Background
Anxiety disorders are among the most prevalent mental disorders worldwide [1‐3], and they typically affect young people [1]. In the World Mental Health Survey, their lifetime prevalence varied from 4.8 % in China to 31.0 % in the United States [1]. The impact of chronic anxiety disorders on quality of life is significant: among Finnish Health 2000 survey participants aged over 30 years, chronic anxiety disorders and dysthymia were associated with the largest loss of HRQoL (health-related quality of life) among mental disorders [4]. When 29 chronic conditions were studied, anxiety disorders had the second largest negative impact on HRQoL just after Parkinson’s disease [5].
According to previous studies, anxiety disorders in the general population tend to be under-diagnosed [6] and under-treated [7‐9] and individuals with anxiety disorders often experience long delays in seeking treatment [10, 11]. The prevalence of service use for mental health problems during the last 12 months varied from 20.6 to 44.9 % among respondents with anxiety disorders [7, 8, 12‐15].
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General population studies concerning the treatment adequacy of anxiety disorders taking into account appropriate pharmacological and psychological treatment are scarce, while the criteria for minimally adequate treatment have likewise varied [7, 15‐17]. In most of the studies, anxiolytic medication was considered an adequate treatment, with benzodiazepines still being widely used by clinicians in spite of the controversy around possible physical dependency and an association with worse long-term outcomes [18, 19].
Mental health treatment dropout is a common problem [20‐23] that may negatively affect the treatment outcome [24] and indicate poor functioning of the health care system [25]. Establishing which patient related factors affect discontinuation would provide important information for improving mental health services.
This study uses a nationwide, representative population-based sample of young Finnish adults aged 20–34 years. The aims of this study were to describe the frequency and the type of treatment received for anxiety disorders and to describe treatment adequacy and discontinuation and socio-demographic and clinical features affecting them among young adults.
Methods
Sample
Data were derived from the Mental Health in Early Adulthood in Finland (MEAF) study. The methods have been reported in detail elsewhere [26, 27]. Briefly, MEAF was based on a nationally representative two-stage cluster sample (n = 1894) of young adults aged 18–29 years taken from the Health 2000 study, which was a comprehensive health survey. The original young adult assessment was carried out in 2001. There were also questions related to mental health in the Health 2000 young adult protocol, though a structured diagnostic interview was not conducted [28‐30]. Therefore, a substudy focusing on mental health (MEAF) was carried out [26, 27].
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The study flow of the MEAF study is presented in the Additional file 1. A questionnaire including several scales assessing mental health and substance use was mailed 2–4 years after the original study to all living members of the sample, excluding those who had refused further contacts. All screen-positive and a random subsample of screen-negative participants were invited to the mental health interview. Information from the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register (NHDR) was used to identify all persons who had received hospital treatment due to any mental disorder [International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10 section F, ICD-8 and ICD-9 290–319] and these were also asked to participate in the interview. The screening procedure has been described in detail previously [26, 27].
Ethics, consent and permissions
Mental health assessment
The mental health interview was conducted using the research version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I) [31], which included the SCID Screening module at the beginning to enhance reliability [32], as well as the sections on mood, psychotic, substance use, anxiety and eating disorders. The interview included questions on socio-demographic factors and treatment received for mental health problems. Experienced research nurses or psychologists attended a 1-week training course and had regular follow-up sessions to prepare them to carry out the interviews, which were then reviewed together with a psychiatrist.
Final diagnostic assessment
For the final diagnostic assessment, all case records from hospital and outpatient treatment contacts were obtained with the participant’s approval. The Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Health gave permission to view the case records of non-participants, excluding those who had refused any participation in the Health 2000 study. Four experienced clinicians (J.S., T.A.-S., S.S., J.P.) made the final best-estimate diagnoses using DSM-IV-TR criteria, based on all available systematically evaluated information from the interview and/or case records. Disorders not covered by SCID-I, e.g. personality disorders, were also evaluated [26].
