Background
Methods
Study design and setting
Data processing and analysis
Statistical methods
Ethical approval
Results
Demographic characteristics of live birth
Neonatal mortality rate
Live birth | Neonatal Mortality | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yea
r
| No. live births | Deaths | Percent | Rate per 1000 live births | 95% CI | P-value |
2004-09
|
18,139
|
576
|
3.18
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
| 0.640 |
2004 | 2,734 | 87 | 3.08 | 30.8 | 24.5-37.2 | |
2005 | 2,831 | 105 | 3.58 | 35.8 | 29.0-42.5 | |
2006 | 2,869 | 102 | 3.43 | 34.3 | 27.8-40.9 | |
2007 | 2,877 | 92 | 3.10 | 31.0 | 24.8-37.2 | |
2008 | 3,232 | 99 | 2.97 | 29.7 | 24.0-35.5 | |
2009 | 3,020 | 91 | 2.93 | 29.3 | 23.3-35.2 |
Factors | No. live births | Death n/N(%) | Rate per 1000 live births | 95% CI | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
|
18,139
|
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
<0.01
|
Male | 9,172 | 331/9,172(3.61) | 36.1 | 32.3-39.9 | |
Female | 8,967 | 245/8,967(2.71) | 27.3 | 23.9-30.7 | |
Mothers’ age group
| 18,139 |
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
<0.01
|
Teenage(13–19) | 3,238 | 150/3,238(4.63) | 46.3 | 39.1-53.6 | |
Non Teenage(20–34) | 12,294 | 346/12,294(2.81) | 28.1 | 25.2-31.1 | |
Non teenage(35–49) | 2,607 | 80/2,607(3.07) | 30.7 | 24.1-37.3 | |
Birth order
|
18,139
|
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
<0.01
|
First order | 11,562 | 325/11,562(2.81) | 28.1 | 25.1-31.1 | |
Second order | 6,577 | 251/6,577(3.82) | 38.2 | 33.5-42.8 | |
Interval between first & second birth
|
6,577
|
251/6,577(3.82)
|
38.2
|
33.6-43.1
|
<0.01
|
Short birth interval(less than 33 months after the previous birth) | 3,341 | 156/3341(4.67) | 46.7 | 39.5-53.8 | |
Long birth interval(greater than 33 months after the previous birth) | 3,236 | 95/3236(2.94) | 29.4 | 23.5-35.2 | |
SES at birth
|
18,139
|
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
0.762
|
Poorest | 3,710 | 121/3710(3.26) | 32.6 | 26.8-38.3 | |
Poorer | 3,628 | 110/3628(3.03) | 30.3 | 24.7-35.9 | |
Poor | 3,861 | 119/3861(3.08) | 30.8 | 25.4-36.3 | |
Less Poor | 3,780 | 117/3780(3.10) | 31 | 25.4-36.5 | |
Least Poor | 3,160 | 109/3160(3.45) | 34.5 | 28.1-40.9 | |
Place of delivery
|
18,139
|
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
0.842
|
Outside health facility | 7,485 | 240/7485(3.21) | 32.1 | 28.1-36.1 | |
Health Facility | 10,654 | 336/10654(3.15) | 31.5 | 28.2-34.9 | |
Education of mothers’
|
18,139
|
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
0.072
|
Above primary education | 3,220 | 86/3221(2.67) | 26.7 | 21.4-32.9 | |
Below and Primary education | 14,919 | 490/14919(3.28) | 32.8 | 28.0-34.1 | |
Mother having partner
|
14,912
|
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
0.031
|
Present | 14,912 | 454/14912(3.04) | 30.4 | 27.7-33.2 | |
Absent | 3,227 | 122/3227(3.78) | 37.8 | 31.2-44.4 | |
Season
|
18,139
|
576/18,139(3.18)
|
31.8
|
29.3-34.4
|
0.813
|
Dry season | 7,817 | 251/7817(3.21) | 32.1 | 28.3-36.3 | |
Wet season | 10,322 | 325/10,322(3.15) | 3.15 | 28.2-35.0 |
Mother's age | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13-19 | 20-34 | 35-49 | All age | ||||||
Variable | No. live births | Death n/N(%) | No. live births | Death n/N(%) | No. live births | Death n/N(%) | No. live births | Death n/N(%) | P-value |
All
Birth order
|
3238
|
150/3238(4.63)
|
12294
|
346/12294(2.81)
|
2607
|
80/2607(3.07)
|
18139
|
576/18139(3.18)
|
<0.01
|
First order | 2549 | 102/2549(4.00) | 7583 | 186/7583(2.45) | 1430 | 37/1430(2.59) | 11562 | 325/11562(2.81) | |
Second order | 689 | 48/689(6.97) | 4711 | 160/4711(2.45) | 1177 | 43/1177(3.65) | 6577 | 251/6577(3.82) | |
Interval between first & second birth
|
689
|
48/689(6.97)
|
4711
|
160/4711(2.45)
|
1177
|
43/1177(3.65)
|
6577
|
251/6577(3.82)
|
<0.01
|
Short birth interval (less than 33 months after the previous birth) | 512 | 46/512(8.98) | 2337 | 98/2337(4.19) | 492 | 12/492(2.44) | 3341 | 156/3341(4.67) | |
Long birth interval (greater than 33 months after the previous birth) | 177 | 2/177(1.13) | 2374 | 62/2374(2.61) | 685 | 31/685(4.53) | 3236 | 95/3236(2.94) |
Factors associated with the risk for neonatal death
Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor | OR | 95% CI | P-value | AOR | 95% CI | P-value |
Sex of newborn
| ||||||
Female (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Male | 1.33 | 1.13-1.58 | <0.01 | 1.34 | 1.13-1.58 | <0.01 |
Mothers’ age
| ||||||
Teenager mothers’ (20–34 years) (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Non-Teenage mothers’ (13–19 years) | 1.68 | 1.38-2.04 | <0.01 | 1.64 | 1.34-2.02 | <0.01 |
Non-Teenage mothers’ (35–49 years) | 1.09 | 0.85-1.40 | 0.48 | 1.1 | 0.86-1.41 | 0.463 |
Birth order
| ||||||
First Births (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Second births | 1.37 | 1.16-1.62 | <0.01 | 1.85 | 1.52-2.26 | <0.01 |
Interval between first & second birth
| ||||||
Long birth interval (>33 months) (Ref) | 1.00 | |||||
Short birth interval (<33 months) | 1.62 | 1.25-2.10 | <0.01 | 1.50 | 1.16-196 | <0.01 |
Maternal Education
| ||||||
Above primary education (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
None or Primary education | 1.24 | 0.98-1.56 | 0.072 | 1.2 | 0.94-1.53 | 0.136 |
SES at birth
| ||||||
Poorest (Ref.) | 1.00 | |||||
Poorer | 0.92 | 0.71-1.20 | 0.557 | - | - | - |
Poor | 0.94 | 0.73-1.22 | 0.644 | - | - | - |
Less Poor | 0.97 | 0.75-1.25 | 0.795 | - | - | - |
Least Poor | 1.09 | 0.84-1.42 | 0.516 | - | - | - |
Place of delivery
| ||||||
Outside health facility (Ref.) | 1.00 | |||||
Health facility | 0.91 | 0.83-1.16 | 0.842 | - | - | - |
Mother having partner
| ||||||
Absence (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
Presence of mothers’ partner | 0.8 | 0.65-0.98 | 0.031 | 0.82 | 0.66-0.98 | 0.049 |
Season
| ||||||
Dry season (Ref.) | 1.00 | |||||
Wet season | 0.98 | 0.83-1.16 | 0.813 | - | - | - |