Background
Methods
Study population
VRQoL data acquisition and analysis
Ocular characteristics
Risk factors and comorbidities
Sociodemographic characteristics
Statistical analysis
Results
NEI VFQ-25 scales (LFVFS, SFVFS, LFSES, SFSES) available (81.5%) | NEI VFQ-25 missing, or at least one scale (LFVFS, SFVFS, LFSES, SFSES) missing (18.5%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Men | Women | All | Men | Women | ||
N | % (n) | 12,231 | 50,2% (6139) | 49,8% (6092) | 2779 | 52.0% (1445) | 48.0% (1334) |
Age | mean (SD) | 54.8 (11.1) | 55.2 (11.1) | 54.4 (11.1) | 56.0 (11.1) | 55.7 (11.1) | 56.4 (11.1) |
Risk factors and comorbidities: | |||||||
Diabetes mellitus | % (n) | 8.5% (1034) | 10.9% (666) | 6.1% (368) | 13.1% (361) | 13.7% (197) | 12.4% (164) |
Hypertension | % (n) | 49.1% (6008) | 54.6% (3349) | 43.7% (2659) | 52.6% (1458) | 55.0% (793) | 50.0% (665) |
Dyslipidemia | % (n) | 43.3% (5287) | 54.2% (3326) | 32.3% (1961) | 48.7% (1347) | 56.4% (811) | 40.3% (536) |
Current smoking | % (n) | 18.4% (2248) | 19.4% (1191) | 17.4% (1057) | 24.0% (663) | 26.9% (385) | 21.0% (278) |
Obesity | % (n) | 24.2% (2961) | 25.6% (1573) | 22.8% (1388) | 29.7% (822) | 29.0% (418) | 30.3% (404) |
Cardiovascular disease | % (n) | 8.8% (1072) | 11.5% (707) | 6.0% (365) | 13.0% (360) | 15.8% (228) | 9.9% (7132) |
Socioeconomic status | mean (SD) | 13.1 (4.4) | 13.9 (4.5) | 12,4 (4.1) | 11.8 (4.7) | 12.4 (4.8) | 11.1 (4.4) |
Total years of education | mean (SD) | 13.9 (2.9) | 14.3 (2.9) | 13.5 (2.8) | 13.3 (3.0) | 13.6 (3.0) | 12.8 (2.9) |
Urban residency | % (n) | 46.0% (5629) | 45.2% (2775) | 46.8% (2854) | 48.7% (1353) | 49.1% (710) | 48.2% (643) |
Ocular parameters: | |||||||
Wearing glasses | % (n) | 87.4% (10,688) | 86.3% (5296) | 88.5% (5392) | 87.5% (12,431) | 85.6% (1237) | 89.5% (1194) |
Mean spherical equivalent (diopter) | mean (SD) | -0.45 (2.44) | −0.47 (2.38) | −0.43 (2.51) | −0.30 (2.41) | −0.31 (2.33) | −0.29 (2.54) |
Mean intraocular pressure (diopter) | mean (SD) | 14.26 (2.80) | 1439 (2.88) | 14.13 (2.71) | 14.18 (2.74) | 14.29 (2.87) | 14.06 (2.59) |
Distance-corrected visual acuity of better-seeing eye (logMAR) | mean (SD) | 0.03(0.10) | 0.02 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.10) | 0.06 (0.15) | 0.04 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.16) |
Distance-corrected visual acuity of worse-seeing eye (logMAR) | mean (SD) | 0.12 (0.23) | 0.11 (0.23) | 0.12 (0.22) | 0.16 (0.29) | 0.15(0.31) | 0.16 (0.26) |
Absolute difference in distance-corrected visual acuity of both eyes (logMAR) | mean (SD) | 0.09 (0.19) | 0.09 (0.20) | 0.08 (0.18) | 0.10 (0.23) | 0.11 (0.25) | 0.09 (0.19) |
Number of self-reported eye diseases: | |||||||
No disease | % (n) | 91.2% (11,160) | 91.1% (5590) | 91.4% (5570) | 90.5% (2516) | 90.6% (1309) | 90.5% (1207) |
At least one disease | % (n) | 8.8% (1071) | 8.9% (549 | 8.6% (522) | 9.5% (263) | 9.4% (136) | 9.5% (127) |
At least two diseases | % (n) | 0.9% (113) | 0.9% (55) | 1.0% (58) | 0.9% (28) | 0.9% (13) | 1.1% (15) |
Selected self-reported eye diseases: | |||||||
Glaucoma | % (n) | 2.3% (278) | 2.2% (138) | 2.3% (140) | 2.1% (58) | 1.5% (22) | 2.7% (36) |