As reported previously, the lifetime prevalence of anxiety disorders (i.e. panic disorder, agoraphobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, anxiety disorder NOS) in this sample was 12.6 % [26]. This paper investigates this subgroup of 92 participants after excluding those with a diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum psychotic disorders (3 persons).
Use of mental health services and treatment received
Information on treatment received for anxiety disorders was gathered from mental health interviews and case records. We evaluated the visits and medication use for anxiety disorders during the 12 months that a participant was most intensively treated. All data were collected on both the most recent and the most intensive treatment period for anxiety disorder. However, the present paper focuses on the most recent treatment period, since our aim was to investigate the typical and the most recent functioning of the health care system. Results concerning the most intensive treatment period are available in Additional files 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
It has been previously observed that patients with isolated specific phobias very rarely seek professional help [33]. Also in our sample, participants with specific phobia more often had no treatment than others (Table 3). Due to the lesser clinical significance and a different treatment model [34, 35], we excluded those whose only anxiety disorder was specific phobia (13 subjects). The final analysis of treatments received therefore included 79 participants.
Criteria for minimally adequate treatment
Criteria for minimally adequate treatment were determined according to evidence-based guidelines [34, 36‐42] and were the same as those used in the European ESEMeD and the National Comorbidity Survey Replication [43, 44], except for hospital treatment and anxiolytic medication. As the benefits and disadvantages of long-lasting use of benzodiazepines are controversial, we regarded only the use of antidepressant or buspirone for at least 2 months as an appropriate pharmacotherapy, and studied the use and misuse of benzodiazepines separately. Hospitalizations have not been used as an adequacy criterion in previous surveys. However, because we had accurate information about hospitalizations based on the national hospital discharge register and corresponding case records, we used for at least 4 days of hospitalizations for anxiety symptoms as an adequacy criterion. Based on the information in the case records and the fact that evaluation period in Finland is 4 days, we considered it sufficient to assess the diagnosis as well as plan and start a treatment. On the other hand, this time limit excluded for example short visits in the emergency department.
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Guideline-concordant treatment was defined as follows:
1)
Pharmacotherapy: use of antidepressant or buspirone for at least 2 months and at least four visits within 12 months with a physician for anxiety disorders. Included in visits were telephone consultations between patient and physician, as well as consultations between health care professionals and the treating physician concerning the patient’s treatment.
2)
Psychotherapy: at least eight sessions within 12 months with a psychiatrist, psychologist or psychotherapist in any settings or with another professional in a psychiatric clinic for anxiety disorders.
3)
Hospital treatment: at least 4 days of hospitalization for anxiety disorders.
A final outcome of minimally adequate treatment was recorded if pharmacotherapy or psychotherapy or hospital treatment was defined to be adequate.
Benzodiazepine misuse was recorded if a subject had a diagnosis for benzodiazepine abuse or dependence or had told about misuse in the interview or during the treatment period. We took into account only misuse during the index treatment period.
Treatment dropout was recorded when the treatment strategy was assessed to be adequate according to the case records but the patient discontinued the visits by his own volition.
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Sociodemographic, disorder-specific and comorbidity factors
We studied the relationship between socio-demographic factors and treatment using the following variables: gender, marital status, age at the time the MEAF-questionnaire was sent, basic education and current employment. Only the effect of basic education was examined, since some of the younger members of the cohort had not yet finished their vocational or higher education.
The effect of comorbid psychiatric disorders on treatment received, treatment adequacy and dropouts from treatment was studied using the following disorder categories: mood disorders, substance use disorders, personality disorders and other disorders (psychotic, eating, sleeping, adjustment and impulse control disorders). We also studied if the number of different anxiety disorders (one or more) affected treatment.
