Skip to main content
Hauptrubriken
CME Facharzt-Training Webinare Zeitschriften Bücher e.Medpedia Podcast
Service
Jobbörse Info & Hilfe
Fachgebiete
Anästhesiologie Allgemeinmedizin Arbeitsmedizin Augenheilkunde Chirurgie Dermatologie Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe HNO Innere Medizin Kardiologie Neurologie Onkologie und Hämatologie Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie Pädiatrie Pathologie Psychiatrie Radiologie Rechtsmedizin Urologie Zahnmedizin
Themen
Typ-2-Diabetes und Adipositas Klimawandel und Gesundheit Neues aus dem Markt COVID-19 Praxis und Beruf Seltene Erkrankungen GOÄ & EBM Panorama
Sammlungen
Kasuistiken Algorithmen & Infografiken Blickdiagnosen Arthropedia FlapFinder (für Dermatochirurgen) Videos Kongressberichterstattung Medizin für Apothekerinnen und Apotheker Für Ärztinnen und Ärzte in Weiterbildung Für Medizinstudierende

Die Highlights vom Kongress des American College of Cardiology 2024

Im April diskutierten die Herz-Kreislauf-Spezialisten aus der ganzen Welt auf dem  Kongress des American College of Cardiology (ACC) u.a. neue Therapieansätze bei akutem Myokardinfarkt, koronarer Herzerkrankung, kardiogenem Schock oder Aortenklappenstenose. In unserem Kongress-Dossier haben wir für Sie Berichte über die „Late-Breaking Trials“ und andere wichtige Studien zusammengestellt. 
Erweiterte Suche
Anmelden
nach oben
Sports Medicine
Erschienen in: Sports Medicine 3/2021

24.12.2020 | Systematic Review

Temporal Trends in the Standing Broad Jump Performance of 10,940,801 Children and Adolescents Between 1960 and 2017

verfasst von: Grant R. Tomkinson, Tori Kaster, Faith L. Dooley, John S. Fitzgerald, Madison Annandale, Katia Ferrar, Justin J. Lang, Jordan J. Smith

Erschienen in: Sports Medicine | Ausgabe 3/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Background

The standing broad jump (SBJ) is an excellent functional measure of explosive lower-body strength that is significantly related to health among children and adolescents.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to estimate national (country-level) and international (pooled global data) temporal trends in SBJ performance for children and adolescents, and to examine the relationships between national trends in SBJ performance and national trends in health-related and socioeconomic/demographic indicators.

Methods

Data were obtained from a systematic search of studies reporting temporal trends in SBJ performance for 9- to 17-year-olds, and by examining national fitness datasets. Sample-weighted regression models estimated trends at the study/dataset-country-sex-age level, with national and international trends estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Pearson’s correlations quantified relationships between national trends in SBJ performance and national trends in health-related and socioeconomic/demographic indicators.

Results

Data from 34 studies/datasets were extracted to estimate trends for 10,940,801 children and adolescents from 24 high-, 4 upper-middle-, and 1 low-income countries between 1960 and 2017. Collectively, there was a negligible (per decade) improvement in SBJ performance of 1.73 cm (95% CI 1.71–1.75), 0.99% (95% CI 0.97–1.01) or a standardized effect size of 0.07 (0.07–0.07) over the entire period, with the rate of improvement steady from the 1960s to the 1980s, slowing in the 1990s, before declining. Sex- and age-related temporal differences were negligible. Trends differed between countries, with most countries experiencing declines. National trends in SBJ performance were not significantly related to national trends in health-related and socioeconomic/demographic indicators.

Conclusions

SBJ performance of children and adolescents has declined since 2000 (at least among most of the countries in this analysis) and is suggestive of a modern decline in functional explosive lower-body strength. Growing recognition of the importance of muscular fitness as a marker of population health highlights the need for continued tracking of temporal trends in SBJ, especially among low- and lower-middle-income countries for which temporal data are lacking.