Ocular hypertension | % (n) | 0.19% (23) | 0.18% (11) | 0.20% (12) | 0.14% (4) | 0.14%(2) | 0.15% (2) |
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | % (n) | 0.4% (53) | 0.4% (25) | 0.5% (28) | 0.6% (17) | 0.6% (8) | 0.7% (9) |
Cataract | % (n) | 0.59% (72) | 0.46% (28) | 0.72% (44) | 0.90% (25) | 0.55% (8) | 1.27% (17) |
Unilateral pseudophakia | % (n) | 1.6% (202) | 1.5% (95) | 1.6% (107) | 1.6% (27) | 1.7% (17) | 1.3% (10) |
Bilateral pseudophakia | % (n) | 3.1% (405) | 3.0% (190) | 3.3% (215) | 2.7% (47) | 2.5% (25) | 2.9% (22) |
Diabetic retinopathy | % (n) | 0.11% (13) | 0.15% (9) | 0.07% (4) | 0.14% (4) | 0.14% (2) | 0.15% (2) |
Strabism | % (n) | 2.70% (330) | 2.75% (169) | 2.64% (161) | 2.34% (65) | 2.08% (30) | 2.62% (35) |
Color deficiency | % (n) | 0.18% (22) | 0.34% (21) | 0.02% (1) | 0.07% (2) | 0.14% (2) | 0 |
n | LFVFS | SFVFS | LFSES | SFSES | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age decade | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
35–44 | 1304 | 92.8 | 7.7 | 91.5 | 8.6 | 98.3 | 5.1 | 98.0 | 5.9 |
45–54 | 1609 | 87.1 | 9.4 | 84.6 | 10.9 | 96.4 | 6.6 | 95.6 | 7.7 |
55–64 | 1639 | 86.3 | 10.2 | 84.0 | 11.3 | 95.3 | 8.1 | 94.5 | 9.1 |
65–74 | 1577 | 85.7 | 10.3 | 83.5 | 11.2 | 94.7 | 8.2 | 93.5 | 9.7 |
n | LFVFS | SFVFS | LFSES | SFSES | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age decade | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
35–44 | 1439 | 90.5 | 8.5 | 88.9 | 9.5 | 98.1 | 5.1 | 97.7 | 5.9 |
45–54 | 1656 | 84.3 | 11.2 | 81.5 | 12.6 | 95.9 | 7.3 | 95.2 | 8.2 |
55–64 | 1590 | 84.4 | 11.5 | 82.0 | 12.6 | 95.7 | 7.8 | 94.9 | 9.0 |
65–74 | 1407 | 83.4 | 12.3 | 81.2 | 13.2 | 94.5 | 9.6 | 93.6 | 10.7 |
age decade | NEI VFQ-25 scales (LFVFS, SFVFS, LFSES, SFSES) available (81.5%) | NEI VFQ-25 missing, or at least one scale (LFVFS, SFVFS, LFSES, SFSES) missing (18.5%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
all % (n) | men % (n) | women % (n) | all% (n) | men % (n) | women%(n) | ||
Self-reported glaucoma | 35–44 | 0.4% (11) | 0.4% (5) | 0.4% (6) | 0.5% (2) | 0.5% (1) | 0.5% (1) |
45–54 | 1.0% (34) | 1.3% (22) | 0.7%(12) | 0.6% (3) | 0% (0) | 1.5% (3) | |
55–64 | 2.4% (84) | 2.7% (46) | 2.2% (38) | 1.6% (7) | 1.2% (3) | 2.2% (4) | |
65–74 | 5.4% (177) | 4.3% (73) | 6.6% (104) | 4.4% (18) | 4.5% (10) | 4.2% (8) | |
Self-reported ocular hypertension | 35–44 | 0.1% (2) | 0% (0) | 0.1% (2) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
45–54 | 0.2% (6) | 0.1% (2) | 0.2% (4) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
55–64 | 0.2% (7) | 0.1% (2) | 0.3% (5) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
65–74 | 0.3% (11) | 0.5% (9) | 0.1% (2) | 0.2% (1) | 0% (0) | 0.5% (1) | |
Self-reported age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | 35–44 | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
45–54 | 0.1% (5) | 0.2% (3) | 0.1% (2) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
55–64 | 0.4% (13) | 0.3% (6) | 0.4% (7) | 0.5% (2) | 0.4% (1) | 0.5% (1) | |
65–74 | 1.3% (42) | 1.1% (19) | 1.5% (23) | 2.0% (8) | 1.8% (4) | 2.1% (4) | |