Statistical analysis
Standard statistical methods were used to generate descriptive statistics. Since the analysis was limited to the subgroup of participants with anxiety disorders only, we did not use survey weights in the analysis. We analyzed the associations of socio-demographic factors and comorbid psychiatric disorders with the treatments received. The relationship of all these variables was examined separately for different components of care, i.e. pharmacotherapy with antidepressants and buspirone, benzodiazepine use and misuse, physician visits, psychotherapy, treatment adequacy and dropout from treatment. Differences were tested using the χ
2 or Fisher’s exact tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables independently associated with the type and adequacy of treatment. Gender, basic education, marital status and different comorbid disorders were entered simultaneously into a logistic regression model to explore the factors affecting treatment. All statistical tests were two-tailed, and values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. We used the SAS 9.3 statistical package in the analyses.
Results
Participants
Male participants with any lifetime diagnosis of anxiety disorder numbered 26 (28.3 %) and female participants 66 (71.7 %). There were no statistically significant differences in socio-demographic factors between genders, but men had more substance use disorders (Table 1).
Table 1
Socio-demographic factors and comorbid psychiatric disorders of participants with a lifetime diagnosis of anxiety disorder
All | Men | Women | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
100.0 % |
N = 92 | 28.3 % |
N = 26 | 71.7 % |
N = 66 | |||
Variable | Category | % | N | % | N | % | N | p* |
Age | <25 years | 19.6 | 18 | 15.4 | 4 | 21.2 | 14 | |
25–29 years | 40.2 | 37 | 42.3 | 11 | 39.4 | 26 | ||
≥30 years | 40.2 | 37 | 42.3 | 11 | 39.4 | 26 | 0.818 | |
Basic education | Less than high school | 52.8 | 47 | 69.6 | 16 | 47.0 | 31 | |
High school | 47.2 | 42 | 30.4 | 7 | 53.0 | 35 | 0.062 | |
Married or cohabiting | Yes | 66.3 | 59 | 56.5 | 13 | 69.7 | 46 | |
No | 33.7 | 30 | 43.5 | 10 | 30.3 | 20 | 0.250 | |
Current employment | Employed | 56.2 | 50 | 69.6 | 16 | 51.5 | 34 | |
Studentc
| 18.0 | 16 | 21.7 | 5 | 16.7 | 11 | ||
Unemployed | 11.2 | 10 | 8.7 | 2 | 12.1 | 8 | ||
Othera
| 14.6 | 13 | 0.0 | 0 | 19.7 | 13 | 0.077** | |
Comorbid mood disorder | Yes | 58.7 | 54 | 61.5 | 16 | 57.6 | 38 | |
No | 41.3 | 38 | 38.5 | 10 | 42.4 | 28 | 0.728 | |
Comorbid personality disorder | Yes | 21.7 | 20 | 30.8 | 8 | 18.2 | 12 | |
No | 78.3 | 72 | 69.2 | 18 | 81.8 | 54 | 0.188 | |
Comorbid substance abuse or dependence (any substance) | Yes | 28.3 | 26 | 57.7 | 15 | 16.7 | 11 | |
No | 71.7 | 66 | 42.3 | 11 | 83.3 | 55 |
<0.0001
| |
Comorbid other disorderb
| Yes | 18.5 | 17 | 7.7 | 2 | 22.7 | 15 | |
No | 81.5 | 75 | 92.3 | 24 | 77.3 | 51 | 0.137 | |
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The most common anxiety disorder was panic disorder, affecting 27.2 % of participants, followed by social phobia (25.0 %), anxiety disorder NOS (25.0 %) and specific phobia (20.7 %). Less common were agoraphobia without panic disorder (7.6 %), posttraumatic stress disorder (6.5 %), obsessive-compulsive disorder (5.4 %), and generalized anxiety disorder (3.3 %) (Table 2).
