Background
Methods
Study population
Definitions of atherothrombotic risk factors
Laboratory methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Men (N = 6561) | 1st Quintile | 2nd Quintile | 3rd Quintile | 4th Quintile | 5th Quintile | ANOVA/χ2 | P for linear trend | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALT<16 | 16≤ALT<20 | 20≤ALT<23 | 23≤ALT<29 | 29≤ALT≤40 | ||||||||
N | 1196 | 1545 | 1121 | 1460 | 1239 | P Value | ||||||
Age (years) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 0.757 | 0.280 |
Waist (cm) | 94 | (10) | 95 | (11) | 95 | (11) | 95 | (10) | 95 | (10) | 0.299 | 0.032 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 0.084 | 0.017 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 | (9) | 78 | (8) | 78 | (8) | 78 | (9) | 79 | (8) | 0.206 | 0.025 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 125 | (15) | 124 | (14) | 124 | (15) | 124 | (15) | 125 | (14) | 0.603 | 0.865 |
Alcohol consumption (glasses/week) | 1.0 | (1.5) | 1.1 | (1.6) | 1.1 | (1.5) | 1.1 | (1.6) | 0.9 | (1.5) | 0.132 | 0.189 |
Exercise intensity (hours/week) | 2.4 | (3.0) | 2.3 | (2.7) | 2.2 | (2.5) | 2.3 | (2.9) | 2.2 | (2.5) | 0.274 | 0.102 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.685 | |||||||||||
Current | 184 | (15.7) | 256 | (17.0) | 177 | (16.0) | 215 | (15.0) | 207 | (17.1) | ||
Former | 292 | (24.9) | 396 | (26.2) | 286 | (25.9) | 388 | (27.1) | 328 | (27.1) | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | 286 | (23.9) | 362 | (23.4) | 298 | (26.6) | 340 | (23.3) | 328 | (26.5) | 0.111 | |
Anti-hypertensive medications, n(%) | 100 | (8.4) | 145 | (9.4) | 118 | (10.5) | 133 | (9.1) | 135 | (10.9) | 0.192 | |
Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | 87 | (7.3) | 167 | (10.8) | 131 | (11.7) | 258 | (17.7) | 273 | (22.0) | < 0.001 | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.86 | (0.45) | 4.99 | (0.50) | 5.07 | (0.52) | 5.13 | (0.53) | 5.19 | (0.55) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.57 | (0.39) | 1.50 | (0.37) | 1.46 | (0.36) | 1.39 | (0.33) | 1.34 | (0.31) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.90 | (0.81) | 3.07 | (0.82) | 3.11 | (0.80) | 3.20 | (0.82) | 3.21 | (0.80) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides† (mmol/L) | 0.95 | 1.00 | 1.09 | 1.21 | 1.35 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Statins, n(%) | 117 | (9.8) | 142 | (9.2) | 97 | (8.7) | 129 | (8.8) | 124 | (10.0) | 0.732 | |
Fibrates, n(%) | 14 | (1.2) | 19 | (1.2) | 11 | (1.0) | 12 | (0.8) | 10 | (0.8) | 0.718 | |
Women (N = 3389)
|
1
st
Quintile
|
2
nd
Quintile
|
3
rd
Quintile
|
4
th
Quintile
|
5
th
Quintile
|
ANOVA
|
P for linear trend
| |||||
ALT<16
|
16≤ALT<19
|
19≤ALT<22
|
22≤ALT<27
|
27≤ALT≤35
|
P Value
| |||||||
N =
|
767
|
652
|
607
|
738
|
625
| |||||||
Age (years) | 44 | (11) | 45 | (11) | 45 | (11) | 45 | (11) | 45 | (11) | 0.703 | 0.369 |
