Background
Methods
Isolation
Identification
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
Detection of mecA gene and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing
MLST typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis
Results
Purification of isolates
Species determination
Sites | Predominant species (%) | Commonly isolated species (%) |
---|---|---|
BCF | S. hominis (17%) | S. warneri (17%) |
DSH | S. hominis (30%) | S. haemolyticus (18%) |
DSL | S. haemolyticus (29%) | S. epidermidis (26%) |
DSR | S. epidermidis (38%) | S. hominis (35%) |
DSS | S. hominis (44%) | S. epidermidis (29%) |
DST | S. epidermidis (35%) | S. capitis (15%) |
HB | S. epidermidis (40%) | S. capitis (27%) |
HH | S. epidermidis (36%) | S. hominis (23%) |
Antibiotic susceptibility test results
Isolates | No of isolates | Resistance to a panel of 11 antibiotics (%) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OX | PG | MUP | CEF | GM | FC | S | A | E | T | C | ||
S. epidermidis
| 176 | 8 | 72 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 64 | 22 | 26 | 43 | 16 | 2 |
S. hominis
| 152 | 2 | 68 | 9 | 5 | 7 | 66 | 24 | 17 | 38 | 21 | 3 |
S. capitis
| 73 | 4 | 58 | 15 | 4 | 1 | 60 | 47 | 23 | 14 | 10 | 5 |
S. haemolyticus
| 40 | 10 | 50 | 13 | 23 | 15 | 68 | 73 | 45 | 0 | 25 | 10 |
S. warneri
| 63 | 3 | 54 | 17 | 10 | 22 | 59 | 51 | 40 | 27 | 16 | 2 |
S. pasteuri
| 31 | 6 | 69 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 69 | 25 | 31 | 44 | 17 | 3 |
S. saprophyticus
| 20 | 15 | 90 | 25 | 5 | 10 | 100 | 10 | 25 | 35 | 15 | 10 |
S. aureus
| 12 | 0 | 83 | 17 | 0 | 58 | 83 | 33 | 50 | 25 | 0 | 8 |
S. simiae
| 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. cohnii
| 9 | 24 | 67 | 11 | 33 | 0 | 78 | 78 | 22 | 56 | 11 | 0 |
S. sciuri
| 5 | 60 | 60 | 80 | 0 | 20 | 80 | 80 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. pettenkoferi
| 3 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 67 | 67 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. lugdunensis
| 2 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. equorum
| 2 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
S. caprae
| 2 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. xylosus
| 2 | 0 | 100 | 50 | 50 | 50 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 0 |
S. auricularis
| 2 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
S. arlettae
| 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
S. simulans
| 1 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
mecA gene determination and SCCmec typing results
ID | Sites | Species | PG | MUP | CEF | GM | FC | S | A | E | T | C |
mecA
|
mec
|
ccr
| SCCmec | MIC/OX (mg l−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
71 | HH |
S. capitis
| S | S | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | + | – | – | I | 0.5 |
100 | DSH |
S. cohnii
| R | R | S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | + | Class A | 5 | 5A | 1 |
97 | BCF |
S. cohnii
| R | S | R | S | R | R | S | R | S | S | + | Class B | 1 | I |
0.25
|
279 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | R | S | S | R | S | S | + | Class B | 2 | IV | 2 |
127 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | I | S | S | S | R | R | R | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 2 |
139 | DSR |
S. epidermidis
| R | R | R | S | R | S | R | R | R | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 2 |
191 | DSS |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | R | S | R | S | S | S | + | Class B | 4 | VI | 2 |
153 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 1 |
187 | DSS |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 1 |
134 | DSL | S. epidermidis* | R | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | + | Class B | 1 | I | 1 |
259 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | R | S | R | R | R | R | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 1 |
135 | DSL | S. epidermidis* | R | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | + | Class B | 2 | IV | 0.5 |
124 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | R | S | R | R | R | S | R | S | + | Class B | 2 | IV | 0.5 |
133 | DSL | S. epidermidis* | R | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | + | Class B | 3 | 3B | 0.5 |
126 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | I | S | S | R | R | R | S | S | + | – | – | III | 0.5 |
119 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | S | S | R | I | R | S | + | Class C | 5 | V |
0.12
|
111 | BCF |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | + | Class A | 2 | II |
0.12
|
202 | DST |
S. epidermidis
| S | R | S | S | R | I | S | S | S | S | + | Class B | 5 | 5B |
0.12
|
264 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| S | R | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | Class B | 2 | IV |
0.06
|
129 | DSL |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | + | Class B | 1 | I |
0.03
|
362 | DSL |
S. haemolyticus
| R | S | I | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 2 |
367 | DSL |
S. haemolyticus
| R | S | R | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 2 |
355 | DSH |
S. haemolyticus
| R | S | R | R | R | R | R | S | R | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 2 |
384 | HH |
S. haemolyticus
| R | R | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 2 |
322 | DSH |
S. haemolyticus
| R | S | S | S | S | I | R | S | R | S | + | Class A | 1 | 1A |
0.25
|
382 | HH |
S. haemolyticus
| R | S | I | S | R | R | S | R | S | S | + | – | – | II |
0.25
|
323 | DSH |
S. haemolyticus
| S | S | S | R | S | R | R | I | R | S | + | Class A | 2 | II |
0.12
|
381 | HH |
S. haemolyticus
| S | S | I | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | + | Class B | 5 | 5B |
0.12
|
360 | DSH |
S. haemolyticus
| S | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | R | + | Class B | 5 | 5B |
0.06
|
369 | DSL |
S. haemolyticus