Table 2
The percentage distribution of different anxiety disorders among the participants
All (N = 92) | Men (N = 26) | Women (N = 66) | p* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | % | N | % | N | % | N | |
Panic disorder with agoraphobia | 20.7 | 19 | 23.1 | 6 | 19.7 | 13 | 0.718 |
Panic disorder without agoraphobia | 6.5 | 6 | 3.9 | 1 | 7.6 | 5 | 0.672** |
Agoraphobia without panic disorder | 7.6 | 7 | 11.5 | 3 | 6.1 | 4 | 0.399** |
Social phobia | 25.0 | 23 | 38.5 | 10 | 19.7 | 13 | 0.061 |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 5.4 | 5 | 3.9 | 1 | 6.1 | 4 | 1.000** |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 6.5 | 6 | 0.0 | 0 | 9.1 | 6 | 0.179** |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 3.3 | 3 | 3.9 | 1 | 3.0 | 2 | 1.000** |
Specific phobia | 20.7 | 19 | 15.4 | 4 | 22.7 | 15 | 0.433 |
Anxiety disorder NOS | 25.0 | 23 | 23.1 | 6 | 25.8 | 17 | 0.789 |
Participants with specific phobia had statistically significantly more often no treatment than others with anxiety disorder, whereas participants with anxiety disorder NOS were less often without treatment (Table 3). After excluding those whose only anxiety disorder was specific phobia, we had 22 male (27.9 %) and 57 (72.2 %) female participants.
Table 3
The percentage distribution of treatment contacts among participants with different anxiety disorders
Treatment | No treatment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | % | N | % | N | p* |
All | 61.2 | 57 | 38.0 | 35 | ||
Gender | Men | 65.4 | 17 | 34.6 | 9 | |
Women | 60.6 | 40 | 39.4 | 26 | 0.671 | |
Panic disorder with agoraphobia | 79.0 | 15 | 21.1 | 4 | 0.087 | |
Panic disorder without agoraphobia | 66.7 | 4 | 33.3 | 2 | 1.000** | |
Agoraphobia without panic disorder | 42.9 | 3 | 57.1 | 4 | 0.421** | |
Social phobia | 65.2 | 15 | 34.8 | 8 | 0.710 | |
Obsessive-compulsive disorder | 60.0 | 3 | 40.0 | 2 | 1.000** | |
Posttraumatic stress disorder | 66.7 | 4 | 33.3 | 2 | 1.000** | |
Generalized anxiety disorder | 66.7 | 2 | 33.3 | 1 | 1.000** | |
Specific phobia | 21.1 | 4 | 79.0 | 15 |
<0.0001
| |
Anxiety disorder NOS | 91.3 | 21 | 8.7 | 2 |
0.001
| |
Treatment received and treatment adequacy
After excluding those with a single specific phobia, 70.9 % of participants had had some kind of contact with the health care system for their anxiety disorders. More than two thirds had visited a physician, and 36.4 % had had at least four visits within 12 months. More than half had been prescribed an antidepressant or buspirone, and 43.4 % had used them for at least 2 months. Guideline-concordant pharmacotherapy including also physician visits was received by 26.6 % of participants. 57.9 % of subjects had attended psychotherapy sessions, more than a third at least eight times within 12 months. Adequate hospital treatment was received by 10.1 % of the sample (8 participants). A total of 41.8 % of subjects had received minimally adequate treatment. 11.0 % of participants had discontinued their visits despite of a proper treatment plan (Table 4). Benzodiazepines were prescribed to 34.6 % of participants, and 5.1 % had misused them during the most recent treatment period (Table 6).
