Background
Methods
Study subjects
Measurement of lung function
Anthropometric measurements and laboratory tests
Measurement of serum FABP4 levels
Evaluation of body composition
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical characteristics of total study participants according to the ventilatory pattern
All (N = 495) | Normal (N = 431) | Restrictive (N = 45) | Obstructive (N = 19) |
P value
| |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs) | 40.83 ± 6.27 | 41.10 ± 6.30a
| 38.96 ± 5.95b
| 39.05 ± 5.46a,b
| 0.041 |
Sex: male (%) | 327 (66.1) | 312 (72.4) | 7 (15.6) | 8 (42.1) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.63 ± 2.96 | 23.90 ± 2.92a
| 21.50 ± 2.63b
| 22.59 ± 2.42a,b
| <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 112.91 ± 12.21 | 113.48 ± 12.03a
| 106.67 ± 11.68b
| 114.74 ± 13.89a,c
| 0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 72.67 ± 9.51 | 73.11 ± 9.40a
| 68.00 ± 9.19b
| 73.68 ± 10.12a,c
| 0.002 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 94.40 ± 12.08 | 94.88 ± 12.40 | 90.84 ± 10.34 | 92.05 ± 5.50 | 0.071 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.89 ± 35.72 | 203.34 ± 36.05a
| 182.53 ± 27.36b
| 188.74 ± 31.66a,b
| <0.001 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 132.75 ± 111.83 | 139.19 ± 117.52a
| 87.13 ± 40.43b
| 94.74 ± 40.30a,b
| 0.004 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.21 ± 11.23 | 53.88 ± 11.31 | 57.07 ± 10.18 | 54.95 ± 11.27 | 0.185 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 114.44 ± 28.11 | 115.91 ± 28.08a
| 102.54 ± 26.34b
| 105.84 ± 26.25a,b
| 0.008 |
Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 6.72 ± 3.45 | 6.80 ± 3.56a
| 6.74 ± 2.64a,b
| 4.83 ± 1.89c
| 0.051 |
Percent body fat (%) | 23.55 ± 5.47 | 23.26 ± 5.46a
| 26.04 ± 4.80b
| 24.27 ± 5.94a,b
| 0.004 |
WHR | 0.86 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.05a
| 0.83 ± 0.04b
| 0.85 ± 0.04a,b
| <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | 1.58 ± 0.94 | 1.60 ± 0.96 | 1.55 ± 0.81 | 1.11 ± 0.46 | 0.076 |
FVC (% pred) | 1.01 ± 0.16 | 1.04 ± 0.13a
| 0.71 ± 0.08b
| 1.02 ± 0.16b,c
| <0.001 |
FEV1 (% pred) | 1.05 ± 0.19 | 1.09 ± 0.16a
| 0.75 ± 0.10b
| 0.76 ± 0.12b
| <0.001 |
Ln(FABP4) | 2.21 ± 0.45 | 2.22 ± 0.45 | 2.18 ± 0.38 | 2.10 ± 0.52 | 0.490 |
Smoking (%) | 80 (16.2) | 78 (18.1) | 1 (2.2) | 1 (5.3) | 0.009 |
Comparisons of metabolic components by quartiles of FVC and FEV1 (% pred) in subjects with normal ventilatory function
N = 431 | 1st Quartile | 2nd Quartile | 3rd Quartile | 4th Quartile |
P value
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(≤0.993) | (>0.993, ≤ 1.044) | (>1.044, ≤ 1.127) | (>1.127) | ||
Age (yrs) | 42.06 ± 6.4a
| 42.42 ± 7.2a
| 39.32 ± 5.0b
| 40.61 ± 6.0a,b
| 0.001 |
Sex: male (%) | 58 (53.7)a
| 84 (77.8)b
| 79 (73.2)b
| 91 (84.3)b
| <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.62 ± 3.3 | 24.15 ± 3.1 | 23.84 ± 2.7 | 23.98 ± 2.5 | 0.595 |
SBP (mmHg) | 110.83 ± 13.3 | 113.7 ± 12.0 | 114.81 ± 11.3 | 114.58 ± 11.0 | 0.057 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.67 ± 10.3 | 73.43 ± 9.1 | 73.8 ± 9.7 | 73.55 ± 8.4 | 0.325 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 94.06 ± 11.9 | 95.84 ± 15.0 | 94.46 ± 8.8 | 95.15 ± 13.2 | 0.733 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 206.54 ± 40.6 | 204.56 ± 31.2 | 202.79 ± 36.2 | 199.43 ± 35.7 | 0.522 |
TG (mg/dL) | 140.83 ± 166.7 | 145.21 ± 121.4 | 140.4 ± 94.6 | 130.21 ± 62.7 | 0.817 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 56.41 ± 13.4a
| 53.48 ± 9.7a,b
| 52.35 ± 11.5b
| 53.27 ± 10.0a,b
