Background
Methods
Study design, population and sampling
Outcome and exposure variables
Potential confounders and instruments used
Data analysis
Result
Demographic characteristics of participants
Antenatal Depression | p-value | Antenatal Anxiety | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic characteristics | No (n = 365) | Yes (n = 122) | Total (n = 493) | No (n = 390) | Yes (n = 103) | Total (n = 49) | p-value | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Residence | ||||||||
Major cities | 220 (63.8) | 64 (54.7) | 284(61.4) | 0.210 | 230 (62.3) | 56(56.6) | 286(61.1) | 0.514 |
Inner regional | 69 (20) | 31 (26.5) | 100(21.6) | 80 (21.7) | 23 (23.2) | 103(22) | ||
Outer regional/remote/very remote | 56 (16.2) | 22 (18.8) | 78(17) | 59 (16) | 20 (20.2) | 79(16.9) | ||
Highest qualification | ||||||||
University | 246 (67.4) | 71 (58.7) | 317(63.9) | 0.272 | 257 (66.2) | 62 (60.2) | 319(65) | 0.517 |
Certificate/diploma or trade/apprenticeship | 80 (21.9) | 31 (25.6) | 111(22.4) | 85 (21.9) | 27 (26.2) | 112(22.8) | ||
School only | 39 (10.7) | 29 (15.7) | 68(13.7) | 46 (11.9) | 14 (13.6) | 60(12.2) | ||
Marital status | ||||||||
Partnered | 352 (96.4) | 111 (91) | 463(95) | 0.016 | 370 (95.1) | 98 (95.1) | 468(95.1) | 0.990 |
non-partnered | 13 (3.6) | 11 (9) | 12(5) | 19 (4.9) | 5 (4.9) | 24(4.9) | ||
Able to manage on income available | ||||||||
Impossible/Difficult all of the time | 18 (4.9) | 25 (20.7) | 43(8.8) | < 0.001 | 23 (5.9) | 20 (19.6) | 43(8.8) | < 0.001 |
Difficult some of the time | 82 (22.5) | 32 (26.4) | 114(23.5) | 89 (22.9) | 29 (28.4) | 118(24) | ||
Not too bad/It is easy | 265 (72.6) | 64 (52.9) | 329(67.7) | 277 (71.2) | 53 (52) | 330(67.2) | ||
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p-value | |||
Age | 35.78(1.39) | 36.1 (1.45) | 35.8(±1.40) | 0.029 | 35.86 (1.42) | 35.85 (1.39) | 35.8(±1.4) | 0.977 |
Behavioural, psychological and obstetric characteristics of participants
Antenatal Depression | p-value | Antenatal Anxiety | p-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | No (n = 365) | Yes (n = 122) | Total (n = 493) | No (n = 390) | Yes (n = 103) | Total (n = 493) | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |||
Pregnancy months | ||||||||
< 3 month | 74 (20.3) | 25 (20.5) | 99(20.3) | 0.950 | 81 (20.8) | 20 (19.4) | 101(20.4) | 0.746 |
3–6 month | 140 (38.4) | 45 (36.9) | 185(38) | 143 (36.7) | 42 (40.8) | 185(37.5) | ||
> 6 month | 151 (41.4) | 52 (42.6) | 203(41.7) | 166 (42.6) | 42 (39.8) | 208(42.1) | ||
GP use in the last 12 month | ||||||||
1–2 times | 108 (29.7) | 22 (18) | 130(26.7) | 0.025 | 116 (29.8) | 16 (15.5) | 132(26.8) | < 0.001 |
3–4 times | 125 (34.3) | 43 (35) | 168(34.6) | 137 (35.2) | 32 (31.1) | 169(34.3) | ||
> 5 times | 131 (36) | 57(46.7) | 188(38.7) | 136 (35) | 55 (53.4) | 191(38.9) | ||
History of C/S | ||||||||
Yes | 49 (13.5) | 18 (14.9) | 67(13.9) | 0.710 | 55 (14.2) | 15 (14.6) | 70(14.3) | 0.935 |