Table 4
Sociodemographic factors, treatments received and dropouts during the most recent treatment episode for anxiety disordersh, i
Pharmacotherapy | Visits with a physician | Guideline concordant pharmacotherapyc
| Sessions of psychotherapy / a year | Minimally adequate treatmente
| Treatment dropoutf
| |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anya
| ≥2 months | Anyb
| ≥4 times | Anyd
| ≥8 times | |||||||||||||||
Variable | Category | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | |
All | 51.3 | 40 | 43.4 | 33 | 68.8 | 53 | 36.4 | 28 | 26.6 | 21 | 57.9 | 44 | 34.2 | 26 | 41.8 | 33 | 11.0 | 8 | ||
Gender | Male | 59.1 | 13 | 54.6 | 12 | 71.4 | 15 | 42.9 | 9 | 36.4 | 8 | 71.4 | 15 | 33.3 | 7 | 45.5 | 10 | 9.5 | 2 | |
Female | 48.2 | 27 | 38.9 | 21 | 67.9 | 38 | 33.9 | 19 | 22.8 | 13 | 52.7 | 29 | 34.6 | 19 | 40.4 | 23 | 11.5 | 6 | ||
p* | 0.387 | 0.212 | 0.763 | 0.468 | 0.222 | 0.140 | 0.921 | 0.680 | 1.000 | |||||||||||
Agegroup | <25 years | 66.7 | 10 | 60.0 | 9 | 78.6 | 11 | 42.9 | 6 | 40.0 | 6 | 71.4 | 10 | 57.1 | 8 | 60.0 | 9 | 7.7 | 1 | |
25–29 years | 45.5 | 15 | 39.4 | 13 | 61.8 | 21 | 29.4 | 10 | 23.5 | 8 | 51.5 | 17 | 12.1 | 4 | 29.4 | 10 | 12.5 | 4 | ||
≥30 years | 50.0 | 15 | 39.3 | 11 | 72.4 | 21 | 41.4 | 12 | 23.3 | 7 | 58.6 | 17 | 48.3 | 14 | 46.7 | 14 | 10.7 | 3 | ||
p* | 0.389 | 0.352 | 0.453 | 0.527 | 0.426 | 0.447 |
0.002
| 0.107 | 1.000g
| |||||||||||
Basic | Less than high school | 48.7 | 18 | 36.1 | 13 | 67.6 | 25 | 35.1 | 13 | 23.7 | 9 | 61.1 | 22 | 36.1 | 13 | 44.7 | 17 | 18.2 | 6 | |
education | High school | 50.0 | 19 | 46.0 | 17 | 68.4 | 26 | 34.2 | 13 | 26.3 | 10 | 51.4 | 19 | 32.4 | 12 | 36.8 | 14 | 5.4 | 2 | |
p* | 0.907 | 0.393 | 0.937 | 0.933 | 0.791 | 0.401 | 0.741 | 0.484 | 0.136g
| |||||||||||
Current | Employed | 42.5 | 17 | 38.5 | 15 | 62.5 | 25 | 22.5 | 9 | 15.0 | 6 | 47.5 | 19 | 17.5 | 7 | 30.0 | 12 | 13.5 | 5 | |
employment | Student | 71.4 | 10 | 57.1 | 8 | 71.4 | 10 | 57.1 | 8 | 42.9 | 6 | 69.2 | 9 | 53.9 | 7 | 50.0 | 7 | 14.3 | 2 | |
Unemployed | 44.4 | 4 | 44.4 | 4 | 62.5 | 5 | 62.5 | 5 | 44.4 | 4 | 66.7 | 6 | 55.6 | 5 | 66.7 | 6 | 12.5 | 1 | ||
Other | 50.0 | 6 | 27.3 | 3 | 84.6 | 11 | 30.8 | 4 | 23.1 | 3 | 63.6 | 7 | 54.6 | 6 | 46.2 | 6 | 0.0 | 0 | ||
p* | 0.331g
| 0.491g
| 0.517g
|
0.033
g
| 0.084g
| 0.445g
|
0.008
g
| 0.167 | 0.689g
| |||||||||||
Married or | No | 63.0 | 17 | 46.2 | 12 | 80.8 | 21 | 53.9 | 14 | 33.3 | 9 | 69.2 | 18 | 46.2 | 12 | 55.6 | 15 | 12.0 | 3 | |
cohabiting | Yes | 41.7 | 20 | 38.3 | 18 | 61.2 | 30 | 24.5 | 12 | 20.4 | 10 | 48.9 | 23 | 27.7 | 13 | 32.7 | 16 | 11.1 | 5 | |
p* | 0.077 | 0.514 | 0.084 |
0.011
| 0.213 | 0.094 | 0.111 | 0.052 | 1.000g
| |||||||||||
Socio-demographic factors, treatment received and dropouts
Those who were currently employed had less often had four visits with a physician and eight psychotherapy sessions a year than other groups in the bivariate analysis (Table 4).