PROSPERO Registration Number

CRD42013003657.
Anhänge
Nur mit Berechtigung zugänglich
Literatur
1.
American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2018.
2.
García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M. Is muscular fitness associated with future health benefits in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Sports Med. 2019;49(7):1079–94.PubMed
3.
Smith JJ, Eather N, Morgan PJ, Plotnikoff RC, Faigenbaum AD, Lubans DR. The health benefits of muscular fitness for children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2014;44(9):1209–23.PubMed
4.
Artero EG, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, et al. Muscular and cardiorespiratory fitness are independently associated with metabolic risk in adolescents: the HELENA study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2011;12(8):704–12.PubMed
5.
Castro-Piñero J, Perez-Bey A, Cuenca-Garcia M, et al. Muscle fitness cut points for early assessment of cardiovascular risk in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2019;206:134–41.PubMed
6.
Peterson MD, Gordon PM, Smeding S, Visich P. Grip strength is associated with longitudinal health maintenance and improvement in adolescents. J Pediatr. 2018;202:226–30.PubMed
7.
Timpka S, Petersson IF, Zhou C, Englund M. Muscle strength in adolescent men and risk of cardiovascular disease events and mortality in middle age: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2014;12:62.PubMedPubMedCentral
8.
Henriksson H, Henriksson P, Tynelius P, Ortega FB. Muscular weakness in adolescence is associated with disability 30 years later: a population-based cohort study of 1.2 million men. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(19):1221–30.PubMed
9.
Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Schmidt MD, et al. Childhood cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular fitness and adult measures of glucose homeostasis. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(9):935–40.PubMed
10.
Ortega FB, Silventoinen K, Tynelius P, Rasmussen F. Muscular strength in male adolescents and premature death: cohort study of one million participants. BMJ. 2012;345:e7279.PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Peterson MD, Zhang P, Saltarelli WA, Visich PS, Gordon PM. Low muscle strength thresholds for the detection of cardiometabolic risk in adolescents. Am J Prev Med. 2016;50(5):593–9.PubMed
12.
Ramírez-Vélez R, Peña-Ibagon JC, Martínez-Torres J, et al. Handgrip strength cutoff for cardiometabolic risk index among Colombian children and adolescents: the FUPRECOL Study. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42622.PubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Saint-Maurice PF, Laurson K, Welk G, et al. Grip strength cutpoints for youth based on a clinically relevant bone health outcome. Arch Osteoporos. 2018;13(1):92.PubMed
14.
15.
16.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical activity guidelines for Americans. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018.
17.
World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: WHO Press; 2010.
18.
Tomkinson G, Olds T. Field tests of fitness. In: Armstrong N, Van Mechelen W, editors. Paediatric exercise science and medicine. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. p. 109–28.
19.
Castro-Piñero J, Ortega FB, Artero EG, et al. Assessing muscular strength in youth: usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(7):1810–7.PubMed
20.
Smith JJ, Eather N, Weaver RG, Riley N, Beets MW, Lubans DR. Behavioral correlates of muscular fitness in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2019;49(6):887–904.PubMed
21.
Fernandez-Santos JR, Ruiz JR, Cohen DD, Gonzalez-Montesinos JL, Castro-Piñero J. Reliability and validity of tests to assess lower-body muscular power in children. J Strength Cond Res. 2015;29(8):2277–85.PubMed
22.
Milliken LA, Faigenbaum AD, Loud RL, Westcott WL. Correlates of upper and lower body muscular strength in children. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(4):1339–46.PubMed
23.
Ortega FB, Artero EG, Ruiz JR, et al. Reliability of health-related physical fitness tests in European adolescents. The HELENA Study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(Suppl 5):S49-57.
24.
Institute of Medicine. Fitness measures and health outcomes in youth. Washington: The National Academies Press; 2012.
25.
Ruiz JR, Castro-Piñero J, España-Romero V, et al. Field-based fitness assessment in young people: the ALPHA health-related fitness test battery for children and adolescents. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(6):518–24.PubMed
26.
Tomkinson GR, Lang JJ, Tremblay MS. Temporal trends in the cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents representing 19 high-income and upper middle-income countries between 1981 and 2014. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(8):478–86.PubMed
27.
Tomkinson GR, Léger LA, Olds TS, Cazorla G. Secular trends in the performance of children and adolescents (1980–2000): an analysis of 55 studies of the 20 m shuttle run test in 11 countries. Sports Med. 2003;33(4):285–300.PubMed
28.
Tomkinson GR. Global changes in anaerobic fitness test performance of children and adolescents (1958–2003). Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2007;17(5):497–507.PubMed
29.
Fraser BJ, Blizzard L, Tomkinson GR, et al. The great leap backward: changes in the jumping performance of Australian children aged 11–12-years between 1985 and 2015. J Sports Sci. 2019;37(7):748–54.PubMed
30.
Hardy LL, Merom D, Thomas M, Peralta L. 30-year changes in Australian children’s standing broad jump: 1985–2015. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21(10):1057–61.PubMed
31.
Venckunas T, Emeljanovas A, Mieziene B, Volbekiene V. Secular trends in physical fitness and body size in Lithuanian children and adolescents between 1992 and 2012. J Epidemiol Commun Health. 2017;71(2):181–7.
32.
Ignasiak Z, Sławińska T, Malina RM. Short term secular change in body size and physical fitness of youth 7–15 years in Southwestern Poland: 2001–2002 and 2010–2011. Anthropol Rev. 2016;79(3):311–29.
33.
Saczuk J, Wasiluk A. Changes in the somatic and fitness variables in girls over two decades. Biomed Hum Kinet. 2010;2(1):102–5.
