Previous studies have reported paradoxical survival prognoses for some node-negative and node-positive colon cancer patients. However, current guidelines recommend adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) only for node-positive patients. This study investigated the efficacy of adjuvant CT for patients who underwent radical surgery for colon cancer with solitary lymph node (LN) metastasis.
Methods
This study included 281 patients treated between 2004 and 2015. Patients were classified into no-CT (n = 39) and CT (n = 242) groups, and the survival outcomes and recurrence-related follow-up data were analyzed.
Results
The groups exhibited similarities in tumor sidedness, tumor differentiation, and pathologic stage. However, the age, ASA class, and preoperative CEA level were relatively lower in the CT group. Although the CT group had a higher 5-year overall survival (OS) rate than the no-CT group (88.4% vs. 65.3%, p < 0.001), the groups did not differ in terms of 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) (CT, 84.1% vs. no-CT, 83.3%, p = 0.490). A multivariate analysis identified adjuvant CT as an independent factor for OS but not for DFS. A highly examined LN count (≥ 12) was associated with improved DFS improvement. However, D3 LN dissection was not associated with DFS or OS. For DFS, intermediate/apical positive LNs received a high hazard ratio relative to pericolic/epicolic LNs (2.080, 95% confidence interval: 0.979–4.416), but this was not significant (p = 0.057).
Conclusions
Adjuvant chemotherapy did not provide clear advantages for colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis. Further large studies that analyze several prognostic factors are needed to establish tailored adjuvant CT administration guidelines.
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Introduction
Colorectal cancer treatment is determined by disease stage. Currently, surgery is the only curative treatment, although adjuvant chemotherapy (CT) also plays an important role based on the extent of disease. Lymph node (LN) metastasis is among the most important factors used to determine the stage and prognosis of colorectal cancer. However, several studies have reported better prognoses with some node-positive colon cancers (stage IIIa) than with some node-negative cancers (high-risk stage II) [1‐3]. Although the efficacy of adjuvant CT for high-risk stage II cancers has not been proven, the current treatment guidelines appear to be contradictory because all of the node-positive colon cancer patients receive CT, regardless whether their prognosis is superior to that of the high-risk stage II patients.
It has been documented that most of the LN metastases involve the epicolic or pericolic LNs near the tumor, whereas metastases rarely occur in LNs > 10 cm distal from the tumor [4]. Therefore, the oncologic outcome of the colon cancer with a solitary LN metastasis may be favorable to that of a case with several LN metastases because of the smaller tumor volume in the lymphatic channel. In such cases, radical surgery might be curative without adjuvant CT, but there are not enough studies about the efficacy of the chemotherapy for colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis. To date, only one study based on the database of the Northern and Yorkshire Cancer Registry and Information Service (NYCRIS) evaluated the efficacy of adjuvant CT for colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis [5]. The researchers analyzed 480 colon cancer patients with solitary LN metastasis and documented a positive effect of adjuvant CT. However, the efficacy of CT was not the primary end point of their study, and the researchers did not control related factors. Furthermore, too few LNs were examined in that study population (mean 11.3 LNs), and 28% of rectal cancer patients included in that analysis could have received different treatments such as perioperative chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy. A small number of examined LNs has been associated with inappropriate cancer staging, and there are differences in characteristics and treatment outcomes between colon and rectal cancer [6]. Therefore, further analyses are needed to verify the efficacy of adjuvant CT for colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis.
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In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of the positive LN location and extent of LN dissection on the prognosis of colon cancer patients with solitary LN metastasis after adjuvant CT. We also aimed to verify whether colon cancer with a solitary LN metastasis could be differentiated from other stage III colon cancers in terms of treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the efficacy of adjuvant CT for colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis by analyzing the risk factors associated with survival outcomes, including the surgical extent and several clinicopathological factors.
