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Neurocritical Care
Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care 2/2023

26.04.2023 | Original work

The Role of Inhaled Estradiol and Myrtenol, Alone and in Combination, in Modulating Behavioral and Functional Outcomes Following Traumatic Experimental Brain Injury: Hemodynamic, Molecular, Histological and Behavioral Study

verfasst von: Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh, Mohammad Khaksari, Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk, Ladan Amirkhosravi, Elham Jafari, Zahra Jamalpoor, Akram Nezhadi

Erschienen in: Neurocritical Care | Ausgabe 2/2023

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Abstract

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important and growing cause of disability worldwide, and its cognitive consequences may be particularly significant. This study assessed the neuroprotective impacts of estradiol (E2), myrtenol (Myr), and the combination of the two on the neurological outcome, hemodynamic parameters, learning and memory, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) level, phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K/AKT) signaling, and inflammatory and oxidative factors in the hippocampus after TBI.

Methods

Eighty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 12 groups with seven rats in each (six groups to measure intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, brain water content, and veterinary coma scale, and six groups for behavioral and molecular studies): sham, TBI, TBI/vehicle, TBI/Myr, TBI/E2, and TBI/Myr + E2 (Myr 50 mg/kg and E2 33.3 μg/kg via inhalation for 30 min after TBI induction). Brain injury was induced by using Marmarou’s method. Briefly, a 300-g weight was dropped down from a 2-m height through a free-falling tube onto the head of the anesthetized animals.

Results

Veterinary coma scale, learning and memory, brain water content, intracranial pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure were impaired following TBI, and inflammation and oxidative stress were raised in the hippocampus after TBI. The BDNF level and PI3K/AKT signaling were impaired due to TBI. Inhalation of Myr and E2 had protective effects against all negative consequences of TBI by decreasing brain edema and the hippocampal content of inflammatory and oxidant factors and also by improving BDNF and PI3K/AKT in the hippocampus. Based on these data, there were no differences between alone and combination administrations.

Conclusions

Our results propose that Myr and E2 have neuroprotective effects on cognition impairments due to TBI.

Graphical Abstract

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Metadaten
Titel
The Role of Inhaled Estradiol and Myrtenol, Alone and in Combination, in Modulating Behavioral and Functional Outcomes Following Traumatic Experimental Brain Injury: Hemodynamic, Molecular, Histological and Behavioral Study
verfasst von
Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh
Mohammad Khaksari
Mohammad Abbas Bejeshk
Ladan Amirkhosravi
Elham Jafari
Zahra Jamalpoor
Akram Nezhadi
Publikationsdatum
26.04.2023
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Neurocritical Care / Ausgabe 2/2023
Print ISSN: 1541-6933
Elektronische ISSN: 1556-0961
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-023-01720-6

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