No | 313 (86.5) | 103 (21.3) | 416(86.1) | 331 (85.8) | 88 (85.4) | 419(85.7) | ||
Preterm history | ||||||||
Yes | 24 (6.7) | 10 (8.3) | 34(7) | 0.553 | 30 (7.8) | 4 (3.9) | 34(7) | 0.173 |
No | 336 (93.3) | 111 (91.7) | 447(93) | 355 (92.2) | 98 (96.1) | 453(93) | ||
Low birth weight history | ||||||||
Yes | 16 (4.4) | 7 (5.7) | 23(4.8) | 0.558 | 19 (4.9) | 4 (3.9) | 23(4.7) | 0.650 |
No | 345 (95.6) | 115 (94.3) | 460(95.2) | 367 (95.1) | 99 (96.1) | 466(95.3) | ||
Body Mass Index (BMI) | ||||||||
Acceptable/Underweight(< 25) | 218 (60.7) | 58 (47.5) | 276(57.4) | 0.034 | 224 (58.2) | 54 (52.9) | 278(57.1) | 0.603 |
Overweight (25–30) | 87 (24.2) | 37 (30.3) | 124(25.8) | 98 (25.5) | 28 (27.5) | 126(25.9) | ||
Obese (> = 30) | 54 (15) | 27 (22.1) | 81(16.8) | 63 (16.3) | 20 (19.6) | 83(17) | ||
General Health condition from their own perspective | ||||||||
Excellent/Very good | 280 (76.7) | 68 (55.7) | 348(71.5) | < 0.001 | 297 (76.2) | 55 (53.4) | 352(71.4) | < 0.001 |
Good | 76 (20.8) | 46 (37.7) | 122(25) | 86 (22.1) | 38 (36.9) | 124(25.2) | ||
Fair/Poor | 9 (2.5) | 8 (6.6) | 17(3.5) | 7 (1.8) | 10 (9.7) | 17(34.4) | ||
Ever been in a violent relationship with partner | ||||||||
Yes | 22 (6.1%) | 30 (71.4) | 52(11) | < 0.001 | 29 (7.5) | 23 (23) | 52(10.9) | < 0.001 |
No | 337 (93.1) | 85 (25.2) | 422(89) | 352 (91.2) | 75 (75) | 427(89.1) | ||
Current tobacco smoking | ||||||||
Yes | 13 (3.6) | 9 (7.4) | 22(4.5) | 0.079 | 16 (4.1) | 6 (5.8) | 22(4.5) | 0.450 |
No | 352 (96.4) | 113 (92.6) | 465(95.5) | 374 (95.9) | 97 (94.2) | 471(95.5) | ||
Alcohol use | ||||||||
Low/High risk drinker | 261 (71.7) | 79 (65.3) | 340(70) | 0.182 | 276 (71) | 68 (66.7) | 344(70) | 0.400 |
Non-drinker | 103 (28.3) | 42 (34.7) | 145(30) | 113 (29) | 34 (33.3) | 147(30) | ||
Ever used illicit drugs | ||||||||
Yes | 228 (65.2) | 88 (72.1) | 316(65) | 0.053 | 244 (62.6) | 74 (71.8) | 318(64.5) | 0.081 |
No | 137 (37.5) | 34 (27.9) | 171(35) | 146 (37.4) | 29 (28.2) | 175(35.5) | ||
Current Anxiety (GAD) | ||||||||
Yes (>= 6) | 36 (9.9) | 67 (54.9) | 103(21.2) | < 0.001 | _ | _ | ||
No (< 6) | 328 (90.1) | 55 (45.1) | 383(78.8) | _ | _ | |||
Current Depression (CES-D 10) | ||||||||
Yes (>= 8) | _ | _ | 55(14.3) | 67(65) | 122(25) | < 0.001 | ||
No (< 8) | _ | _ | 329(85.7) | 36(35) | 365(75) | |||
History depression in the past 3 years (Previous Mental health) | ||||||||
Yes | 27 (7.5) | 30 (25) | 57(11.9) | < 0.001 | 31 (8.1) | 27 (26.5) | 58(12) | < 0.001 |
No | 332 (92.5) | 90 (75) | 422(88.1) | 352 (91.9) | 75 (73.2) | 427(88) | ||
History anxiety in the past 3 years (Previous Mental health) | ||||||||
Yes | 14 (3.9) | 18 (15) | 32(6.7) | < 0.001 | 19 (5) | 13 (12.7) | 58(12) | 0.005 |
No | 345 (96.1) | 102 (85) | 447(93.3) | 364 (85) | 89 (87.3) | 427(88) | ||
Mean Stress score | ||||||||
≤0.27 | 86 (23.6) | 2 (1.7) | 88(18.2) | < 0.001 | 84 (21.6) | 4 (3.9) | 88(18) | < 0.001 |