Patients and methods
Study population and collected data
The study population comprised colon cancer patients with solitary LN metastasis who underwent surgery between 2004 and 2015 at a single tertiary cancer center in South Korea. Patients diagnosed with familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, rectal cancer, benign colonic masses, or non-adenocarcinoma histology were excluded (Fig. 1). The population was divided into two groups: those who did and did not receive adjuvant CT (CT and no-CT groups). Clinicopathological variables, LN status (examined LN count, locations of positive LN, and extent of LN dissection), adjuvant CT history, and recurrence data were retrieved from a prospectively collected database and reviewed. The clinicopathological factors included age, sex, tumor size, tumor sidedness, obstruction, or microperforation identified clinically via colonoscopy or computed tomography, preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels, cancer cell differentiation, pathologic T category (pT), lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and perineural invasion (PNI).
Fig. 1
Flow chart of case selection
×
Operative procedures
Generally, we considered D3 LN dissection for advanced colon cancers. The root of the ileocolic pedicle, right colic pedicle, and right branch of the mid-colic pedicle were dissected for ascending colon cancers. The mid-colic pedicles were ligated for hepatic flexure and proximal to mid transverse colon cancers. In all such cases, mid-colic LN sampling or dissection was performed when enlarged mid-colic lymph nodes were detected on preoperative computed tomography scans. The root of the left branch of the mid-colic artery and the left colic artery were ligated for distal transverse, splenic flexure, and proximal descending colon cancers. Inferior mesenteric arteries were ligated at the origin for sigmoid colon cancers. D2 LN dissections were also considered for cases involving suspected clinical stage I or II tumors.
Endpoints during follow-up
All patients were regularly followed for 5 years postoperatively. CEA measurements and abdominal computed tomography were performed every 3–6 months. Chest-computed tomography was performed annually. Colonoscopy was performed during the first, third, and last years of follow-up. Adjuvant CT was recommended for all patients with LN metastasis. The follow-up period ended when the subject developed a new-onset recurrence, died, or survived beyond December 31, 2018. The main outcomes of this study were the recurrence, disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) rates. The survival analysis included death by any cause as an event. All deaths were confirmed by referencing the National Death Registry of South Korea. The type of CT regimen and treatment for recurrence were also investigated.
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Statistical analysis
The clinicopathological variables, surgical variables, adjuvant CT history, and treatment of recurrence were compared using a cross-table analysis, Fisher’s exact test with two-sided verification, or Pearson’s Chi-square test with an unpaired t test as appropriate. The influence of each variable on patient survival was calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and significant differences between survival durations were evaluated using the log-rank test. The prognostic relevance of each studied factor was determined using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The selection of variables for the multivariate analysis considered both statistical and clinical importance. Statistical significance was defined as a p value < 0.05. All calculations were performed using SPSS software (version 22, SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Patient characteristics
Of the 281 included colon cancer patients with solitary LN metastasis, 85.1% (n = 239) presented with positive LNs near the colon (epicolic or pericolic area); the remainder involved positive LNs in the intermediate or apical area (intermediate LNs: n = 38, apical LNs: n = 4) (Fig. 2). A mean of 33.0 LNs were examined in each case, and D3 LN dissections were performed in > 85% cases.
Fig. 2
Locations of positive lymph nodes
×
Moreover, 86.1% (n = 242) of patients and 13.9% (n = 39) were classified into the CT and no-CT groups, respectively. The median age (65.5 vs. 76.0 years, p < 0.001), number of patients with high American Society of Anesthesiologists class (ASA I or II; 95.5% vs. 79.5%, p = 0.002), and proportion of patients with an elevated preoperative CEA level (33.5% vs. 53.8%, p = 0.019) were lower in the CT group than in the no-CT group. However, the groups did not differ significantly in terms of sex, body mass index, tumor sidedness, tumor size, tumor cell type, pT, LVI, PNI, and clinical obstruction or perforation. Furthermore, the groups did not differ significantly in terms of the surgery type (open or laparoscopic), number of examined LN, and locations of positive LN (Table 1).
