Background
Methods
Study design and participants
Baseline data collection
OGTT procedures and insulin sensitivity index
QT interval from electrocardiogram(ECG)
Laboratory examination
Statistical analyses
Results
Clinical characteristics
Variables | Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
p for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ISIMatsuda
| 99.4 (65.9–151.8) | 48.2 (36.9–57.9) | 82.0 (73.6–89.8) | 120.7 (109.5–135.4) | 214.8 (175.0–289.8) | <0.001 |
log ISIMatsuda
| 4.61 ± 0.67 | 3.78 ± 0.36 | 4.40 ± 0.12 | 4.80 ± 0.16 | 5.46 ± 0.37 | <0.001 |
n
| 2927 | 733 | 727 | 730 | 737 | – |
Age (years) | 56 ± 14 | 57 ± 14 | 56 ± 14 | 56 ± 13 | 55 ± 13 | 0.280 |
Female, n (%) | 1394 (47.6) | 428 (58.4) | 368 (50.6) | 298 (40.8) | 300 (40.7) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.0 ± 3.9 | 26.3 ± 4.1 | 25.5 ± 3.9 | 24.5 ± 3.6 | 23.6 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 135 ± 17 | 137 ± 17 | 136 ± 18 | 134 ± 17 | 132 ± 18 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 11 | 80 ± 10 | 80 ± 11 | 80 ± 10 | 79 ± 11 | 0.073 |
Diabetic duration (years) | 3.0 (0.3–9.0) | 4.0 (0.3–10.0) | 3.0 (0.3–10.0) | 3.0 (0.3–8.0) | 3.0 (0.3–9.0) | 0.209 |
Antidiabetic treatment | ||||||
Lifestyle intervention alone, n (%) | 313 (10.7) | 69 (9.4) | 71 (9.8) | 79 (10.8) | 94 (12.8) | 0.067 |
Insulin treatments, n (%) | 871 (29.8) | 259 (35.3) | 217 (29.8) | 198 (27.1) | 197 (26.7) | 0.031 |
Insulin-secretagogues, n (%) | 1168 (39.9) | 255 (34.8) | 304 (41.8) | 328 (44.9) | 281 (38.1) | 0.106 |
Insulin-sensitisers, n (%) | 1873 (64.0) | 455 (62.1) | 470 (64.6) | 491 (67.3) | 457 (62.0) | 0.765 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 1089 (37.2) | 338 (46.1) | 306 (42.1) | 252 (34.5) | 193 (26.2) | <0.001 |
Statins medication, n (%) | 1079 (36.9) | 303 (41.3) | 296 (40.7) | 264 (36.2) | 216 (29.3) | <0.001 |
Smoking, n (%) | 892 (30.5) | 231 (31.5) | 232 (31.9) | 215 (29.5) | 215 (29.0) | 0.193 |
Drinking, n (%) | 476 (16.3) | 159 (21.7) | 131 (18.0) | 119 (16.3) | 67 (9.1) | <0.001 |
CHD, n (%) | 262 (9.0) | 82 (11.2) | 74 (10.2) | 49 (6.7) | 57 (7.7) | 0.008 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.61 (1.02–2.59) | 2.06 (1.33–3.20) | 1.76 (1.15–2.74) | 1.56 (1.00–2.47) | 1.15 (0.77–1.86) | <0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.73 ± 1.25 | 4.82 ± 1.43 | 4.81 ± 1.21 | 4.75 ± 1.19 | 4.53 ± 1.14 | <0.001 |
HDLC (mmol/L) | 1.07 ± 0.29 | 1.03 ± 0.26 | 1.06 ± 0.26 | 1.07 ± 0.30 | 1.13 ± 0.31 | <0.001 |
LDLC (mmol/L) | 2.51 ± 0.82 | 2.55 ± 0.81 | 2.54 ± 0.85 | 2.48 ± 0.81 | 2.45 ± 0.80 | 0.021 |
Serum UA (μmol/L) | 286 ± 105 | 305 ± 104 | 285 ± 101 | 285 ± 102 | 270 ± 108 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 8.29 ± 1.23 | 8.51 ± 1.32 | 8.36 ± 1.22 | 8.23 ± 1.18 | 8.08 ± 1.14 | <0.001 |
QTc (ms) | 419 ± 32 | 432 ± 33 | 423 ± 29 | 414 ± 31 | 408 ± 31 | <0.001 |
Prolonged QTc, n (%) | 684 (23.4) | 278 (37.9) | 186 (25.6) | 131 (17.9) | 89 (12.1) | <0.001 |
Relationship between QTc interval and ISIMatsuda
Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis with QTc interval as the dependent variable
Variables | B | SE |
β
|
t
|
p
|
R
2
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
log ISIMatsuda
| −11.22 | 0.89 | −0.23 | −12.63 | <0.001 | 8.5 |
Female | 16.11 | 1.21 | 0.22 | 12.27 | <0.001 | 6.1 |
Age | 0.32 | 0.045 | 0.13 | 7.05 | <0.001 | 2.5 |
Hypertension | 5.10 | 1.26 | 0.078 | 4.05 | <0.001 | 0.7 |
Insulin treatments | 4.23 | 1.23 | 0.062 | 3.44 | 0.001 | 0.4 |
Serum UA | 0.018 | 0.006 | 0.059 | 3.056 | 0.002 | 0.3 |
Odd ratios (ORs) of prolonged QTc interval according to quartiles of ISIMatsuda
ISIMatsuda quartiles | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
P for trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n
| 733 | 727 | 730 | 737 | – |
Model 1 | 4.45 (3.41–5.81) | 2.50 (1.89–3.30) | 1.59 (1.19–2.13) | 1-Reference | <0.001 |
Model 2 | 4.29 (3.25–5.65) | 2.46 (1.85–3.26) | 1.59 (1.18–2.14) | 1-Reference | <0.001 |
Model 3 | 3.58 (2.62–4.88) | 2.12 (1.56–2.89) | 1.55 (1.13–2.14) | 1-Reference | <0.001 |
Model 4 | 3.12 (2.24–4.34) | 2.08 (1.50–2.87) | 1.50 (1.07–2.11) | 1-Reference | <0.001 |
Model 5 | 3.11 (2.23–4.34) | 2.09 (1.51–2.88) | 1.53 (1.09–2.14) | 1-Reference | <0.001 |