Background
Methods
Variable | Unit | Total sample | Experimental Group | Control group |
---|---|---|---|---|
Average age
| Year | 31.51 | 29.47 | 36.33 |
S.D.
| 10.31 | 10.45 | 13.92 | |
Marital status
| ||||
Married | % | 45.7 | 44.3 | 50.0 |
Unmarried | % | 52.1 | 52.8 | 50.0 |
Widowed | % | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0 |
Divorced | % | 1.1 | 1.4 | 0 |
Years of driving* (Average) | Year | 11.15 | 9.7 | 14.46 |
S.D.
| 10.31 | 9.11 | 12.24 | |
No cigarettes smoking
| % | 82% | 81% | 85% |
Education level*
| ||||
0–9 | % | 9.0 | 5.71 | 16.66 |
10–12 | % | 60.0 | 62.9 | 43.33 |
Professional Diploma | % | 7.0 | 11.43 | 10.00 |
16+ | % | 24.0 | 20.00 | 30.0 |
Income*
| ||||
Under Average | % | 52.00 | 48.6 | 60.00 |
About Average | % | 16.0 | 21.4 | 3.4 |
Above Average | % | 20.0 | 18.6 | 23.3 |
No answer | % | 12.0 | 11.4 | 13.3 |
Work status
| ||||
Salaried employee | % | 57.0 | 61.4 | 46.7 |
Self-employed | % | 13.0 | 12.8 | 13.3 |
Unemployed | % | 6.0 | 2.9 | 13.3 |
Pensioner | % | 1.0 | 0 | 3.3 |
Housewife | % | 6.0 | 4.3 | 10 |
Student | % | 17.0 | 18.6 | 13.4 |
Average number of cars in the household
| Cars | 1.85 | 1.83 | 1.87 |
S.D.
| 1.24 | 1.23 | 1.19 | |
Household size (average)
| Persons | 5.25 | 5.4 | 5.07 |
S.D.
| 2.00 | 3.53 | 1.89 | |
Availability of car for your use
| ||||
Yes | % | 68.1 | 68.6 | 70.0 |
No | % | 28.7 | 31.4 | 20.0 |
Sometimes | % | 3.2 | 0.0 | 10.0 |
The experiment
Data analysis based on the study survey
Results
Sample | Scenario | Variable | Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Experimental group | Before smoking | Pulse-1 | 80.23 | 13.93 | 1.677 |
Immediately after smoking | Pulse-2 | 94.90 | 15.38 | 1.851 | |
Half hour after smoking | Pulse-3 | 87.18 | 14.39 | 2.036 | |
Before smoking | Saturation-1 | 97.90 | .60 | .072 | |
Immediately after smoking | Saturation- 2 | 97.32 | 1.55 | .186 | |
Half an hour after smoking | Saturation −3 | 97.38 | 1.05 | .148 | |
Control group | Before exam | Pulse-1 | 82.50 | 11.25 | 2.055 |
Immediately after experimental group exam | Pulse-2 | 80.90 | 9.64 | 1.761 | |
Half an hour after experimental group exam | Pulse-3 | 80.08 | 10.77 | 3.11 | |
Before exam | Saturation-1 | 97.57 | .94 | .171 | |
Immediately after experimental group exam | Saturation −2 | 97.63 | .96 | .176 | |
Half an hour after experimental group exam | Saturation-3 | 97.75 | .45 | .131 |
Sample | Scenario pairs | t | Sig. (2-tailed) | Paired Differences | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | Mean | Std. Deviation | |||||
Upper | Lower | ||||||
Control group | Pulse 1 – pulse-2 | 2.36 | .025 | 2.99 | .21 | 1.60 | 3.71 |
Saturation-1- Saturation-2 | -.57 | .573 | .17 | −.31 | −.07 | .64 | |
pulse1 – pulse-3 | 1.97 | .074 | 5.64 | −.31 | 2.67 | 4.68 | |
Saturation1- Saturation-3 | -.56 | .586 | .24 | −.41 | −.08 | .51 | |
Experimental group | Pulse-1–pulse-2 | −11.84 | .000 | −12.20 | −17.14 | −14.67 | 10.29 |
Saturation-1- Saturation-2 | 3.02 | .004 | .96 | .20 | .58 | 1.59 | |
pulse1 – pulse-3 | −5.54 | .000 | −4.73 | −10.11 | −7.42 | 9.46 | |
Saturation1- Saturation-3 | 3.01 | .004 | .80 | .16 | .48 | 1.13 |
Variable | Scenario | Experimental group | Control group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Deviation | Mean | Std. Deviation | ||
Before smoking
|
Accident (road)1
|
1.77
|
1.95
|
1.50
|
2.13
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Accident (road)2
|
1.30
|
1.73
|
.90
|
1.37
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Accident (road)3
|
.71
