Background
Methods
Study design and study sample
Instruments
Statistical analyses
Results
Employment (Table 1)
Female physicians | Male physicians | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EMPLOYMENT | Without children (n = 191) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 101) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 292) Mean (SD) | Without children (n = 177) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 110) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 287) Mean (SD) | |||
Employment in % of fulltime (100%) | 96.0 (12.4) | 64.2 (24.6) | 85.1 (23.1) | 98.6 (6.9) | 95.2 (13.2) | 97.3 (10.0) | |||
Analysis of variance
|
Gender
|
Children
|
Gender × Children
| ||||||
F(1,570) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,570) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,570) | p | partial eta2
| |
183.52 | <0.001 | 0.24 | 201.15 | <0.001 | 0.26 | 131.12 | <0.001 | 0.19 |
Career success and support (Table 2)
Female physicians | Male physicians | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAREER SUCCESS AND SUPPORT | Without children (n = 191) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 101) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 292) Mean (SD) | Without children (n = 177) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 110) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 287) Mean (SD) | |||
Objective career success | 1.63 (2.00) | 1.12 (1.72) | 1.46 (1.91) | 2.74 (2.89) | 2.93 (3.20) | 2.81 (3.01) | |||
Subjective career success | 4.53 (1.20) | 3.51 (1.54) | 4.18 (1.41) | 4.61 (1.14) | 4.53 (1.20) | 4.58 (1.16) | |||
Satisfaction with own career | 5.44 (1.13) | 5.05 (1.40) | 5.31 (1.24) | 5.38 (1.12) | 5.27 (1.46) | 5.34 (1.26) | |||
Mentoring experience | 1.76 (1.07) | 1.39 (0.94) | 1.64 (1.04) | 2.03 (1.01) | 1.89 (1.05) | 1.98 (1.03) | |||
Satisfaction with career support | 4.23 (1.63) | 3.75 (1.44) | 4.07 (1.58) | 4.32 (1.58) | 4.18 (1.61) | 4.26 (1.59) | |||
Analyses of variance
|
Gender
|
Children
|
Gender × Children
| ||||||
multivariate
| F(5,555) | p | partial eta2
| F(5,555) | p | partial eta2
| F(5,555) | p | partial eta2
|
12.46 | <0.001 | 0.10 | 5.47 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 4.03 | 0.001 | 0.04 | |
univariate
| F(1,559) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,559) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,559) | p | partial eta2
|
Objective career success | 43.91 | <0.001 | 0.07 | 0.50 | 0.478 | <0.01 | 2.48 | 0.116 | <0.01 |
Subjective career success | 25.40 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 22.29 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 18.61 | <0.001 | 0.03 |
Satisfaction with own career | 0.25 | 0.471 | <0.01 | 5.31 | 0.022 | 0.01 | 1.60 | 0.207 | <0.01 |