Table 1
Characteristics of patients according to adjuvant chemotherapy administration
Variables
Adjuvant chemotherapy (+) (n = 242)
Adjuvant chemotherapy (−) (n = 39)
p
F/U duration, month, median (range)
55.0 (0–231)
27.6 (0–83)
< .001
Age, years
Median (range)
65.5 (30–85)
76.0 (35–92)
< .001
< 70
153 (63.2%)
8 (20.5%)
< .001
≥ 70
89 (36.8%)
31 (79.5%)
Gender, male, n (%)
125 (51.7%)
19 (48.7%)
0.863
BMI
0.199
< 25
158 (65.3%)
30 (76.9%)
≥ 25
84 (34.7%)
9 (23.1%)
ASA class, n (%)
0.002
I, II
231 (95.5%)
31 (79.5%)
III, IV
11 (4.5%)
8 (20.5%)
Tumor sidedness, n (%)
0.296
Right
100 (41.3%)
20 (51.3%)
Left
142 (58.7%)
19 (48.7%)
Preoperative CEA level, n (%)
0.019
≤ 5 ng/ml
161 (66.5%)
18 (46.2%)
> 5 ng/ml
81 (33.5%)
21 (53.8%)
Tumor size, cm, median (range)
4.5 (0.5–9.0)
5.0 (0.7–9.0)
0.124
Cell type, n (%)
0.171
WD/MD
227 (93.8%)
34 (87.2%)
PD/MUC
15 (6.2%)
5 (12.8%)
Pathologic T, n (%)
0.547
1
17 (7.0%)
1 (2.6%)
2
28 (11.6%)
3 (7.7%)
3
155 (64.0%)
29 (74.4%)
4
42 (17.4%)
6 (15.4%)
LVI, n (%)
63 (26.0%)
10 (25.6%)
1.000
PNI, n (%)
99 (40.9%)
18 (46.2%)
0.601
Obstruction, n (%)
15 (6.2%)
4 (10.3%)
0.314
Perforation, n (%)
1 (0.4%)
0
1.000
Surgery type, n (%)
0.232
Open
35 (14.5%)
9 (23.1%)
Laparoscopic
207 (85.5%)
30 (76.9%)
LN dissection, n (%)
1.000
D2
36 (14.9%)
6 (15.4%)
D3
206 (85.1%)
33 (84.6%)
Examined LN counts, n (%)
Mean (range)
32.8 (2–122)
34.3 (4–81)
0.639
< 12
21 (8.7%)
2 (5.1%)
0.752
≥ 12
221 (91.3%)
37 (94.9%)
Location of positive LN (intermediate/apical)
38 (15.7%)
4 (10.3%)
0.474
LNM lymph node metastasis, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, WD well differentiated, MD moderately differentiated, PD poorly differentiated, MUC mucinous carcinoma, LVI lymphovascular invasion, PNI perineural invasion
*Significant P values (< 0.05) are in italics
Disease-free survival
The CT and no-CT groups did not differ significantly in terms of the 2-year and 5-year DFS rates (2-year DFS: 88.1% vs. 83.5%; 5-year DFS: 84.1% vs. 83.3%, p = 0.490) (Fig. 3a). A multivariate analysis identified a large tumor size (≥ 4 cm), elevated preoperative CEA level (> 5 ng/ml), and number of examined LN (≥ 12) as factors independently associated with DFS. However, pT, tumor cell type, LVI, PNI, clinical obstruction or perforation, locations of positive LN (epicolic/pericolic LN vs. intermediate/apical LN), and history of adjuvant CT were not associated with DFS (Table 2).