|
.96
|
.50
|
.67
|
Before smoking
|
Accident (car)1
|
2.99
|
2.86
|
2.47
|
2.61
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Accident (car)2
|
3.06
|
2.32
|
1.87
|
1.59
|
Half an our after smoking
|
Accident (car)3
|
4.14
|
2.18
|
3.17
|
1.75
|
Before smoking
|
Accident (pedestrian)1
|
1.30
|
.91
|
1.30
|
.75
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Accident (pedestrian)2
|
.57
|
.67
|
.43
|
.50
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Accident (pedestrian)3
|
.71
|
.71
|
.67
|
.78
|
Before smoking
|
Surpassing speed limit1
|
10.48
|
7.22
|
8.60
|
6.75
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Surpassing speed limit2
|
9.54
|
6.61
|
8.63
|
7.58
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Surpassing speed limit3
|
12.80
|
8.01
|
11.17
|
6.09
|
Before smoking
|
Total number of traffic light tickets 1
|
1.21
|
1.07
|
1.27
|
.98
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Total number of traffic light tickets 2
|
1.12
|
.86
|
.70
|
.79
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Total number of traffic light tickets 3
|
.69
|
.72
|
.50
|
.67
|
Before smoking
|
Centerline crossings1
|
7.03
|
6.53
|
5.87
|
4.73
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Centerline crossings2
|
8.97
|
7.69
|
7.93
|
7.04
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Centerline crossings3
|
9.00
|
5.78
|
6.42
|
4.32
|
Before smoking
|
Shoulder crossing1
|
7.65
|
6.72
|
6.30
|
5.09
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Shoulder crossing2
|
5.80
|
4.92
|
5.50
|
4.39
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Shoulder crossing3
|
4.88
|
4.40
|
4.25
|
3.91
|
Before smoking
|
Total time1
|
759.82
|
103.78
|
811.91
|
141.69
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Total time2
|
748.86
|
98.90
|
757.26
|
174.36
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Total time3
|
715.13
|
121.20
|
766.01
|
174.94
|
Before smoking
|
Exceeding speed limit (%time)1
|
13.38
|
10.75
|
10.09
|
9.27
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Exceeding speed limit (%time)2
|
56.53
|
347.90
|
13.21
|
12.35
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Exceeding speed limit (%time)3
|
17.64
|
11.22
|
14.61
|
10.10
|
Before smoking
|
Not keeping within lane (%time)1
|
7.22
|
6.67
|
6.38
|
6.01
|
Immediately after smoking
|
Not keeping within lane (%time)2
|
8.16
|
6.97
|
7.60
|
6.84
|
Half an hour after smoking
|
Not keeping within lane (%time)3
|
7.08
|
4.95
|
5.19
|
3.93
|
Before smoking- Immediately after smoking Pairs:scinario1-scinario2 | Paired Differences | t | Sig. (2-tailed) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | |||||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Control group | Accident(road) | .60 | 2.16 | −.21 | 1.41 | 1.52 | .14 |
Accident(car) | .60 | 2.74 | −.42 | 1.62 | 1.20 | .24 | |
Accident(pedestrian) | .87 | .97 | .50 | 1.23 | 4.88 | .00 | |
Exceeding speed limit | −.03 | 4.84 | −1.84 | 1.77 | −.04 | .97 | |
Total number of traffic light tickets | .57 | 1.01 | .19 | .94 | 3.08 | .00 | |
Centerline crossings | −2.07 | 6.67 | −4.56 | .42 | −1.70 | .10 | |
Shoulder crossings | .80 | 4.22 | −.78 | 2.38 | 1.04 | .31 | |
Total time | 54.66 | 204.83 | −21.83 | 131.14 | 1.46 | .15 | |
Total distance | 145.63 | 1152.29 | −284.64 | 575.91 | .69 | .49 | |
Exceeding the speed limit (%time) | −3.12 | 9.60 | −6.71 | .47 | −1.78 | .09 | |
Not within the lane (%time) | −1.22 | 5.03 | −3.09 | .66 | −1.32 | .20 | |
Experimental group | Accident(road) | .46 | 2.11 | −.04 | .97 | 1.82 | .07 |