Mentoring experience | 18.00 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 7.80 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 1.59 | 0.207 | <0.01 |
Satisfaction with career support | 3.42 | 0.065 | 0.01 | 4.98 | 0.026 | 0.01 | 1.46 | 0.228 | <0.01 |
Work-life balance (Table 3)
Female physicians | Male physicians | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WORK-LIFE BALANCE | Without children (n = 191) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 101) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 292) Mean (SD) | Without children (n = 177) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 110) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 287) Mean (SD) | |||
Career orientation | 2.47 (1.19) | 1.65 (0.94) | 2.18 (1.17) | 3.19 (1.26) | 3.06 (1.37) | 3.14 (1.30) | |||
Balance of work and personal life | 4.68 (0.55) | 4.70 (0.67) | 4.69 (0.60) | 4.51 (0.79) | 4.62 (0.62) | 4.55 (0.73) | |||
Part-time orientation | 4.35 (1.01) | 4.83 (0.51) | 4.52 (0.90) | 3.46 (1.39) | 3.73 (1.34) | 3.56 (1.38) | |||
Three-phase orientation | 3.16 (1.31) | 3.97 (1.19) | 3.44 (1.33) | 2.36 (1.08) | 2.56 (1.14) | 2.44 (1.10) | |||
Analyses of variance
|
Gender
|
Children
|
Gender × Children
| ||||||
multivariate
| F(4,568) | p | partial eta2
| F(4,568) | p | partial eta2
| F(4,568) | p | partial eta2
|
43.06 | <0.001 | 0.23 | 8.12 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 4.41 | 0.002 | 0.03 | |
univariate
| F(1,570) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,570) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,570) | p | partial eta2
|
Career orientation | 103.32 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 19.00 | <0.001 | 0.03 | 10.91 | 0.001 | 0.02 |
Balance of work and personal life | 4.79 | 0.029 | <0.01 | 1.25 | 0.265 | <0.01 | 0.66 | 0.416 | <0.01 |
Part-time orientation | 100.13 | <0.001 | 0.15 | 14.12 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 0.312 | <0.01 |
Three-phase orientation | 114.30 | <0.001 | 0.17 | 23.61 | <0.001 | 0.04 | 8.91 | 0.003 | 0.02 |
Life-satisfaction (Table 4)
Female physicians | Male physicians | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LIFE SATISFACTION | Without children (n = 191) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 101) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 292) Mean (SD) | Without children (n = 177) Mean (SD) | With children (n = 110) Mean (SD) | Total (n = 287) Mean (SD) | |||
Friends | 3.58 (1.04) | 3.82 (1.09) | 3.66 (1.06) | 3.48 (1.07) | 3.34 (1.12) | 3.43 (1.08) | |||
Leisure activities | 3.05 (1.05) | 3.12 (1.03) | 3.07 (1.04) | 3.05 (1.03) | 2.64 (1.08) | 2.89 (1.07) | |||
Health | 3.75 (1.05) | 3.83 (1.11) | 3.78 (1.07) | 3.84 (1.01) | 3.66 (1.12) | 3.77 (1.06) | |||
Income | 3.50 (1.07) | 3.45 (1.10) | 3.48 (1.08) | 3.17 (1.16) | 3.15 (1.20) | 3.16 (1.77) | |||
