Background
Methods
Procedure
Independent variables
Physical exercise
Dependent variables
Mental health problems
Self-harm and suicidal behavior
Control variables
Sociodemographic information
Body mass index (BMI)
Sleep duration
Alcohol-related problems
Statistical analyses
Ethics
Results
Psychological distress
Psychological distress (HSCL average score > 1.75) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted model | Adjusted modela | |||||||
n | % | OR | 95%CI- | 95%CI+ | OR | 95%CI- | 95%CI+ | |
Women | ||||||||
Physical exercise frequency | ||||||||
Never | 864 | 66.6% | 2.96 | 2.61 | 3.35 | 2.63 | 2.29 | 3.03 |
Less than once a week | 2438 | 60.1% | 2.24 | 2.07 | 2.42 | 2.04 | 1.88 | 2.23 |
Once a week | 3012 | 53.0% | 1.67 | 1.56 | 1.79 | 1.64 | 1.52 | 1.77 |
2–3 times per week | 7022 | 44.9% | 1.21 | 1.14 | 1.28 | 1.18 | 1.11 | 1.26 |
Almost every day | 3077 | 40.3% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise intensity | ||||||||
I take it easy without breaking into a sweat or losing my breath | 3539 | 56.8% | 1.46 | 1.33 | 1.60 | 1.57 | 1.42 | 1.73 |
I push myself so hard that I lose my breath and break into a sweat | 10,608 | 44.5% | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.96 | 0.93 | 0.85 | 1.01 |
I push myself to near-exhaustion | 1332 | 47.4% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise duration | ||||||||
Less than 15 min | 324 | 61.7% | 1.96 | 1.64 | 2.35 | 2.07 | 1.69 | 2.53 |
15–29 min | 1875 | 56.8% | 1.60 | 1.48 | 1.73 | 1.71 | 1.56 | 1.86 |
30 min to 1 h | 8634 | 46.0% | 1.04 | 0.99 | 1.09 | 1.10 | 1.04 | 1.16 |
More than 1 h | 4657 | 45.1% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Men | ||||||||
Physical exercise frequency | ||||||||
Never | 404 | 45.8% | 3.53 | 3.03 | 4.11 | 3.12 | 2.64 | 3.69 |
Less than once a week | 811 | 38.5% | 2.62 | 2.33 | 2.95 | 2.45 | 2.15 | 2.78 |
Once a week | 615 | 28.4% | 1.66 | 1.47 | 1.87 | 1.64 | 1.44 | 1.87 |
2–3 times per week | 1444 | 23.9% | 1.31 | 1.19 | 1.45 | 1.30 | 1.17 | 1.44 |
Almost every day | 784 | 19.3% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise intensity | ||||||||
I take it easy without breaking into a sweat or losing my breath | 730 | 35.0% | 1.63 | 1.43 | 1.85 | 1.70 | 1.48 | 1.96 |
I push myself so hard that I lose my breath and break into a sweat | 2309 | 23.5% | 0.93 | 0.84 | 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.89 | 1.11 |
I push myself to near-exhaustion | 603 | 24.8% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise duration | ||||||||
Less than 15 min | 118 | 41.4% | 2.53 | 1.98 | 3.22 | 2.46 | 1.88 | 3.23 |
15–29 min | 406 | 32.3% | 1.70 | 1.49 | 1.94 | 1.85 | 1.60 | 2.13 |
30 min to 1 h | 1599 | 27.2% | 1.34 | 1.23 | 1.45 | 1.35 | 1.23 | 1.47 |
More than 1 h | 1513 | 21.9% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Depressive disorder
Self-reported depression | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted model | Adjusted modela | |||||||
n | % | OR | 95%CI- | 95%CI+ | OR | 95%CI- | 95%CI+ | |
Women | ||||||||
Physical exercise frequency | ||||||||
Never | 320 | 24.7% | 2.99 | 2.58 | 3.46 | 2.53 | 2.15 | 2.98 |