Fig. 3
a Disease-free survival and b overall survival rates according to the use of adjuvant chemotherapy
Table 2
Univariate and multivariate analysis for disease-free survival
Variable
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
HR
95% CI
p
HR
95% CI
p
Clinicopathological factor
Age (≥ 70 years old)
1.332
0.713–2.487
0.368
Gender (female)
0.979
0.526–1.822
0.946
BMI (≥ 25)
0.613
0.300–1.254
0.180
ASA (III, IV)
0.386
0.053–2.814
0.347
Tumor size (≥ 4 cm)
2.146
1.022–4.509
0.044
2.273
1.060–4.876
0.035
Tumor sidedness (left)
0.814
0.136–1.518
0.518
Preoperative CEA level (> 5 ng/ml)
1.784
0.958–3.320
0.068
1.976
1.012–3.856
0.046
Cell type (PD/MUC)
1.393
0.429–4.525
0.581
pT category (p3, 4)
2.028
0.722–5.702
0.180
LVI
1.195
0.597–2.392
0.616
PNI
1.373
0.738–2.554
0.317
Obstruction or perforation
1.544
0.550–4.340
0.410
LN status
Examined LN counts (≥ 12)
0.520
0.217–1.248
0.143
0.340
0.132–0.876
0.025
D3 LN dissection (vs D2)
1.340
0.940–1.910
0.106
Location of positive LN (intermediate/apical)
1.806
0.859–3.795
0.119
2.080
0.979–4.416
0.057
Adjuvant chemotherapy
0.720
0.282–1.840
0.493
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, PD poorly differentiated, MUC mucinous carcinoma, LVI lymphovascular invasion, PNI perineural invasion, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, LNM lymph node metastasis
*Significant P values (< 0.05) are in italics
×
Overall survival
In contrast to the DFS rates, the CT group had significantly higher 2-year and 5-year OS rates than the no-CT group (2-year OS: 94.8% vs. 75.7%; 5-year OS: 88.4% vs. 65.3%, p < 0.001) (Fig. 3b). A multivariate analysis identified an older age (> 70 years), large tumor size (≥ 4 cm), elevated preoperative CEA level (> 5 ng/ml), LVI, PNI, and history of adjuvant CT as independent factors associated with OS. Again, however, pT, tumor cell type, and location of positive LN were not associated with OS (Table 3).
Table 3
Univariate and multivariate analysis for overall survival
Variable
Univariate analysis
Multivariate analysis
HR
95% CI
p
HR
95% CI
p
Clinicopathological factor
Age (≥ 70 years old)
3.181
1.757–5.756
< .001
2.278
1.192–4.354
0.013
Gender (female)
0.850
0.477–1.512
0.580
BMI (≥ 25)
0.642
0.334–1.235
0.184
ASA (III, IV)
2.751
1.278–5.923
0.010
2.093
0.960–4.563
0.063
Tumor size (≥ 4 cm)
2.674
1.294–5.524
0.008
2.597
1.217–5.543
0.014
Tumor sidedness (left)
0.907
0.511–1.611
0.739
Preoperative CEA level (> 5 ng/ml)
2.900
1.625–5.174
< .001
1.871
1.010–3.466
0.047
Cell type (PD/MUC)
1.670
0.597–4.667
0.328
pT category (p3, 4)
2.538
0.911–7.068
0.075
LVI
1.500
0.823–2.735
0.185
1.924
1.039–3.565
0.037
PNI
1.768
1.002–3.120
0.049
2.005
1.094–3.646
0.024
Obstruction or perforation
1.532
0.607–3.869
0.367
LN status
Examinined LN counts (≥ 12)
1.313
0.468–3.685
0.605
D3 LN dissection (vs D2)
1.186
0.531–2.650
0.677
Location of positive LN (intermediate/apical)
0.653
0.258–1.649
0.367
Adjuvant chemotherapy
0.262
0.138–0.497
< .001
0.379
0.180–0.797
0.011
ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, PD poorly differentiated, MUC mucinous carcinoma, LVI lymphovascular invasion, PNI perineural invasion, CEA carcinoembryonic antigen, LNM lymph node metastasis
*Significant P values (< 0.05) are in italics
Rates of recurrence and salvage treatments
Forty patients developed recurrences. The 5-year recurrence rate (14.5% vs. 12.8%, p = 1.000) and recurrence pattern (p = 1.000) did not differ significantly between the CT and no-CT groups (Table 4). Most patients in the CT group received treatment for recurrence (any treatment vs. no treatment: 91.4% vs. 8.6%), whereas many in the no-CT group failed to receive or rejected treatment for recurrence (any treatment vs. no treatment: 20% vs. 80%) (Table 4).