Work | 3.49 (0.98) | 3.57 (1.00) | 3.52 (0.97) | 3.54 (0.95) | 3.75 (0.97) | 3.62 (0.96) | |||
Living condition | 4.12 (0.88) | 4.10 (0.97) | 4.11 (0.91) | 4.03 (0.97) | 4.04 (0.85) | 4.03 (0.92) | |||
Family life | 3.38 (1.26) | 4.46 (0.81) | 3.76 (1.23) | 3.45 (1.12) | 4.32 (0.96) | 3.79 (1.14) | |||
Partnership/Sexuality | 3.64 (1.27) | 3.73 (1.17) | 3.67 (1.23) | 3.55 (1.34) | 3.65 (1.07) | 3.59 (1.24) | |||
Analyses of variance
|
Gender
|
Children
|
Gender × Children
| ||||||
multivariate
| F(8,559) | p | partial eta2
| F(8,559) | p | partial eta2
| F(8,559) | p | partial eta2
|
3.73 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 21.71 | <0.001 | 0.24 | 1.50 | 0.153 | 0.02 | |
univariate
| F(1,566) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,566) | p | partial eta2
| F(1,566) | p | partial eta2
|
Friends | 9.23 | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.675 | <0.01 | 4.09 | 0.044 | 0.01 |
Leisure activities | 6.23 | 0.013 | 0.01 | 3.86 | 0.050 | 0.01 | 6.43 | 0.011 | 0.01 |
Health | 0.14 | 0.711 | <0.01 | 0.41 | 0.523 | <0.01 | 1.83 | 0.177 | <0.01 |
Income | 9.87 | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.18 | 0.673 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.872 | <0.01 |
Work | 1.88 | 0.171 | <0.01 | 2.98 | 0.085 | <0.01 | 0.64 | 0.426 | <0.01 |
Living condition | 0.90 | 0.342 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.952 | <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.873 | <0.01 |
Family life | 0.12 | 0.734 | <0.01 | 104.94 | <0.001 | 0.16 | 1.26 | 0.262 | <0.01 |
Partnership/Sexuality | 0.61 | 0.434 | <0.01 | 0.76 | 0.384 | <0.01 | 0.01 | 0.958 | <0.01 |
Career steps/Mentoring (Table 5)
Females (n = 292) | Males (n = 287) | Physicians without children (n = 368) | Physicians with children (n = 211) | Total (n = 579) | Female physicians (n = 292) | Male physicians (n = 287) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without children (n = 191) | With children (n = 101) | Without children (n=177) | With children (n = 110) | ||||||||||
n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p | n (%) | n (%) | p | |
CAREER STEPS/MENTOR
| |||||||||||||
Dissertation (yes) | 245 (83.9) | 229 (80.4) | 0.278 |
312 (84.8)
|
162 (77.5)
|
0.032
| 474 (82.1) | 166 (86.9) | 79 (78.2) | 0.066 | 146 (82.5) | 83 (76.9) | 0.283 |
Specialty qualification | 121 (41.4) | 114 (40.1) | 0.850 | 158 (43.1) | 77 (36.8) | 0.102 | 235 (40.8) |
90 (47.1)
|
31 (30.7)
|
0.025
| 68 (38.6) | 46 (42.6) | 0.128 |
Mentor (yes) |
118 (40.5)
|
169 (58.9)
|
<0.001
| 188 (51.2) | 99 (46.9) | 0.342 | 287 (49.7) | 84 (44.2) | 34 (33.7) | 0.103 | 104 (58.8) | 65 (59.1) | 0.999 |
SPECIALTY CHOICE
|
<0.001
|
0.020
| 0.116 | 0.137 | |||||||||
Primary Care | 34 (11.6) | 31 (10.8) |
33 (9.0)
|
32 (15.2)
| 65 (11.2) | 18 (9.4) | 16 (15.8) | 15 (8.5) | 16 (14.5) | ||||