Marital status was statistically significantly associated with appointments with physicians: those who were currently cohabiting had less often had at least four visits with a physician a year in the bivariate analysis (Table 4).
Age at the time of the study had an association with psychotherapy sessions: the middle age group had had less often than others at least 8 sessions of psychotherapy a year (Table 4).
In our study group, 11.0 % of participants dropped out of treatment. No associations were found between socio-demographic factors and dropouts (Table 4).
Comorbid psychiatric disorders, treatment received and dropouts
In the bivariate analysis, comorbid substance use disorder was related to antidepressant or buspirone medication for at least 2 months and receiving benzodiazepines (Tables 5 and 6). There was also an association between comorbid substance use disorder and receiving psychotherapy (Table 5).
Table 5
Comorbid disorders, treatments received and dropouts during the most recent treatment episode for anxiety disordersi, j
Pharmacotherapy | Visits with a physician | Guideline concordant pharmacotherapyc
| Sessions of psychotherapy / a year | Minimally adequate treatmente
| Treatment dropoutf
| |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anya
| ≥2 months | Anyb
| ≥4 times | Anyd
| ≥8 times | |||||||||||||||
Variable | Category | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | |
Comorbid | Yes | 54.2 | 26 | 45.8 | 22 | 71.7 | 33 | 41.3 | 19 | 31.3 | 15 | 58.3 | 28 | 35.4 | 17 | 45.8 | 22 | 13.6 | 6 | |
mood | No | 46.7 | 14 | 39.3 | 11 | 64.5 | 20 | 29.0 | 9 | 19.4 | 6 | 57.1 | 16 | 32.1 | 9 | 35.5 | 11 | 6.9 | 2 | |
disorders |
p* | 0.519 | 0.579 | 0.502 | 0.272 | 0.243 | 0.919 | 0.772 | 0.362 | 0.465g
| ||||||||||
Comorbid | Yes | 65.2 | 15 | 63.6 | 14 | 77.3 | 17 | 50.0 | 11 | 39.1 | 9 | 78.3 | 18 | 39.1 | 9 | 47.8 | 11 | 4.8 | 1 | |
substance use | No | 45.5 | 25 | 35.2 | 19 | 65.5 | 36 | 30.9 | 17 | 21.4 | 12 | 49.1 | 26 | 32.1 | 17 | 39.3 | 22 | 13.5 | 7 | |
disorder |
p* | 0.111 |
0.023
| 0.312 | 0.116 | 0.106 |
0.018
| 0.552 | 0.484 | 0.425g
| ||||||||||
Comorbid | Yes | 68.4 | 13 | 52.6 | 10 | 73.7 | 14 | 57.9 | 11 | 40.0 | 8 | 73.7 | 14 | 52.6 | 10 | 60.0 | 12 | 15.8 | 3 | |
personality | No | 45.8 | 27 | 40.4 | 23 | 67.2 | 39 | 29.3 | 17 | 22.0 | 13 | 52.6 | 30 | 28.1 | 16 | 35.6 | 21 | 9.3 | 5 | |
disorder |
p* | 0.086 | 0.350 | 0.599 |
0.025
| 0.116 | 0.108 | 0.051 | 0.056 | 0.421g
| ||||||||||
Comorbid other | Yes | 56.3 | 9 | 40.0 | 6 | 56.3 | 9 | 56.3 | 9 | 37.5 | 6 | 50.0 | 8 | 43.8 | 7 | 50.0 | 8 | 6.3 | 1 | |