Less than once a week | 720 | 17.7% | 1.97 | 1.77 | 2.20 | 1.70 | 1.50 | 1.91 |
Once a week | 802 | 14.1% | 1.50 | 1.35 | 1.67 | 1.42 | 1.27 | 1.59 |
2–3 times per week | 1702 | 10.9% | 1.12 | 1.02 | 1.22 | 1.09 | 0.99 | 1.20 |
Almost every day | 754 | 9.9% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise intensity | 320 | |||||||
I take it easy without breaking into a sweat or losing my breath | 1060 | 17.0% | 1.57 | 1.37 | 1.79 | 1.47 | 1.27 | 1.69 |
I push myself so hard that I lose my breath and break into a sweat | 2585 | 10.8% | 0.93 | 0.83 | 1.06 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 1.05 |
I push myself to near-exhaustion | 324 | 11.5% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise duration | ||||||||
Less than 15 min | 113 | 21.5% | 2.29 | 1.84 | 2.84 | 2.14 | 1.68 | 2.73 |
15–29 min | 546 | 16.5% | 1.65 | 1.48 | 1.84 | 1.56 | 1.39 | 1.77 |
30 min to 1 h | 2201 | 11.7% | 1.11 | 1.03 | 1.20 | 1.10 | 1.01 | 1.20 |
More than 1 h | 1106 | 10.7% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Men | ||||||||
Physical exercise frequency | ||||||||
Never | 164 | 18.5% | 4.86 | 3.88 | 6.09 | 4.08 | 3.19 | 5.20 |
Less than once a week | 254 | 12.0% | 2.92 | 2.40 | 3.56 | 2.58 | 2.09 | 3.18 |
Once a week | 180 | 8.3% | 1.93 | 1.56 | 2.39 | 1.87 | 1.49 | 2.34 |
2–3 times per week | 401 | 6.6% | 1.51 | 1.26 | 1.81 | 1.45 | 1.20 | 1.76 |
Almost every day | 182 | 4.5% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise intensity | ||||||||
I take it easy without breaking into a sweat or losing my breath | 240 | 11.5% | 1.95 | 1.58 | 2.41 | 1.85 | 1.47 | 2.33 |
I push myself so hard that I lose my breath and break into a sweat | 620 | 6.3% | 1.01 | 0.84 | 1.21 | 1.05 | 0.86 | 1.28 |
I push myself to near-exhaustion | 152 | 6.2% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise duration | ||||||||
Less than 15 min | 40 | 13.9% | 2.67 | 1.88 | 3.79 | 2.35 | 1.61 | 3.45 |
15–29 min | 149 | 11.8% | 2.21 | 1.81 | 2.70 | 2.25 | 1.82 | 2.78 |
30 min to 1 h | 426 | 7.2% | 1.29 | 1.12 | 1.48 | 1.28 | 1.11 | 1.49 |
More than 1 h | 397 | 5.7% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Self-harm and suicidal behavior
Non-suicidal self-harm (NSSH) | Suicide attempt | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted model | Adjusted modela | Unadjusted model | Adjusted modela | |||||||||||||
n | % | OR | 95% CI- | 95%CI+ | OR | 95%CI- | 95%CI+ | n | % | OR | 95%CI- | 95%CI+ | OR | 95%CI- | 95%CI+ | |
Women | ||||||||||||||||
Physical exercise frequency | ||||||||||||||||
Never | 447 | 34.5% | 1.91 | 1.68 | 2.17 | 1.78 | 1.54 | 2.05 | 30 | 2.3% | 2.53 | 2.05 | 3.13 | 1.99 | 1.57 | 2.51 |
Less than once a week | 1200 | 29.6% | 1.53 | 1.40 | 1.66 | 1.39 | 1.27 | 1.53 | 65 | 1.6% | 1.58 | 1.33 | 1.86 | 1.24 | 1.03 | 1.49 |
Once a week | 1417 | 25.0% | 1.21 | 1.11 | 1.31 | 1.17 | 1.07 | 1.27 | 51 | 0.9% | 1.08 | 0.91 | 1.27 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 1.15 |
2–3 times per week | 3396 | 21.7% | 1.01 | 0.94 | 1.08 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.02 | 142 | 0.9% | 0.97 | 0.85 | 1.11 | 0.89 | 0.77 | 1.03 |
