Introduction
Methods
Study design, data and variables
Country | Leprosy | Lymphatic Filariasis | Schistosomiasis | Onchocerciasis |
---|---|---|---|---|
Algeria | 0.0080325 | |||
Angola | 0.0001408 | 0.0299647 | 0.0814061 | 0.0062795 |
Benin | 0.0000851 | 0.0081071 | 0.2723303 | 0.0067721 |
Botswana | 0.0000114 | 0.1153732 | ||
Burkina Faso | 0.0000848 | 0.094867 | 0.0977698 | 0.0000625 |
Burundi | 0.0001331 | 0.2873656 | 0.0278768 | |
Cabo Verde | 0.000019 | |||
Cameroon | 0.0000312 | 0.02163 | 0.1595189 | 0.0619883 |
Central African Republic | 0.000773 | 0.1151345 | 0.0803251 | 0.0771679 |
Chad | 0.0001525 | 0.0328954 | 0.0688049 | 0.0192785 |
Congo, Dem. Rep. | 0.0001988 | 0.060898 | 0.1230586 | 0.1378723 |
Congo, Rep. | 0.0000777 | 0.047308 | 0.1352105 | 0.0093404 |
Cote d’Ivoire | 0.0000906 | 0.1488467 | 0.2170407 | 0.0000739 |
Djibouti | 0.0000471 | 0.0020977 | ||
Egypt, Arab Rep. | 0.0000201 | 0.0106238 | 0.1199214 | |
Equatorial Guinea | 0.0000274 | 0.0376968 | 0.0409145 | 0.0313065 |
Eritrea | 0.0000621 | 0.005628 | 0.1103604 | |
Ethiopia | 0.0001351 | 0.0102572 | 0.1895536 | 0.0068153 |
Gabon | 0.0000435 | 0.0263702 | 0.2544782 | |
Gambia, The | 0.0000552 | 0.0053959 | 0.2897632 | |
Ghana | 0.0000242 | 0.0239514 | 0.2359097 | 0.0009013 |
Guinea | 0.0001665 | 0.0200198 | 0.1494091 | 0.0050223 |
Guinea-Bissau | 0.0001837 | 0.0424292 | 0.1255006 | 0.0000547 |
Kenya | 0.0000175 | 0.0653431 | 0.1977624 | |
Lesotho | 0.0000714 | |||
Libya | 4.25e-06 | 0.1371126 | ||
Madagascar | 0.0001806 | 0.0560587 | 0.099381 | |
Mali | 0.0000487 | 0.1115966 | 0.1449072 | 0.0000531 |
Mauritania | 0.0000504 | 0.0573097 | ||
Mauritius | 0.0000151 | 0.3789404 | ||
Morocco | 0.0000169 | 0.0187071 | ||
Mozambique | 0.0002369 | 0.1413271 | 0.0863711 | |
Niger | 0.000087 | 0.0673039 | 0.0513824 | 0.0000354 |
Nigeria | 0.0000794 | 0.0684811 | 0.185798 | 0.0183808 |
Rwanda | 0.0000326 | 0.2597715 | ||
Senegal | 0.0000642 | 0.0264766 | 0.2508055 | 0.0000423 |
Seychelles | 0.0000635 | |||
Sierra Leone | 0.000142 | 0.0947469 | 0.1019397 | 0.0471933 |
South Africa | 7.04e-06 | 0.0836127 | ||
Sudan | 0.0001145 | 0.0216371 | 0.0269053 | 0.003327 |
Tanzania | 0.0000747 | 0.0772336 | 0.1890059 | 0.0063653 |
Togo | 0.0000589 | 0.0062224 | 0.1383933 | 0.0010697 |
Tunisia | 4.82e-06 | 0.0199197 | ||
Uganda | 0.0000352 | 0.0285715 | 0.1868933 | 0.0111456 |
Zambia | 0.0000368 | 0.0665192 | 0.162095 | |
Zimbabwe | 0.0000465 | 0.0179026 | 0.1083517 |
Model and estimation techniques
Results
Average prevalence of NTDs per-country, 2002–2019
Trends of selected NTDs per-country, 2002–2019
Regression estimates of the effects of NTDs on economic performance
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LogGDP | LogGDP | LogGDP | LogGDP | |
LogLeprosy | -0.3555** | |||
(0.1486) | ||||
FDI | -0.0020 | -0.0021 | -0.0020 | -0.0051 |
(0.0031) | (0.0030) | (0.0042) | (0.0042) | |
Inflation | -0.0020** | -0.0010* | -0.0027*** | -0.0028*** |
(0.0010) | (0.0005) | (0.0007) | (0.0004) | |
Regulatory quality | 0.0880 | 0.2844*** | 0.1404 | 0.4047*** |
(0.1254) | (0.0896) | (0.1118) | (0.1025) | |
LogDomestic investment | 0.2923*** | 0.0949** | 0.1910*** | 0.1419** |
(0.0739) | (0.0478) | (0.0614) | (0.0712) | |
LogExpenditure | -0.0525 | -0.1996** | -0.0895 | -0.0342 |
(0.1858) | (0.0931) | (0.1612) | (0.1138) | |
LogExports | 0.1589 | 0.0796 | 0.0753 | 0.1136 |
(0.1256) | (0.0804) | (0.0945) | (0.0998) | |
LogImports | -0.1493 | -0.0798 | -0.0470 | -0.1070 |
(0.1198) | (0.0787) | (0.0911) | (0.0945) | |