Table 4
Recurrence rate and salvage treatment for recurrence
Adjuvant CT (−)
Adjuvant CT (+)
p
Recurrence rate, n (%)
5 (12.8%)
35 (14.5%)
1.000
Pattern, n (%)
Local ± distant
0
2 (5.7%)
1.000
Distant only
5 (100%)
33 (94.3%)
Treatment for recurrence, n (%)
BSC
4 (80%)
3 (8.6%)
0.002
Any treatmenta
1 (20%)
32 (91.4%)
BSC best supportive care
aRefer to any regimen of chemotherapy, surgical resection, radiofrequency ablation, radiation therapy
*Significant P values (< 0.05) are in italics
CT regimen and survival outcome
Four types of adjuvant CT regimens were administered to the 242 patients in the CT group: 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) + leucovorin (n = 85); capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (XELOX) or 5-FU plus oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) (n = 150); uracil/tegafur (UFT) + leucovorin (n = 2); and 3,4-dihydroxy-benzohydroxamic acid (DIDOX) (n = 5). A multivariate Cox regression analysis did not identify any regimen that yielded superior DFS outcomes relative to the no-CT group. However, the XELOX/FOLFOX, UFT + leucovorin, and DIDOX regimens were associated with better OS (Table S1).
Discussion
Initially, we hypothesized that a patient with colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis would achieve a minimal survival benefit from adjuvant CT if adequate LN dissection was achieved during curative surgery. However, we observed an association of adjuvant CT with improved OS, but not improved DFS. In this study, patients who received adjuvant CT were significantly younger and healthier and had a higher frequency of salvage treatment for recurrence, compared to those who did not receive adjuvant CT. Still, we doubt that the improved OS in patients who received adjuvant CT was attributable to a younger age and better health status, rather than chemotherapy itself.
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Suzuki et al. [7] suggested that the number of metastatic nodes may be a better independent prognostic factor for colorectal cancer than the locations of positive nodes. In contrast, Tang et al. [8] reported that both the number and locations of metastatic nodes were independent prognostic factors for survival in 538 patients with stage III colorectal cancer. Several other studies reported that intermediate or apical LN metastases, rather than pericolic LN metastases, were associated with compromised DFS and OS [9, 10]. However, most previous studies included patients with rectal cancers and/or with multiple positive nodes. In contrast, our Cox regression analysis of colon cancer patients with solitary lymph node metastasis revealed no significant association between prognosis and the location of the positive LN. We further investigated the effect of the extent of LN dissection in 239 and 42 patients who underwent D3 and D2 LN dissection, respectively, but found no associations with DFS and OS. We note that the small number of patients in the D2 LN dissection group might be a source of bias. However, many previous studies reported that solitary LN metastases were most frequently detected near the primary tumor, and the efficacy of routine D3 LN dissection for colon cancer remains controversial [10‐12]. Particularly, D3 LN dissection would be less effective for a case involving solitary LN metastasis than for other cases of stage III colon cancer, given the minimal tumor burden in the lymphatic system in the former cases.
The number of harvested LNs has been reported to reflect the accuracy of staging and adequacy of surgery. Accordingly, the American Joint Committee on Cancer recommends harvesting ≥ 12 LNs from colon cancer patients who undergo curative intent-to-treat surgery. Moreover, many studies have reported a significant correlation between a high LN ratio (LNR) and increased survival [13‐15]. However, the LNR may be influenced by many factors, including the patient’s age, tumor size, Dukes’ stage, preoperative radiotherapy, operative urgency, specimen length, pathology template, and academic status of the hospital, and many cut-off values have been used for the optimal classification of subgroups according to survival [14]. Our multivariate analysis did not identify any positive effect of adjuvant CT on DFS outcomes when > 12 LNs were examined (Table 2), and this phenomenon remained consistent at different LN counts (8, 12, 20, and 30) (Table S2). Moreover, we did not observe an association between adjuvant CT and DFS according to the extent of LN dissection (D2 vs. D3) (Table S2).