Waist (cm) | 82 | (12) | 82 | (12) | 82 | (12) | 82 | (12) | 83 | (11) | 0.389 | 0.171 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25 | (5) | 25 | (5) | 25 | (5) | 25 | (5) | 26 | (5) | 0.489 | 0.248 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73 | (8) | 74 | (8) | 74 | (8) | 74 | (9) | 74 | (8) | 0.209 | 0.019 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 117 | (15) | 117 | (16) | 117 | (15) | 117 | (16) | 118 | (16) | 0.688 | 0.420 |
Alcohol consumption (glasses/week) | 0.5 | (1.1) | 0.5 | (1.1) | 0.5 | (1.1) | 0.5 | (1.2) | 0.5 | (1.1) | 0.999 | 0.867 |
Exercise intensity (hours/week) | 1.9 | (2.8) | 1.8 | (2.5) | 2.0 | (3.4) | 1.7 | (2.3) | 1.8 | (2.4) | 0.474 | 0.329 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.447 | |||||||||||
Current | 150 | (19.9) | 129 | (20.3) | 99 | (16.6) | 136 | (18.8) | 114 | (18.7) | ||
Former | 145 | (19.2) | 124 | (19.5) | 131 | (22.0) | 125 | (17.3) | 126 | (20.7) | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | 106 | (13.8) | 111 | (17.0) | 89 | (14.7) | 118 | (16.0) | 101 | (16.2) | 0.481 | |
Anti-hypertensive medications, n(%) | 55 | (7.2) | 56 | (8.6) | 46 | (7.6) | 52 | (7.0) | 40 | (6.4) | 0.648 | |
Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | 84 | (11.0) | 102 | (15.6) | 106 | (17.5) | 173 | (23.4) | 180 | (28.8) | < 0.001 | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.87 | (0.48) | 4.95 | (0.50) | 5.05 | (0.53) | 5.12 | (0.55) | 5.18 | (0.55) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.60 | (0.37) | 1.52 | (0.40) | 1.48 | (0.37) | 1.41 | (0.35) | 1.35 | (0.33) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.90 | (0.80) | 3.02 | (0.80) | 3.13 | (0.79) | 3.19 | (0.81) | 3.15 | (0.85) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides† (mmol/L) | 0.93 | 1.01 | 1.06 | 1.21 | 1.29 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Statins, n(%) | 59 | (7.7) | 40 | (6.1) | 48 | (7.9) | 41 | (5.6) | 33 | (5.3) | 0.164 | |
Fibrates, n(%) | 6 | (0.8) | 5 | (0.8) | 5 | (0.8) | 0 | (0) | 1 | (0.2) | 0.073 |
Men (N = 6561) | 1st Quintile | 2nd Quintile | 3rd Quintile | 4th Quintile | 5th Quintile | ANOVA | P for linear trend | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GGT<9 | 9≤GGT<12 | 12≤GGT<16 | 16≤GGT<21 | 21≤GGT≤42 | P Value | |||||||
N = | 1318 | 1206 | 1443 | 1202 | 1392 | |||||||
Age (years) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 0.482 | 0.848 |
Waist (cm) | 95 | (10) | 95 | (11) | 95 | (11) | 95 | (10) | 95 | (11) | 0.721 | 0.165 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 27 | (4) | 0.875 | 0.433 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 78 | (8) | 78 | (8) | 78 | (9) | 78 | (9) | 78 | (9) | 0.398 | 0.063 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124 | (14) | 125 | (15) | 123 | (14) | 125 | (15) | 124 | (14) | 0.062 | 0.244 |
Alcohol consumption (glasses/week) | 1.1 | (1.6) | 1.0 | (1.5) | 1.0 | (1.5) | 1.1 | (1.6) | 1.0 | (1.6) | 0.458 | 0.466 |
Exercise intensity (hours/week) | 2.4 | (2.9) | 2.2 | (2.6) | 2.3 | (2.8) | 2.2 | (2.7) | 2.3 | (2.5) | 0.327 | 0.254 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.785 | |||||||||||
Current | 205 | (15.9) | 194 | (16.3) | 217 | (15.4) | 198 | (16.8) | 225 | (16.5) | ||
