 3.23 ng/mLa
| NA | Norepinephrine Milrinone: No dosage given | Mortality: No Echo after 7 days: EF 65 % |
Bonacchi et al. [18] | 4 | NA | Contusion EDH tSAH | 1 | EF 14 % | NA | NA | NA | Dopamine/dobutamine/epinephrine/norepinephrine/isoproterenol/milnirone: ECLS | Mortality: 2 patients Echo after 3 days: EF 55–59 % in 2 survived patients |
Hong et al. [19] | 1 | GCS 7 | tSAH SDH IVH Contusion | 12 | Moderate LV hypokinesia | Diffuse ST segment elevation in all leads | CK max = 134U/La
Troponin max = 0.11 ng/mL (NR < 0.06 ng/mL) | NA | NA | Mortality: NA Echo after 1 day: Recovered cardiac event |
Discussion
References | Number of patients | Patients severe TBI (%) | Pathology | Abnormal ECG (%) | Increased CK or troponin level (%)a
| Abnormal echocardiography (%)b
| Patients with myocardial dysfunction (%)c
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bahloul et al. [20] | 7 | 5/7 (85) | EDH, SDH, cerebral edema, contusion | 7/7 (100) | 2/7 (28.5) | 3/7 (42.8) | 7/7 (100) |
Prathep et al. [21] | 139 | 78/139 (56) | SDH, tSAH contusion | NA | 98/139 (30.6) | 31/139 (22.3) | 31/139 (22.3) |
Hasanin et al. [22] | 50 | 50/50 (100) | SDH, tSAH, IVH, DAI, contusion | 31/50 (62) | 27/50 (54) | 21/50 (42) | 25/50 (50) |