| R | S | S | S | R | R | S | R | S | R | + | Class B | 1 | I |
0.03
|
413 | DSH |
S. hominis
| S | R | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 2 |
506 | DSS |
S. hominis
| S | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | + | Class B | 1 | I | 0.5 |
400 | DSH |
S. hominis
| R | R | S | S | R | S | R | R | R | S | + | Class A | 1 | 1A |
0.12
|
326 | DSH |
S. hominis
| S | S | S | S | S | S | R | I | S | S | + | Class A | 1 | 1A |
0.06
|
589 | HB |
S. pasteuri
| R | S | S | S | R | R | S | R | S | S | + | Class A | 5 | 5A |
0.25
|
592 | HH |
S. pasteuri
| S | R | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | Class B | 5 | 5B |
0.25
|
627 | HH |
S. saprophyticus
| R | I | S | S | R | S | S | S | R | S | + | Class B | 5 | 5B | 0.5 |
621 | DSS |
S. saprophyticus
| R | R | R | S | R | S | R | S | R | S | + | Class B | 2 | IV |
0.25
|
630 | HH |
S. sciuri
| R | R | I | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | Class A | 4 | VIII | 2 |
632 | DSH |
S. sciuri
| R | S | I | S | R | R | R | S | S | S | + | Class A | 5 | 5A | 1 |
633 | DSH |
S. sciuri
| R | R | I | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | + | Class B | 5 | 5B | 1 |
629 | HH |
S. sciuri
| S | R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | + | – | – | II | 0.25 |
704 | HH |
S. warneri
| R | S | I | S | R | R | R | R | S | S | + | Class C | 5 | V | 0.5 |
662 | DSH |
S. warneri
| R | S | S | R | R | R | R | S | R | S | + | Class C | 5 | V |
0.25
|
694 | HH |
S. warneri
| R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | R | S | + | – | – | I |
0.25
|
655 | BCF |
S. warneri
| S | R | S | R | R | R | S | I | S | S | + | Class B | 1 | I |
0.12
|
Multi-locus sequence typing of S. epidermidis
ID | Sites | Species |
arcC
|
aroE
|
gtr
|
mutS
|
pyrR
|
tpiA
|
yqiL
| MLST types |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
279 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 17 | 5 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 31 | ST599 |
133 | DSL |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | ST600 |
134 | DSL |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | ST600 |
135 | DSL |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 4 | ST600 |
126 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 25 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 1 | 8 | ST601 |
259 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | ST602 |
124 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 1 | ST602 |
127 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 21 | ST603 |
234 | HB |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 41 | 1 | ST604 |
187 | DSS |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | ST605 |
308 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 1 | ST606 |
153 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 1 | 22 | 2 | 2 | 16 | 1 | ST607 |
191 | DSS |
S. epidermidis
| 57 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 14 | 11 | ST608 |
Discussion
Environmental staphylococcal species
Antibiotic resistance
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci
SCCmec elements
ID | Sites | Species | PG | MUP | CEF | GM | FC | S | A | E | T | C |
mecA
|
mec
|
ccr
| SCCmec | MIC/OX (mg l−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
75 | HH |
S. capitis
| R | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | Class A | NT | Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec | 0.5 |
81 | HH |
S. capitis
| R | S | R | S | R | R | R | R | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 | 0.5 |
70 | HH |
S. capitis
| R | S | S | S | S | R | S | S | R | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 |
0.25
|
83 | HH |
S. capitis
| S | R | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 |
0.12
|
24 | DSH |
S. capitis
| S | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | S | S | + | NT | 1 | SCCmec12263 |
0.12
|
108 | HH |
S. cohnii
| S | S | I | S | R | R | S | R | R | S | + | Class A | NT | Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec | 1 |
308 | HH |
S. epidermidis
| R | R | S | S | R | S | R | R | S | S | + | Class B | NT | Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec | 2 |
234 | HB |
S. epidermidis
| S | R | S | S | R | R | S | R | R | S | + | Class A | NT | Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec | 1 |
249 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | R | R | S | S | R | S | + | NT | 2 | SCCmec12263 |
0.12
|
125 | DSH |
S. epidermidis
| S | S | I | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 |
0.06
|
185 | DSS |
S. epidermidis
| R | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | S | + | Class C | NT | Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec |
0.06
|
498 | DSS |
S. hominis
| R | S | S | S | R | S | S | R | S | S | + | Class A | NT | Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec | 0.5 |
426 | DSH |
S. hominis
| R | S | I | S | R | R | R | R | S | S | + | Class A | NT | Pseudo (ψ)-SCCmec |
0.25
|
412 | DSH |
S. hominis
| R | S | S | S | R | S | R | R | S | S | + | NT | 1 | SCCmec12263 |
0.06
|
391 | BCF |
S. hominis
| R | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 |
0.03
|
593 | HH |
S. pasteuri
| R | S | S | R | R | R | R | S | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 | 0.5 |
597 | HH |
S. pasteuri
| R | R | I | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 | 0.5 |
616 | BCF |
S. saprophyticus
| R | R | S | S | R | I | R | R | R | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 | 256 |
612 | BCF |
S. saprophyticus
| R | R | S | S | R | S | S | R | S | S | + | NT | NT | ψ SCC | 1 |
659 | DSH |
S. warneri
| R | R | S | S | R | R | R | S | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 | 0.5 |
648 | BCF |
S. warneri
| R | S | S | R | R | S | R | S | S | S | + | NT | 5 | SCCmec12263 |
0.06
|
645 | BCF |
S. warneri
| R | S | S | S | R | S | S | S | S | S | + | NT | 4 | SCCmec12263 |
0.015
|