34.
Saczuk J, Wasiluk A, Zalech M. Generation changes over the period of 1986–2006 in the physical fitness of boys aged 7–19 from eastern Poland at particular stages of education. Biomed Hum Kinet. 2012;4:112–6.
35.
Moliner-Urdiales D, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, et al. Secular trends in health-related physical fitness in Spanish adolescents: the AVENA and HELENA studies. J Sci Med Sport. 2010;13(6):584–8.PubMed
36.
Lo KY, Wu MC, Ho CC, Hsieh CC, Tung SC. Assessment of physical fitness among Taiwanese adolescents: a cohort study from 1997 to 2013. Sports Exerc Res. 2015;17(4):443–60.
37.
Sandercock GRH, Cohen DD. Temporal trends in muscular fitness of English 10-year-olds 1998–2014: an allometric approach. J Sci Med Sport. 2019;22(2):201–5.PubMed
38.
Kopecký M. The secular trend in the somatic development and motoric performance of boys in the Olomouc region within the last 36 years. Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Gymn. 2006;36(3):55–64.
39.
Kopecký M, Přidalová M. The secular trend in the somatic development and motor performance of 7–15-year-old girls. Med Sport. 2008;12(3):78–85.
40.
Klein M, Fröhlich M, Emrich E. Motor performance and bodyweight of children and adolescents in Saarland—status quo. Eur J Sport Sci. 2013;13(3):280–9.PubMed
41.
Costa AM, Costa MJ, Reis AA, Ferreira S, Martins J, Pereira A. Secular trends in anthropometrics and physical fitness of young Portuguese school-aged children. Acta Med Port. 2017;30(2):108–14.PubMed
42.
Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. BMJ. 2009;339:b2535.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Tomkinson GR, Carver KD, Atkinson F, et al. European normative values for physical fitness in children and adolescents aged 9–17 years: results from 2 779 165 Eurofit performances representing 30 countries. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(22):1445–56.PubMed
44.
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1988.
45.
Levy PS, Lemeshow S. Stratification random sampling: further issues. In: Levy PS, Lemeshow S, editors. Sampling of populations: methods and application. Hoboken: Wiley; 2008. p. 143–88.
46.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World population prospects 2019: data booklet (ST/ESA/SER.A/424). New York: United Nations; 2019.
47.
NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 2017;390(10113):2627–2642.
48.
Inchley J, Currie D, Jewell J. Adolescent obesity and related behaviours: trends and inequalities in the WHO European region, 2002–2014. Observations from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) WHO collaborative cross-national study. Copenhagen: World Health Organization; 2017.
49.
50.
United Nations Development Programme. Human development indices and indicators: 2018 statistical update. New York: United Nations Development Programme; 2018.
51.
52.
53.
Catley MJ, Tomkinson GR. Normative health-related fitness values for children: analysis of 85347 test results on 9–17-year-old Australians since 1985. Br J Sports Med. 2013;47(2):98–108.PubMed
54.
Tomkinson GR, Hamlin MJ, Olds TS. Secular changes in anaerobic test performance in Australasian children and adolescents. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2006;18(3):314–28.
55.
Dimitrova D. Fizicheska deesposobnost na podrastvashtite vuv vruska s vuzrastovite promeni v telesnite razmeri I sustava na telesnata masa (Physical fitness of children and adolescents in relation with age-specific changes in body composition). Doctoral dissertation. Sofia, National Sports Academy; 2001.
56.
Slanchev P, Janev B, Genov F, et al. Fizichesko razvitie, fizicheska deesposobnost I nervo-psichichna reaktivnost na naselenieto na Bulgaria: III Nacionalno izsledvane (1980–1982) (Physical development, physical fitness and neuropsychic reactivity of Bulgarian population: III National Project [1980–1982]). Sofia, Bulgarian Union for Physical Education and Sports; 1992.
57.
Yanev B, Shterev P, Boev P, et al. Fizichesko razvitie, fizicheska deesposobnost I nervo-psichichna reaktivnost na naselenieto (Physical development, physical fitness and neuropsychic reactivity of the Bulgarian people from birth up to age 60). Sofia, Bulgarian Union for Physical Education and Sports; 1982.
58.
Yanev B, Shterev P, Boev P, Semerdjieva R, Sepetliev D. Fizichesko razvitie I deesposobnost na naselenieto na Bulgaria ot rajdaneto do 26 godini, tom I (Physical development and fitness of Bulgarian people from the birth up to the age of 26, volume I). Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; 1965.
59.
Conger PR, Quinney HA, Gauthier R, Massicotte D. Comparison of the CAHPER fitness performance test: results compared with data: 1966–1980. CAHPER J. 1982;49(1):6–11.
60.
Research Group of Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students. Reports on the physical fitness and health research of Chinese school students 1985. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 1987.
61.
Research Group of Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students. Reports on the physical fitness and health research of Chinese school students 1991. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 1993.
62.
Research Group of Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students. Reports on the physical fitness and health research of Chinese school students 1995. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 1997.
63.
Research Group of Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students. Reports on the physical fitness and health research of Chinese school students 2000. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2002.
64.
Research Group of Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students. Reports on the physical fitness and health research of Chinese school students 2005. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2007.
65.
Research Group of Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students. Reports on the physical fitness and health research of Chinese school students 2010. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2012.
66.