LogLymphatic filariasis | -0.2397*** | |||
(0.0181) | ||||
LogSchistosomiasis | -0.2923*** | |||
(0.0303) | ||||
LogOnchocerciasis | -0.2970*** | |||
(0.0421) | ||||
Constant | 19.2377*** | 23.4195*** | 22.6837*** | 21.7435*** |
(1.7624) | (0.6263) | (0.8486) | (0.6981) | |
Observations | 746 | 548 | 734 | 420 |
No. of countries | 45 | 32 | 43 | 24 |
Within R2 | 0.1833 | 0.6820 | 0.4973 | 0.6683 |
Between R2 | 0.1470 | 0.0363 | 0.0405 | 0.0034 |
Overall R2 | 0.1978 | 0.0445 | 0.1033 | 0.0004 |
Chi2 stat. | 42.1824 | 309.4314 | 129.9098 | 424.4891 |
Chi2 stat. p-value | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LogGDP | LogGDP | LogGDP | LogGDP | |
LogLeprosy | -0.3396* | |||
(0.1731) | ||||
FDI | -0.0019 | -0.0021 | -0.0020 | -0.0052 |
(0.0032) | (0.0031) | (0.0042) | (0.0042) | |
Inflation | -0.0020* | -0.0010* | -0.0027*** | -0.0028*** |
(0.0010) | (0.0005) | (0.0007) | (0.0004) | |
Regulatory quality | 0.0970 | 0.2822*** | 0.1379 | 0.4193*** |
(0.1307) | (0.0914) | (0.1147) | (0.1039) | |
LogDomestic investment | 0.2889*** | 0.0906* | 0.1856*** | 0.1071 |
(0.0742) | (0.0486) | (0.0620) | (0.0703) | |
LogExpenditure | -0.0499 | -0.2029** | -0.0917 | -0.0589 |
(0.1844) | (0.0939) | (0.1597) | (0.1118) | |
LogExports | 0.1536 | 0.0738 | 0.0688 | 0.0818 |
(0.1270) | (0.0811) | (0.0955) | (0.1007) | |
LogImports | -0.1351 | -0.0720 | -0.0364 | -0.0684 |
(0.1217) | (0.0797) | (0.0919) | (0.0959) | |
LogLymphatic filariasis | -0.2404*** | |||
(0.0182) | ||||
LogSchistosomiasis | -0.2942*** | |||
(0.0309) | ||||
LogOnchocerciasis | -0.3229*** | |||
(0.0450) | ||||
Constant | 19.4677*** | 23.4401*** | 22.7348*** | 21.7402*** |
(1.9613) | (0.5234) | (0.7963) | (0.6531) | |
Observations | 746 | 548 | 734 | 420 |
No. of countries | 45 | 32 | 43 | 24 |
Within R2 | 0.1836 | 0.6821 | 0.4974 | 0.6699 |
Between R2 | 0.1402 | 0.0340 | 0.0377 | 0.0054 |
Overall R2 | 0.1913 | 0.0426 | 0.0997 | 0.0013 |
F-stat. | 4.7145 | 37.9422 | 15.8351 | 45.1129 |
F-stat. p-value | 0.0003 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
LogGDP | LogGDP | LogGDP | LogGDP | |
LogLeprosy | -0.4256** | |||
(0.1882) | ||||
FDI | -0.0017 | -0.0014 | -0.0009 | -0.0034 |
(0.0024) | (0.0024) | (0.0031) | (0.0034) | |
Inflation | -0.0020* | -0.0008 | -0.0025*** | -0.0030*** |
(0.0011) | (0.0006) | (0.0008) | (0.0007) | |
Regulatory quality | 0.1240 | 0.3059*** | 0.1677 | 0.3532*** |
(0.1260) | (0.0985) | (0.1093) | (0.1143) | |
LogDomestic investment | 0.2685*** | 0.0757 | 0.1732*** | 0.0584 |
(0.0707) | (0.0477) | (0.0573) | (0.0691) | |
LogExpenditure | -0.0305 | -0.1953* | -0.0699 | -0.1158 |
(0.1574) | (0.1159) | (0.1416) | (0.1307) | |
LogExports | 0.1359 | 0.0460 | 0.0451 | 0.0206 |
(0.1275) | (0.0814) | (0.0818) | (0.0923) | |
LogImports | -0.1243 | -0.0448 | -0.0215 | -0.0011 |
(0.1194) | (0.0813) | (0.0787) | (0.0899) | |
LogLymphatic filariasis | -0.2413*** | |||
(0.0188) | ||||
LogSchistosomiasis | -0.2770*** | |||
(0.0280) | ||||
LogOnchocerciasis | -0.3552*** | |||
(0.0463) | ||||
Observations | 701 | 516 | 692 | 396 |
No. of countries | 45 | 32 | 43 | 24 |
F-stat. | 4.4564 | 31.4635 | 14.9765 | 18.8212 |
F-stat. p-value | 0.0005 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 |
Id stat. | 17.4936 | 15.1991 | 9.9234 | 10.9830 |
Id stat. p-value | 0.0002 | 0.0005 | 0.0070 | 0.0041 |
WI stat. | 406.4518 | 3789.5542 | 3971.6842 | 625.9249 |
Hansen j stat. | 0.4699 | 0.2235 | 0.0484 | 0.0443 |
Hansen j p-value | 0.4930 | 0.6364 | 0.8258 | 0.8333 |