0.28–0.56 | 162 (44.5) | 29 (24) | 191(39.4) | 174 (44.8) | 21 (20.6) | 195(39.8) | ||
0.57–0.82 | 68 (18.7) | 31 (25.6) | 99(20.4) | 73 (18.8) | 26 (25.5) | 99(20.2) | ||
0.83–4 | 48 (13.2) | 59 (48.8) | 107(22) | 57 (14.7) | 51 (50) | 108(22) | ||
Mean (+SD) | 0.61(+ 0.43) | |||||||
LOT-R Optimism | ||||||||
0–14.99 | 59 (16.2) | 57 (47.1) | 116(23.9) | < 0.001 | 72 (18.5) | 45 (43.7) | 117(23.8) | < 0.001 |
15–17.99 | 88 (24.1) | 28 (23.1) | 116(23.9) | 96 (24.7) | 23 (22.3) | 119(24.2) | ||
18–18.99 | 81 (22.2) | 20 (16.5) | 101(20.8) | 86 (22.1) | 17 (16.5) | 103(20.9) | ||
19–24 | 137(37.5) | 16(13.7) | 153(31.5) | 135(34.7) | 18(17.5) | 153(31.1) | ||
Mean (+SD) | 16.85(+ 4.05) |
Associations between social support and depressive symptoms during pregnancy
Variables | Antenatal Depression | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 365) | Yes (n = 122) | |||
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Index | ||||
Emotional/Informational support† | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 358 (98.1) | 90 (73.8) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 7 (1.9) | 32 (26.2) | 4.75 (1.45, 15.66) | 0.010 |
Affectionate/Positive social interaction† | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 361(98.9) | 101(83.5) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 4(1.1) | 20(16.5) | 1.65 (0.38, 8.12) | 0.53 |
Tangible Support† | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 341(93.4) | 95(77.9) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 24(6.6) | 27(22.1) | 1.49 (0.53, 4.19) | 0.44 |
Overall social support¥ | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 356(97.5) | 97(79.5) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 9(2.5) | 25(20.5) | 3.26 (1.05, 10.10) | 0.040 |
Associations between social support and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy
Variables | Antenatal Anxiety | AOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 390) | Yes (n = 103) | |||
n (%) | n (%) | |||
Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Index | ||||
Emotional/Informational support† | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 374(96.1) | 79(76.7) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 15(3.9) | 24(23.3) | 1.12 (0.36, 3.47) | 0.840 |
Affectionate/Positive social interaction† | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 384 (98.7) | 83 (81.4) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 5 (1.3) | 19 (18.6) | 7.43 (1.75, 31.55) | 0.006 |
Tangible Support† | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 356(91.8) | 83(80.6) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 32(8.2) | 20(19.4) | 0.88 (0.32, 2.45) | 0.811 |
Overall social support¥ | ||||
High (All/Most of the time) | 375(96.4) | 82(79.6) | 1 | |
Low (Some/none/little of the time) | 14(3.6) | 21(20.4) | 2.55 (0.92, 7.06) | 0.071 |