Research Group of Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students. Reports on the Physical Fitness and Health Research of Chinese School Students 2014. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2016.
67.
Moravec R, Havlíček I, Kasa J, et al. Telesný, funkčný rozvoj a pohybová výkonnosť 7–18-ročnej mládeže v ČSFR (Physical, functional development and motor performance of Czechoslovak youth aged 7–18 years). Bratislava: Ministerstvo školstva, mládeže a športu SROV; 1990.
68.
Pávek F. Telesná vykonnost 7–19leté mládeze CSSR (Physical performance of Czechoslovak youth aged 7–19 years). Praha: Olympia; 1977.
69.
Roubal E, Roubal J. Tělesná vyspělost středoškolských žáku podle měření z r. 1923. Physical maturity of secondary school pupils according to measurements from 1923. Anthropologie. 1923;1925(3):45–58.
70.
Huotari PRT, Nupponen H, Laakso L, Kujala UM. Secular trends in muscular fitness among Finnish adolescents. Scand J Public Health. 2010;38(7):739–47.PubMed
71.
Ben-Sira D. A survey of the level of physical fitness of Israeli high school students. In: Ruskin H, Simkin A, editors. Physical fitness and the ages of man: proceedings of the symposium of the International Council for Physical Fitness Research, 29 Sept–1 Oct, 1986, Jerusalem. Jerusalem: Academon Press; 1987. pp. 164–177.
72.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1968.
73.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1969.
74.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1970.
75.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1971.
76.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1972.
77.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1973.
78.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1974.
79.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1975.
80.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1976.
81.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1977.
82.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1978.
83.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1979.
84.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1980.
85.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1981.
86.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1982.
87.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1983.
88.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1984.
89.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1985.
90.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1986.
91.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1987.
92.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1988.
93.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1989.
94.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1990.
95.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1991.
96.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1992.
97.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1993.
98.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1994.
99.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1995.
100.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1996.
101.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1997.
102.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1998.
103.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 1999.
104.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2000.
105.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2001.
106.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2002.
107.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2003.
108.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2004.
109.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2005.
110.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2006.
111.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2007.
112.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2008.
113.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2009.
114.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2010.
115.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2011.
116.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2012.
117.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2013.
118.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2014.
119.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2015.
120.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2016.
121.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2017.
122.
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Report book on the survey of physical fitness and athletic ability. Tokyo: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; 2018.
123.
Dos Santos FK, Prista A, Gomes TN, et al. Secular trends in physical fitness of Mozambican school-aged children and adolescents. Am J Hum Biol. 2015;27(2):201–6.PubMed
124.
Albon HM, Hamlin MJ, Ross JJ. Secular trends and distributional changes in health and fitness performance variables of 10–14-year-old children in New Zealand between 1991 and 2003. Br J Sports Med. 2010;44(4):263–9.PubMed
125.
Przeweda R, Dobosz J. Growth and physical fitness of Polish youths in two successive decades. J Sports Med Phys Fitn. 2003;43(4):465–74.
126.
Ministry of Culture and Tourism. National survey of physical fitness. Seoul: Korean Sport Science Institute; 1993.
127.
Ministry of Culture and Tourism. National survey of physical fitness. Seoul: Korean Sport Science Institute; 1996.
128.
Ministry of Culture and Tourism. National survey of physical fitness. Seoul: Korean Sport Science Institute; 1999.
129.
Ministry of Culture and Tourism. National survey of physical fitness. Seoul: Korean Sport Science Institute; 2002.
130.
Ministry of Culture and Tourism. National survey of physical fitness. Seoul: Korean Sport Science Institute; 2005.
131.
Ministry of Culture and Tourism. National survey of physical fitness. Seoul: Korean Sport Science Institute; 2008.
132.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1980.
133.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1981.
134.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1982.
135.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1983.
136.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1984.
137.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1985.