Almost every day | 1651 | 21.6% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 67 | 0.9% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise intensity | ||||||||||||||||
I take it easy without breaking into a sweat or losing my breath | 1757 | 28.2% | 1.21 | 1.09 | 1.34 | 1.27 | 1.13 | 1.41 | 83 | 1.3% | 1.13 | 0.94 | 1.37 | 1.06 | 0.86 | 1.30 |
I push myself so hard that I lose my breath and break into a sweat | 5193 | 21.8% | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 0.79 | 0.96 | 201 | 0.8% | 0.67 | 0.57 | 0.80 | 0.69 | 0.58 | 0.83 |
I push myself to near-exhaustion | 688 | 24.5% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 41 | 1.5% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise duration | ||||||||||||||||
Less than 15 min | 150 | 28.8% | 1.38 | 1.13 | 1.68 | 1.35 | 1.08 | 1.68 | 10 | 1.9% | 1.49 | 1.05 | 2.11 | 1.20 | 0.80 | 1.81 |
15–29 min | 972 | 29.5% | 1.43 | 1.31 | 1.56 | 1.48 | 1.34 | 1.63 | 41 | 1.2% | 1.34 | 1.13 | 1.58 | 1.28 | 1.07 | 1.54 |
30 min to 1 h | 4181 | 22.3% | 0.98 | 0.92 | 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.94 | 1.06 | 167 | 0.9% | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.95 | 0.85 | 0.75 | 0.97 |
More than 1 h | 2338 | 22.7% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 107 | 1.0% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Men | ||||||||||||||||
Physical exercise frequency | ||||||||||||||||
Never | 134 | 15.2% | 1.92 | 1.55 | 2.38 | 1.66 | 1.31 | 2.09 | 18 | 2.0% | 2.01 | 1.36 | 2.95 | 1.85 | 1.23 | 2.80 |
Less than once a week | 306 | 14.5% | 1.82 | 1.54 | 2.14 | 1.66 | 1.39 | 1.97 | 30 | 1.4% | 2.13 | 1.59 | 2.86 | 2.05 | 1.50 | 2.81 |
Once a week | 234 | 10.8% | 1.29 | 1.09 | 1.54 | 1.22 | 1.01 | 1.47 | 21 | 1.0% | 1.49 | 1.09 | 2.05 | 1.36 | 0.96 | 1.92 |
2–3 times per week | 584 | 9.6% | 1.14 | 0.99 | 1.31 | 1.10 | 0.95 | 1.28 | 56 | 0.9% | 1.24 | 0.96 | 1.61 | 1.20 | 0.90 | 1.59 |
Almost every day | 347 | 8.5% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 20 | 0.5% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise intensity | ||||||||||||||||
I take it easy without breaking into a sweat or losing my breath | 313 | 15.0% | 1.67 | 1.40 | 2.01 | 1.62 | 1.33 | 1.96 | 30 | 1.4% | 1.66 | 1.23 | 2.25 | 1.63 | 1.17 | 2.26 |
I push myself so hard that I lose my breath and break into a sweat | 920 | 9.3% | 0.98 | 0.84 | 1.14 | 1.00 | 0.85 | 1.17 | 72 | 0.7% | 0.78 | 0.60 | 1.01 | 0.80 | 0.60 | 1.07 |
I push myself to near-exhaustion | 232 | 9.6% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 25 | 1.0% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |
Physical exercise duration | ||||||||||||||||
Less than 15 min | 52 | 18.2% | 2.28 | 1.67 | 3.12 | 2.11 | 1.50 | 2.97 | 9 | 3.1% | 2.33 | 1.37 | 3.94 | 1.61 | 0.86 | 3.03 |
15–29 min | 177 | 14.1% | 1.68 | 1.41 | 2.01 | 1.80 | 1.49 | 2.18 | 11 | 0.9% | 1.72 | 1.26 | 2.36 | 2.03 | 1.46 | 2.83 |
30 min to 1 h | 619 | 10.5% | 1.21 | 1.07 | 1.36 | 1.19 | 1.05 | 1.35 | 54 | 0.9% | 1.23 | 0.99 | 1.52 | 1.32 | 1.05 | 1.66 |
More than 1 h | 615 | 8.9% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – | 53 | 0.8% | 1.00 | – | – | 1.00 | – | – |