Self-reported cataract | 35–44 | 0.3% (8) | 0.4% (5) | 0.2% (3) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
45–54 | 0.3% (10) | 0.2% (3) | 0.4% (7) | 0.2% (1) | 0% (0) | 0.5% (1) | |
55–64 | 0.6% (22) | 0.5% (8) | 0.8% (14) | 0.5% (2) | 0.5% (1) | 0.5% (1) | |
65–74 | 1.4% (45) | 1.0% (16) | 1.8% (29) | 2.2% (9) | 1.4% (3) | 3.2% (6) | |
Unilateral Pseudophakia | 35–44 | 0.1% (3) | 0.2% (3) | 0% (0) | 0.2% (1) | 0.5% (1) | 0% (0) |
45–54 | 0.4% (15) | 0.6% (10) | 0.3% (5) | 0.6% (3) | 1.0% (3) | 0% (0) | |
55–64 | 1.5% (52) | 1.5% (26) | 1.5% (26) | 1.1% (5) | 1.2% (3) | 1.1% (2) | |
65–74 | 4.1% (132) | 3.3% (56) | 4.8% (76) | 4.4% (18) | 4.5% (10) | 4.2% (8) | |
Bilateral Pseudophakia | 35–44 | 0.1% (2) | 0.1% (2) | 0% (0) | 0.2% (1) | 0% (0) | 0.5% (1) |
45–54 | 0.5% (16) | 0.4% (7) | 0.5% (9) | 0.2% (1) | 0% (0) | 0.5% (1) | |
55–64 | 2.3% (80) | 2.0% (35) | 2.6% (45) | 2.1% (9) | 1.6% (4) | 2.7% (5) | |
65–74 | 9.4% (307) | 8.7% (146) | 10.3% (161) | 8.8% (36) | 9.5% (21) | 7.9% (15) | |
Self-reported diabetic retinopathy | 35–44 | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
45–54 | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
55–64 | 0.2% (7) | 0.2% (3) | 0.2% (4) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
65–74 | 0.2% (7) | 0.4% (6) | 0.1% (1) | 0.7% (3) | 0.9% (2) | 0.5% (1) | |
Self-reported strabism | 35–44 | 3.8% (106) | 4.0% (54) | 3.5% (52) | 2.2% (9) | 2.8% (6) | 1.6% (3) |
45–54 | 3.1% (105) | 3.0% (51) | 3.1% (54) | 2.0% (10) | 2.7% (8) | 1.0% (2) | |
55–64 | 2.6% (89) | 2.3% (40) | 2.8% (49) | 1.8% (8) | 1.2% (3) | 2.7% (5) | |
65–74 | 1.9% (61) | 1.9% (32) | 1.8% (29) | 1.7% (7) | 2.3% (5) | 1.1% (2) | |
Self-reported color deficiency | 35–44 | 0.3% (9) | 0.7% (9) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
45–54 | 0.1% (4) | 0.2% (3) | 0.1% (1) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
55–64 | 0.3% (9) | 0.5% (9) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | |
65–74 | 0.1% (2) | 0.1% (2) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) | 0% (0) |
LFVFS | SFVFS | LFSES | SFSES | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate [CI] |
p value | Estimate [CI] |
p value | Estimate [CI] |
p value | Estimate [CI] |
p value | |
Female sex | −1.57 [−1.99; −1.22] | <0.001 | −1.72 [−2.12; −1.32] | <0.001 | 0.24 [−0.02; 0.49] | 0.073 | 0.20 [0.43; 0.64] | 0.025 |
Age (per 5 years) | −0.42 [−0.5; −0.34] | <0.001 | −0.48 [−0.58; −0.38] | <0.001 | −0.22 [−0.28; −0.15] | <0.001 | −0.31 [−0.38; −0.24] | <0.001 |
Socio-economic status | 0.11 [0.68; 0.15] | <0.001 | 0.12 [0.08; 0.17] | <0.001 | 0.08 [0.04; 0.11] | <0.001 | 0.08 [0.04; 0.11] | <0.001 |
Distance-corrected visual acuity of better-seeing eye (per 0.1 increase of logMAR) | −2.92 [−3.12; −2.72] | <0.001 | −3.08 [−3.30; −2.86] | <0.001 | −1.65 [−1.79; −1.50] | <0.001 | −1.73 [−1.90; −1.57] | <0.001 |
Absolute difference in distance-corrected visual acuity of both eyes (per 0.1 increase of logMAR) | −0.87 [−0.96; −0.78] | <0.001 | −0.93 [−1.04; −0.83] | <0.001 | −0.56 [−0.63; −0.50] | <0.001 | −0.59 [−0.67; −0.52] | <0.001 |
Model fit (R2) | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.09 | <0.001 |