138.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1986.
139.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 1998.
140.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2000.
141.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2001.
142.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2002.
143.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2003.
144.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2004.
145.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2005.
146.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2006.
147.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2007.
148.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2008.
149.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2009.
150.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2010.
151.
Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance. Statistical yearbook of education. Seoul: Ministry of Education, Health, Recreation and Dance; 2011.
152.
Quek JJ, Menon J, Tan S, Wang B. Review of National Physical Fitness Award (NAPFA) norms. In: Optimising performance: proceedings of the International Sports Science Conference, 9–11 Jun 1993, Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Sports Council; 1993. pp. 161–212.
153.
Active Healthy Kids Slovenia. The 2018 Republic of Slovenia report card on physical activity of children and youth. Ljubljana: Active Healthy Kids Slovenia; 2018.
154.
Klanarong S. Socio-demographic distribution of health-related fitness of Thai children. Doctoral dissertation. Adelaide, SA: University of South Australia; 2005.
155.
Haslofça F, Kutlay E, Haslofça E. 11–12 yaş Türk çocuklarının bazı fiziksel uygunluk değerlerindeki otuz yıllık değişimlerin incelenmesi (Analysis of three decade changes in physical fitness characteristics of Turkish children aged between 11 and 12). Spor Hekimliği Dergisi (Turk J Sports Med). 2017;52(4):137–45.
156.
Bos RR. An analysis of the youth fitness project data and a comparison of these data with comparable data recorded prior to 1940. Doctoral dissertation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan; 1961.
157.
Espenchade AS, Meleney H. Motor performances of adolescent boys and girls of today in comparison with those 24 years ago. Res Q. 1960;32(2):186–9.
158.
Hunsicker PA, Reiff GG. Youth fitness report: 1958–1965–1975. J Phys Educ Recreat. 1977;48(1):31–3.
159.
Reiff GG, Dixon WR, Jacoby D, Ye GX, Spain CG, Hunsicker PA. The President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports 1985: National School Population Fitness Survey. Washington: President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports; 1986.
160.
161.
Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Growth, maturation and physical activity. 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2004.
162.
Malina RM. Secular trends in growth, maturation and physical performance: a review. Anthropol Rev. 2004;67:3–31.
163.
Backstrand JR. The history and future of food fortification in the United States: a public health perspective. Nutr Rev. 2002;60(1):15–26.PubMed
164.
Cutler D, Miller G. The role of public health improvements in health advances: the twentieth-century United States. Demography. 2005;42(1):1–22.PubMed
165.
Roche AF. Secular trends in stature, weight, and maturation. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 1979;44(3–4):3–27.
166.
Malina RM, Cumming SP, Coelho E, Silva MJ. Physical activity and movement proficiency: the need for a biocultural approach. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2016;28(2):233–9.PubMed
167.
Cumming SP, Standage M, Gillison F, Malina RM. Sex differences in exercise behavior during adolescence: is biological maturation a confounding factor? J Adolesc Health. 2008;42(5):480–5.PubMed
168.
Jackson L, Cumming SP, Drenowatz C, Standage M, Sherar LB, Malina RM. Biological maturation and physical activity in adolescent British females: The roles of physical self-concept and perceived parental support. Psychol Sport Exerc. 2013;14(4):447–54.
169.
Smpokos EA, Linardakis M, Papadaki A, Lionis C, Kafatos A. Secular trends in fitness, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and TV-viewing among first grade school children of Crete, Greece between 1992/93 and 2006/07. J Sci Med Sport. 2012;15(2):129–35.PubMed
170.
Olds TS. One million skinfolds: secular trends in the fatness of young people 1951–2004. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(8):934–46.PubMed
171.
Fukunaga T, Miyatani M, Tachi M, Kouzaki M, Kawakami Y, Kanehisa H. Muscle volume is a major determinant of joint torque in humans. Acta Physiol Scand. 2001;172(4):249–55.PubMed
172.
Olds T, Maher C, Zumin S, et al. Evidence that the prevalence of childhood overweight is plateauing: data from nine countries. Int J Pediatr Obes. 2011;6(5–6):342–60.PubMed
173.
Booth VM, Rowlands AV, Dollman J. Physical activity temporal trends among children and adolescents. J Sci Med Sport. 2015;18(4):418–25.PubMed
174.
Ekelund U, Tomkinson G, Armstrong N. What proportion of youth are physically active? Measurement issues, levels and recent time trends. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):859–65.PubMed
175.
Knuth AG, Hallal PC. Temporal trends in physical activity: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2009;6(5):548–59.PubMed
176.
Hardy LL, Barnett L, Espinel P, Okely AD. Thirteen-year trends in child and adolescent fundamental movement skills: 1997–2010. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(10):1965–70.PubMed
177.
Dooley FL, Kaster T, Fitzgerald JS, et al. A systematic analysis of temporal trends in the handgrip strength of 2,216,320 children and adolescents between 1967 and 2017. Sports Med. 2020;50(6):1129–44.PubMed
Metadaten
Titel
Temporal Trends in the Standing Broad Jump Performance of 10,940,801 Children and Adolescents Between 1960 and 2017
verfasst von
Grant R. Tomkinson
Tori Kaster
Faith L. Dooley
John S. Fitzgerald
Madison Annandale
Katia Ferrar
Justin J. Lang
Jordan J. Smith
Publikationsdatum
24.12.2020
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Sports Medicine / Ausgabe 3/2021
Print ISSN: 0112-1642
Elektronische ISSN: 1179-2035
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01394-6