Internal Medicine | 93 (31.8) | 81 (28.2) | 114 (31.0) | 60 (28.4) | 174 (30.1) | 60 (31.4) | 33 (32.7) | 54 (30.5) | 27 (24.5) | ||||
Surgical fields |
15 (5.1)
|
56 (19.5)
| 41 (11.1) | 30 (14.2) | 71 (12.3) | 11 (5.8) | 4 (4.0) | 30 (16.9) | 26 (23.6) | ||||
Gynecology & Obstetrics |
28 (9.6)
|
4 (1.4)
| 23 (6.3) | 9 (4.3) | 32 (5.5) | 21 (11.0) | 7 (6.9) | 2 (1.1) | 2 (1.8) | ||||
Anesthesiology | 23 (7.9) | 26 (9.1) |
37 (10.1)
|
12 (5.7)
| 49 (8.5) | 18 (9.4) | 5 (5.0) | 19 (10.7) | 7 (6.4) | ||||
Pediatrics |
34 (11.6)
|
8 (2.8)
| 25 (6.8) | 17 (8.1) | 42 (7.3) | 22 (11.5) | 12 (11.9) | 3 (1.7) | 5 (4.5) | ||||
Psychiatry | 24 (8.2) | 18 (6.3) | 26 (7.1) | 16 (7.6) | 42 (7.3) | 13 (6.8) | 11 (10.9) | 13 (7.3) | 5 (4.5) | ||||
Other specialties |
24 (8.2)
|
48 (16.7)
|
54 (14.7)
|
18 (8.5)
| 72 (12.4) | 20 (10.5) | 4 (4.0) | 34 (19.2) | 14 (12.7) | ||||
Not decided | 17 (5.8) | 15 (5.2) |
15 (4.1)
|
17 (8.1)
| 32 (5.5) | 8 (4.2) | 9 (8.9) | 7 (4.0) | 8 (7.3) | ||||
WORKPLACE
|
0.005
|
0.006
|
<0.001
| 0.356 | |||||||||
Regional hospital | 42 (14.4) | 30 (10.5) | 44 (12.0) | 28 (13.3) | 72 (12.5) | 30 (15.8) | 12 (11.9) | 14 (7.9) | 16 (14.5) | ||||
Cantonal hospital | 80 (27.5) | 92 (32.1) |
121 (33.0)
|
51 (24.2)
| 172 (29.8) |
65 (34.2)
|
15 (14.9)
| 56 (31.6) | 36 (32.7) | ||||
University Hospital |
92 (31.6)
|
109 (38.0)
|
133 (36.2)
|
68 (32.2)
| 201 (34.8) | 62 (32.6) | 30 (29.7) | 71 (40.1) | 38 (34.5) | ||||
Research Institution |
2 (0.7)
|
10 (3.5)
| 10 (2.7) | 2 (0.9) | 12 (2.1) | 2 (1.1) | 0 | 8 (4.5) | 2 (1.8) | ||||
Family Medicine practice |
17 (5.8)
|
8 (2.8)
| 15 (4.1) | 10 (4.7) | 25 (4.3) |
9 (4.7)
|
8 (7.9)
| 6 (3.4) | 2 (1.8) | ||||
Medical specialty practice | 8 (2.7) | 5 (1.7) | 7 (1.9) | 6 (2.8) | 13 (2.2) | 4 (2.1) | 4 (4.0) | 3 (1.7) | 2 (1.8) | ||||
others |
50 (17.1)
|
33 (11.5)
|
37 (10.0)
|
46 (21.8)
| 83 (14.4) |
19 (9.5)
|
32 (31.7)
| 19 (10.8) | 33 (11.5) | ||||
CAREER ASPIRED TO
|
<0.001
|
0.005
|
0.002
| 0.280 | |||||||||
Family Medicine practice | 50 (17.1) | 44 (15.4) |
45 (12.3)
|
49 (23.2)
| 94 (16.3) |
24 (12.6)
|
26 (25.7)
| 22 (12.6) | 23 (20.9) | ||||
Medical Specialty practice | 65 (22.3) | 57 (20.0) | 74 (20.2) | 48 (22.7) | 122 (21.1) |
36 (18.8)
|
29 (28.7)
| 37 (21.1) | 19 (17.3) | ||||
Hospital doctor (Spitalarzt) |
32 (11.0)
|
10 (3.5)
| 30 (8.2) | 12 (5.7) | 42 (7.3) | 22 (11.5) | 10 (9.9) | 8 (4.6) | 2 (1.8) | ||||
Hospital career (senior/chief physician) |
86 (29.5)
|
109 (38.2)
|
140 (38.3)
|
55 (26.1)
| 195 (33.8) |
71 (37.2)
|
15 (14.9)
| 69 (39.4) | 40 (36.4) | ||||
Academic career |
8 (2.7)
|
37 (13.0)
| 29 (7.9) | 16 (7.6) | 45 (7.8) | 6 (3.1) | 2 (2.0) | 23 (13.1) | 14 (12.7) | ||||
Others | 15 (5.1) | 12 (4.3) | 14 (3.8) | 13 (6.1) | 27 (4.6) | 9 (4.7) | 6 (5.3) | 5 (2.9) | 12 (4.3) | ||||
Not decided |
36 (12.3)
|
16 (5.6)
| 34 (9.3) | 18 (8.5) | 52 (9.0) | 23 (12.0) | 13 (12.9) | 13 (6.3) | 5 (4.5) |