Accident(car) | −.07 | 3.08 | −.81 | .67 | −.20 | .85 | |
Accident(pedestrian) | .74 | 1.05 | .49 | .99 | 5.83 | .00 | |
Over speed limit | .94 | 6.06 | −.51 | 2.40 | 1.29 | .20 | |
Total number of traffic light tickets | .09 | 1.29 | −.22 | .40 | .57 | .57 | |
Centerline crossings | −1.94 | 6.77 | −3.57 | −.31 | −2.38 | .02 | |
Shoulder crossings | 1.86 | 5.74 | .48 | 3.23 | 2.69 | .01 | |
Total time | 10.96 | 98.15 | −12.62 | 34.54 | .93 | .36 | |
Total distance | −104.06 | 621.30 | −253.31 | 45.20 | −1.39 | .17 | |
Exceeding the speed limit (%time) | −43.15 | 343.53 | −125.68 | 39.37 | −1.04 | .30 | |
Not within the lane (%time) | −.94 | 6.62 | −2.53 | .65 | −1.17 | .24 |
Before Water-Pipe smoking -half an hour after smoking (Experimental Group) Pairs: Scinario-1-Scinario-3 | Paired Differences | t | Sig. (2-tailed) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Deviation | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | |||||
Lower | Upper | ||||||
Control group | Accident(road) | .25 | 1.06 | −.42 | .92 | .82 | .429 |
Accident(car) | −1.08 | 2.15 | −2.45 | .28 | −1.74 | .109 | |
Accident(pedestrian) | .75 | 1.36 | −.11 | 1.61 | 1.91 | .082 | |
Exceeding the speed limit | −4.00 | 6.97 | −8.43 | .43 | −1.99 | .072 | |
Total number of traffic light tickets | .50 | 1.45 | −.42 | 1.42 | 1.20 | .256 | |
Centerline crossings | −1.33 | 4.12 | −3.95 | 1.28 | −1.12 | .286 | |
Shoulder crossings | .75 | 3.86 | −1.71 | 3.21 | .67 | .515 | |
Total time | 87.00 | 155.39 | −11.73 | 185.73 | 1.94 | .079 | |
Total distance | −117.17 | 130.86 | −200.31 | −34.02 | −3.10 | .010 | |
Exceeding the speed limit (%time) | −7.81 | 10.81 | −14.68 | −.94 | −2.50 | .029 | |
Not within the lane (%time) | −.43 | 4.04 | −3.00 | 2.13 | −.37 | .718 | |
Experimental group | Accident(road) | .90 | 1.81 | .38 | 1.42 | 3.48 | .001 |
Accident(car) | −1.65 | 2.27 | −2.30 | −1.00 | −5.10 | .000 | |
Accident(pedestrian) | .45 | .89 | .19 | .70 | 3.53 | .001 | |
Exceeding the speed limit | −2.57 | 6.04 | −4.31 | −.84 | −2.98 | .005 | |
Total number of traffic light tickets | .44 | 1.13 | .11 | .77 | 2.69 | .010 | |
Centerline crossings | −2.71 | 4.25 | −3.93 | −1.49 | −4.47 | .000 | |
Shoulder crossings | 2.29 | 6.26 | .49 | 4.08 | 2.56 | .014 | |
Total time | 43.19 | 116.26 | 9.79 | 76.58 | 2.60 | .012 | |
Total distance | 12.39 | 959.89 | −263.32 | 288.10 | .09 | .928 | |
Exceeding the speed limit (%time) | −5.41 | 8.85 | −7.95 | −2.86 | −4.28 | .000 | |
Not within the lane (%time) | −.57 | 5.12 | −2.04 | .90 | −.78 | .437 |
Variable | Scinario-1-Scinario-2 | Scinario1-Scinario-3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
95% confidence interval | 95% confidence interval | |||||
Odds ratio | Lower | Upper | Odds ratio | Lower | Upper | |
Accidents | 1.333** | 1.008 | 1.776 | 1.28* | 0.961 | 1.705 |
Accident(road) | 1.226 | 0.713 | 2.108 | 1.319 | 0.662 | 2.627 |
Accident(car) | 1.351 | 0.911 | 2.002 | 1.287 | 0.881 | 1.880 |
Accident(pedestrian) | 1.289 | 0.634 | 2.621 | 1.195 | 0.607 | 2.351 |
Exceeding the speed limit | 0.907 | .741 | 1.109 | 0.964 | 0.789 | 1.178 |
Total number of traffic light tickets | 1.653 | 0.906 | 3.016 | 1.502 | 0.734 | 3.075 |
Centerline crossings | 0.944 | 0.752 | 1.185 | 1.306** | 1.016 | 1.679 |
Shoulder crossings | 0.867 | 0.678 | 1.110 | 1.001 | 0.758 | 1.322 |
Exceeding the speed limit (%time) | 0.850 | 0.715 | 1.011 | 0.996 | 0.832 | 1.192 |
Not being within the lane (%time) | 0.949 | 0.757 | 1.190 | 1.329** | 1.025 | 1.722 |