Former | 333 | (25.9) | 313 | (26.4) | 368 | (26.1) | 332 | (28.1) | 344 | (25.2) | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | 301 | (22.8) | 298 | (24.7) | 347 | (24.0) | 329 | (27.4) | 339 | (24.4) | 0.113 | |
Anti-hypertensive medications, n(%) | 120 | (9.1) | 117 | (9.7) | 131 | (9.1) | 122 | (10.1) | 141 | (10.1) | 0.790 | |
Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | 79 | (6.0) | 145 | (12.0) | 186 | (12.9) | 227 | (18.9) | 279 | (20.0) | < 0.001 | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.87 | (0.47) | 4.95 | (0.49) | 5.06 | (0.52) | 5.15 | (0.54) | 5.20 | (0.53) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.58 | (0.39) | 1.48 | (0.38) | 1.44 | (0.34) | 1.39 | (0.34) | 1.36 | (0.32) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.93 | (0.79) | 3.05 | (0.83) | 3.11 | (0.82) | 3.21 | (0.82) | 3.21 | (0.79) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides† (mmol/L) | 0.92 | 1.02 | 1.08 | 1.23 | 1.35 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Statins, n(%) | 111 | (8.4) | 95 | (7.9) | 114 | (7.9) | 129 | (10.7) | 160 | (11.5) | 0.001 | |
Fibrates, n(%) | 9 | (0.7) | 13 | (1.1) | 12 | (0.8) | 20 | (1.7) | 12 | (0.9) | 0.116 | |
Women (N = 3389)
|
1
st
Quintile
|
2
nd
Quintile
|
3
rd
Quintile
|
4
th
Quintile
|
5
th
Quintile
|
ANOVA
|
P for linear trend
| |||||
GGT<8
|
8≤GGT<11
|
11≤GGT<15
|
15≤GGT<19
|
19≤GGT≤28
|
P Value
| |||||||
N =
|
586
|
670
|
846
|
620
|
667
| |||||||
Age (years) | 45 | (10) | 46 | (11) | 44 | (11) | 45 | (10) | 44 | (11) | 0.001 | 0.013 |
Waist (cm) | 81 | (11) | 83 | (12) | 82 | (12) | 83 | (11) | 82 | (12) | 0.037 | 0.697 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25 | (5) | 26 | (5) | 25 | (5) | 26 | (5) | 25 | (5) | 0.047 | 0.636 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 73 | (7) | 74 | (8) | 74 | (8) | 74 | (8) | 73 | (9) | 0.028 | 0.323 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 117 | (15) | 118 | (16) | 117 | (16) | 117 | (15) | 116 | (15) | 0.066 | 0.111 |
Alcohol consumption (glasses/week) | 0.4 | (1.0) | 0.4 | (1.0) | 0.5 | (1.2) | 0.5 | (1.1) | 0.6 | (1.2) | 0.098 | 0.058 |
Exercise intensity (hours/week) | 1.8 | (2.7) | 1.9 | (2.6) | 1.9 | (2.7) | 1.8 | (3.1) | 1.8 | (2.3) | 0.869 | 0.802 |
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.515 | |||||||||||
Current | 107 | (18.8) | 137 | (20.9) | 165 | (19.9) | 106 | (17.5) | 113 | (17.2) | ||
Former | 105 | (18.5) | 127 | (19.3) | 150 | (18.1) | 130 | (21.5) | 139 | (21.1) | ||
Hypertension, n (%) | 91 | (15.5) | 117 | (17.5) | 127 | (15.0) | 103 | (16.6) | 87 | (13.0) | 0.216 | |
Anti-hypertensive medications, n(%) | 53 | (9.0) | 51 | (7.6) | 59 | (7.0) | 51 | (8.2) | 35 | (5.2) | 0.101 | |
Metabolic Syndrome, n (%) | 56 | (9.6) | 96 | (14.3) | 158 | (18.7) | 158 | (25.5) | 177 | (26.5) | < 0.001 | |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.83 | (0.48) | 4.96 | (0.51) | 5.03 | (0.53) | 5.15 | (0.56) | 5.16 | (0.54) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
HDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.63 | (0.38) | 1.52 | (0.38) | 1.46 | (0.37) | 1.40 | (0.34) | 1.40 | (0.36) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.87 | (0.77) | 3.03 | (0.82) | 3.11 | (0.78) | 3.20 | (0.85) | 3.15 | (0.83) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides† (mmol/L) | 0.90 | 0.96 | 1.10 | 1.21 | 1.31 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
Statins, n(%) | 40 | (6.8) | 58 | (8.7) | 43 | (5.1) | 44 | (7.1) | 36 | (5.4) | 0.046 | |
Fibrates, n(%) | 4 | (0.7) | 6 | (0.9) | 2 | (0.2) | 1 | (0.2) | 4 | (0.6) | 0.265 |
Men (N = 6561) | 1st Quintile | 2nd Quintile | 3rd Quintile | 4th Quintile | 5th Quintile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ALT<16 | 16≤ALT<20 | 20≤ALT<23 | 23≤ALT<29 | 29≤ALT≤40 | |
N | 1196 | 1545 | 1121 | 1460 | 1239 |
Crude OR | 1.0 | 1.5 (1.2 - 2.0) | 1.7 (1.2 - 2.2) | 2.7 (2.1 - 3.5) | 3.6 (2.8 - 4.6) |
Age adjusted OR | 1.0 | 1.5 (1.2 - 2.0) | 1.7 (1.3 - 2.3) | 2.7 (2.1 - 3.5) | 3.7 (2.8 - 4.8) |
Multi-adjusted† OR | 1.0 | 1.6 (1.2 - 2.1) | 1.7 (1.3 - 2.3) | 2.8 (2.1 - 3.6) | 3.7 (2.8 - 4.8) |
Multi-adjusted + waist & BMI OR | 1.0 | 1.5 (1.2 - 2.0) | 1.7 (1.2 - 2.2) | 2.8 (2.2 - 3.7) | 3.7 (2.8 - 4.9) |
Women (N = 3389)
|
1
st
Quintile
|
2
nd
Quintile
|
3
rd
Quintile
|
4
th
Quintile
|
5
th
Quintile
|
ALT<16
|
16≤ALT<19
|
19≤ALT<22
|
22≤ALT<27
|
27≤ALT≤35
| |
N =
|
767
|
652
|
607
|
738
|
625
|
Crude OR | 1.0 | 1.5 (1.1 - 2.0) | 1.7 (1.2 - 2.3) | 2.4 (1.8 - 3.2) | 3.2 (2.4 - 4.2) |
Age adjusted OR | 1.0 | 1.4 (1.1 - 2.0) | 1.6 (1.2 - 2.3) | 2.5 (1.9 - 3.4) | 3.3 (2.4 - 4.4) |
Multi-adjusted† OR | 1.0 | 1.5 (1.1 - 2.0) | 1.6 (1.2 - 2.2) | 2.5 (1.9 - 3.4) | 3.3 (2.5 - 4.4) |
Multi-adjusted + waist & BMI OR | 1.0 | 1.4 (1.0 - 2.0) | 1.7 (1.2 - 2.3) | 2.6 (1.9 - 3.5) | 3.3 (2.4 - 4.5) |
Men (N = 6561) | 1st Quintile | 2nd Quintile | 3rd Quintile | 4th Quintile | 5th Quintile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GGT<9 | 9≤GGT<12 | 12≤GGT<16 | 16≤GGT<21 | 21≤GGT≤42 | |
N = | 1318 | 1206 | 1443 | 1202 | 1392 |
Crude OR | 1.0 | 2.1 (1.6 - 2.8) | 2.3 (1.8 - 3.0) | 3.6 (2.7 - 4.7) | 3.9 (3.0 - 5.1) |
Age adjusted OR | 1.0 | 2.2 (1.6 - 2.9) | 2.4 (1.8 - 3.2) | 3.7 (2.8 - 4.8) | 4.1 (3.1 - 5.3) |
Multi-adjusted† OR | 1.0 | 2.2 (1.6 - 2.9) | 2.4 (1.8 - 3.2) | 3.7 (2.8 - 4.8) | 4.1 (3.1 - 5.3) |
Multi-adjusted + waist & BMI OR | 1.0 | 2.3 (1.7 - 3.0) | 2.5 (1.9 - 3.3) | 4.0 (3.0 - 5.3) | 4.5 (3.4 - 5.9) |
Women (N = 3389)
|
1
st
Quintile
|
2
nd
Quintile
|
3
rd
Quintile
|
4
th
Quintile
|
5
th
Quintile
|
GGT<8
|
8≤GGT<11
|
11≤GGT<15
|
15≤GGT<19
|
19≤GGT≤28
| |
N =
|
586
|
670
|
846
|
620
|
667
|
Crude OR | 1.0 | 1.6 (1.1 - 2.3) | 2.2 (1.6 - 3.0) | 3.2 (2.3 - 4.4) | 3.4 (2.5 - 4.7) |
Age adjusted OR | 1.0 | 1.5 (1.1 - 2.2) | 2.3 (1.7 - 3.3) | 3.3 (2.4 - 4.7) | 3.9 (2.8 - 5.4) |
Multi-adjusted† OR | 1.0 | 1.5 (1.1 - 2.2) | 2.4 (1.7 - 3.3) | 3.3 (2.4 - 4.7) | 3.9 (2.8 - 5.5) |
Multi-adjusted + waist & BMI OR | 1.0 | 1.4 (1.0 - 2.1) | 2.4 (1.7 - 3.4) | 3.4 (2.4 - 4.7) | 4.1 (2.9 - 5.8) |