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 3/2021

Sports Medicine 3/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Current Opinion

Recent Improvements in Marathon Run Times Are Likely Technological, Not Physiological

Systematic Review

Sex Differences in Adaptations in Muscle Strength and Size Following Resistance Training in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Letter to the Editor

Comment on: “Effects of Exercise Training Interventions on Executive Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta‑analysis”

Original Research Article

What Role Do Chronic Workloads Play in the Acute to Chronic Workload Ratio? Time to Dismiss ACWR and Its Underlying Theory

Systematic Review

Injury Profile in Women’s Football: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Review Article

Critical Reappraisal of the Role and Importance of Exercise Intervention in the Treatment of Obesity in Adults

Arthropedia

Grundlagenwissen der Arthroskopie und Gelenkchirurgie. Erweitert durch Fallbeispiele, Videos und Abbildungen. 
» Jetzt entdecken

Neu im Fachgebiet Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Mehr Frauen im OP – weniger postoperative Komplikationen

21.05.2024 Allgemeine Chirurgie Nachrichten

Ein Frauenanteil von mindestens einem Drittel im ärztlichen Op.-Team war in einer großen retrospektiven Studie aus Kanada mit einer signifikanten Reduktion der postoperativen Morbidität assoziiert.

„Übersichtlicher Wegweiser“: Lauterbachs umstrittener Klinik-Atlas ist online

17.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Sie sei „ethisch geboten“, meint Gesundheitsminister Karl Lauterbach: mehr Transparenz über die Qualität von Klinikbehandlungen. Um sie abzubilden, lässt er gegen den Widerstand vieler Länder einen virtuellen Klinik-Atlas freischalten.

Klinikreform soll zehntausende Menschenleben retten

15.05.2024 Klinik aktuell Nachrichten

Gesundheitsminister Lauterbach hat die vom Bundeskabinett beschlossene Klinikreform verteidigt. Kritik an den Plänen kommt vom Marburger Bund. Und in den Ländern wird über den Gang zum Vermittlungsausschuss spekuliert.

TEP mit Roboterhilfe führt nicht zu größerer Zufriedenheit

15.05.2024 Knie-TEP Nachrichten

Der Einsatz von Operationsrobotern für den Einbau von Totalendoprothesen des Kniegelenks hat die Präzision der Eingriffe erhöht. Für die postoperative Zufriedenheit der Patienten scheint das aber unerheblich zu sein, wie eine Studie zeigt.

Update Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.

Newsletter bestellen
Bildnachweise