Previously, few treatment options were available for metastatic disease. More recently, increased rates of R0 salvage resection and new palliative CT options, including anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal IgG1 antibodies and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, have significantly prolonged survival durations from approximately 12 months to 2 years. Historically, improved OS has been the gold standard used to define survival benefits from adjuvant and palliative CT. However, DFS has been recommended recently as an appropriate endpoint for defining benefit from adjuvant CT, as OS can be heavily influenced by patient characteristics and the salvage treatment status [16, 17]. Adjuvant FOLFOX was improved for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer in the USA after the Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil/leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer (MOSAIC) trial demonstrated significant improvements in 3-year DFS [18]. In that study, however, adjuvant FOLFOX did not yield improvements in OS relative to the control arm, which the researchers explained as a consequence of the frequency of salvage treatments [16]. In our study, we observed an association of adjuvant CT with improved OS but not improved DFS in colon cancer patients with solitary LN metastasis. Although the CT and no-CT groups had similar recurrence rates, a significantly high proportion of patients in the former group received salvage treatments for recurrence. The improved OS in the CT group may therefore be a result of the high rates of salvage treatments for recurrence.
Our sub-group analysis of the effects of CT regimen on prognosis revealed improvements in OS among patients treated with oxaliplatin-containing regimens, but not among those treated with 5-FU/leucovorin-containing regimens. We note that oxaliplatin-containing regimens are generally selected for younger patients with a favorable performance status, as they would be better able to withstand the associated toxicity. Possibly, therefore, the observed improvements in OS might be attributed to differences in the patients’ characteristics, such as a young age and good performance status, rather than the type of CT regimen.
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This study had several limitations of note. First, the retrospective design may have introduced selection bias. Second, the small number of patients in the no-CT group may have led to an underpowered statistical analysis. Third, the differences in follow-up periods between the two groups might have introduced bias with respect to the recurrence rate and survival outcomes. Still, we note that most of recurrences of colorectal cancer after radical surgery occur within 2 years postoperatively. The 2-year DFS and OS outcomes in our study did not differ from the 5-year DFS and OS outcomes in this study.
Despite these limitations in this study, our analysis includes almost all clinicopathological and surgical factors that may be associated with the prognosis of colon cancer patients who underwent radical surgery. We also performed several analyses to verify the effects of adjuvant CT on the survival outcomes of the colon cancer patients with solitary LN metastasis and determined that the general administration of adjuvant CT for colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis might have led to overtreatment in some cases. Given the lack of definitive methods to detect metastatic lymph nodes preoperatively, however, it would be unreasonable to change the present treatment policy or to omit adjuvant CT when treating patients with suspected solitary LN metastasis. Until our results can be validated through larger-scale studies, we believe that the existing treatment strategy should be retained. Several other pathologic and molecular risk factors associated with prognosis should also be studied in depth.
Conclusions
The survival benefit of adjuvant CT for colon cancer with solitary LN metastasis remained unclear, in contrast to other stage III cancers. If subsequent larger studies verify our findings, decisions regarding adjuvant CT administration for patients with solitary LN metastasis should consider various risk factors, as is currently done for stage II cancers. Further validation through large studies of molecular markers associated with the biology of colon cancer is also necessary.
Compliance with ethical standards
Ethics approval and informed consent
All procedures were performed in adherence to the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Institutional Review Board of Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, South Korea, approved the study (reference number CNUHH-2019-015); this study was eligible for exemption of informed consent. No animal experiments were performed in this study.
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Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
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