| 0.049 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 117.16 ± 30.8 | 116.2 ± 25.1 | 117.33 ± 27.6 | 112.86 ± 29.0 | 0.650 |
Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 7.21 ± 4.3 | 6.61 ± 3.1 | 6.79 ± 3.6 | 6.61 ± 3.1 | 0.571 |
Percent body fat (%) | 24.90 ± 5.8a
| 23.16 ± 5.8a,b
| 22.93 ± 4.7b
| 22.02 ± 5.2b
| 0.001 |
WHR | 0.86 ± 0.1 | 0.87 ± 0.1 | 0.86 ± 0.04 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 0.448 |
HOMA-IR | 1.72 ± 1.3 | 1.55 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.55 ± 0.8 | 0.537 |
Ln(FABP4) | 2.34 ± 0.5a
| 2.21 ± 0.5a,b
| 2.19 ± 0.4a,b
| 2.13 ± 0.5b
| 0.008 |
Smoking (%) | 12 (11.2) | 20 (18.7) | 20 (18.7) | 26 (24.3) | 0.095 |
N = 431 | 1st Quartile (≤0.979) | 2nd Quartile (>0.979, ≤ 1.069) | 3rd Quartile (>1.069, ≤ 1.182) | 4th Quartile (>1.182) |
P value
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (yrs) | 41.44 ± 6.2 | 40.02 ± 5.5 | 41.09 ± 6.6 | 41.88 ± 6.9 | 0.163 |
Sex: male (%) | 50 (46.3)a
| 77 (71.3)b
| 86 (79.6)b,c
| 99 (91.7)c
| <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.66 ± 3.4a,b
| 23.51 ± 2.7a
| 23.81 ± 2.8a,b
| 24.64 ± 2.6b
| 0.021 |
SBP (mmHg) | 109.54 ± 12.3a
| 113.52 ± 12.9a,b
| 114.63 ± 11.4b
| 116.26b ± 10.5b
| <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 70.83 ± 10.1a
| 72.59 ± 9.5a,b
| 73.98 ± 9.2a,b
| 75.05 ± 8.4b
| 0.007 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 93.69 ± 10.6 | 93.74 ± 8.9 | 97.05 ± 15.0 | 95.05 ± 13.9 | 0.156 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 207.75 ± 37.0 | 198.38 ± 35.0 | 203.19 ± 35.1 | 204.04 ± 36.9 | 0.296 |
TG (mg/dL) | 123.58 ± 159.9 | 135.86 ± 92.8 | 142.41 ± 91.9 | 155.04 ± 111.8 | 0.260 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 57.07a ± 11.6 | 53.03b ± 12.5 | 53.29ab ± 11.1 | 52.11b ± 9.2 | 0.007 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119 ± 27.5 | 112.38 ± 27.9 | 116.16 ± 27.5 | 116.26 ± 29.5 | 0.411 |
Fasting insulin (uIU/mL) | 6.87 ± 4.1 | 6.2 ± 2.8 | 6.88 ± 3.5 | 7.28 ± 3.7 | 0.169 |
Percent body fat (%) | 25.73 ± 5.4a
| 22.90 ± 5.4b
| 22.55 ± 5.6b
| 21.84 ± 4.5b
| <0.001 |
WHR | 0.86 ± 0.1a,b
| 0.86 ± 0.04a
| 0.86 ± 0.04a,b
| 0.88 ± 0.04b
| 0.020 |
HOMA-IR | 1.62 ± 1.2 | 1.45 ± 0.7 | 1.65 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.248 |
Ln(FABP4) | 2.29 ± 0.5 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.19 ± 0.5 | 2.19 ± 0.4 | 0.351 |
Smoking (%) | 13 (12.1) | 21 (19.6) | 20 (18.7) | 24 (22.4) | 0.254 |
Multiple logistic regression analyses for Ln(FABP4) with lowest quartiles of FVC and FEV1 (% pred) as the dependent variable in subjects with normal ventilatory function
OR | 95 % CI | |
---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||
Ln(FABP4), 1st tertile | 1 | – |
Ln(FABP4), 2nd tertile | 1.736 | 0.969 ~ 3.154 |
Ln(FABP4), 3rd tertile | 2.193 | 1.239 ~ 3.949 |
Model 2 | ||
Ln(FABP4), 1st tertile | 1 | – |
Ln(FABP4), 2nd tertile | 1.817 | 1.002 ~ 3.340 |
Ln(FABP4), 3rd tertile | 2.337 | 1.251 ~ 4.451 |
Model 3 | ||
Ln(FABP4), 1st tertile | 1 | – |
Ln(FABP4), 2nd tertile | 2.034 | 1.093 ~ 3.845 |
Ln(FABP4), 3rd tertile | 2.704 | 1.397 ~ 5.357 |
OR | 95 % CI | |
---|---|---|
Model 1 | ||
Ln(FABP4), 1st tertile | 1 | – |
Ln(FABP4), 2nd tertile | 1.547 | 0.858 ~ 2.819 |
Ln(FABP4), 3rd tertile | 1.822 | 1.021 ~ 3.298 |
Model 2 | ||
Ln(FABP4), 1st tertile | 1 | – |
Ln(FABP4), 2nd tertile | 1.406 | 0.767 ~ 2.597 |
Ln(FABP4), 3rd tertile | 1.579 | 0.840 ~ 3.002 |
Model 3 | ||
Ln(FABP4), 1st tertile | 1 | – |
Ln(FABP4), 2nd tertile | 1.512 | 0.816 ~ 2.827 |
Ln(FABP4), 3rd tertile | 1.574 | 0.819 ~ 3.056 |