disorderh
| No | 50.0 | 31 | 44.3 | 27 | 72.1 | 44 | 31.2 | 19 | 23.8 | 15 | 60.0 | 36 | 31.7 | 19 | 39.7 | 25 | 12.3 | 7 | |
p* | 0.656 | 0.765 | 0.239g
| 0.063 | 0.343g
| 0.472 | 0.365 | 0.455 | 0.676g
| |||||||||||
More than 1 | Yes | 46.7 | 7 | 40.0 | 6 | 64.3 | 9 | 35.7 | 5 | 25.0 | 4 | 60.0 | 9 | 40.0 | 6 | 37.5 | 6 | 0.0 | 0 | |
anxiety | No | 52.4 | 33 | 44.3 | 27 | 69.8 | 44 | 36.5 | 23 | 27.0 | 17 | 57.4 | 35 | 32.8 | 20 | 42.9 | 27 | 13.6 | 8 | |
disorder |
p* | 0.691 | 0.765 | 0.753g
| 0.956 | 1.000g
| 0.854 | 0.598 | 0.698 | 0.340g
| ||||||||||
Table 6
Sociodemographic factors, comorbid disorders, benzodiazepine use and misuse during the most recent treatment episode for anxiety disordersc,
d
Benzodiazepine | Benzodiazepine misuse | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Not prescribed | Prescribed | No | Yes | |||||||
Variable | Category | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | |
All | 65.4 | 51 | 34.6 | 27 | 94.9 | 75 | 5.1 | 4 | ||
Gender | Male | 50.0 | 11 | 50.0 | 11 | 95.5 | 21 | 4.6 | 1 | |
Female | 71.4 | 40 | 28.6 | 16 | 94.7 | 54 | 5.3 | 3 | ||
p* | 0.073 | 1.000a
| ||||||||
Agegroup | <25 years | 73.3 | 11 | 26.7 | 4 | 100.0 | 15 | 0.0 | 0 | |
25–29 years | 69.7 | 23 | 30.3 | 10 | 97.1 | 33 | 2.9 | 1 | ||
≥30 years | 56.7 | 17 | 43.3 | 13 | 90.0 | 27 | 10.0 | 3 | ||
p* | 0.428 | 0.402a
| ||||||||
Basic | Less than high school | 64.9 | 24 | 35.1 | 13 | 97.4 | 37 | 2.6 | 1 | |
education | High school | 71.1 | 27 | 29.0 | 11 | 94.7 | 36 | 5.3 | 2 | |
p* | 0.566 | 1.000a
| ||||||||
Current | Employed | 75.0 | 30 | 25.0 | 10 | 100.0 | 40 | 0.0 | 0 | |
employment | Student | 57.1 | 8 | 42.9 | 6 | 92.9 | 13 | 7.1 | 1 | |
Unemployed | 55.6 | 5 | 44.4 | 4 | 100.0 | 9 | 0.0 | 0 | ||
Other | 66.7 | 8 | 33.3 | 4 | 84.6 | 11 | 15.4 | 2 | ||
p* | 0.485a
| 0.061a
| ||||||||
Married or | No | 66.7 | 18 | 33.3 | 9 | 96.3 | 26 | 3.7 | 1 | |
cohabiting | Yes | 68.8 | 33 | 31.3 | 15 | 95.9 | 47 | 4.1 | 2 | |
p* | 0.853 | 1.000a
| ||||||||
Comorbid | Yes | 66.7 | 32 | 33.3 | 16 | 93.8 | 45 | 6.3 | 3 | |
mood | No | 63.3 | 19 | 36.7 | 11 | 96.8 | 30 | 3.2 | 1 | |
disorder |
p* | 0.763 | 1.000a
| |||||||
Comorbid | Yes | 43.5 | 10 | 56.5 | 13 | 87.0 | 20 | 13.0 | 3 | |
substance use | No | 74.6 | 41 | 25.5 | 14 | 98.2 | 55 | 1.8 | 1 | |
disorder |
p* |
0.009
| 0.072a
| |||||||
Comorbid | Yes | 31.6 | 6 | 68.4 | 13 | 80.0 | 16 | 20.0 | 4 | |
personality | No | 76.3 | 45 | 23.7 | 14 | 100.0 | 59 | 0.0 | 0 | |
disorder |
p* |
0.0004
|
0.003
a
| |||||||
Comorbid other | Yes | 50.0 | 8 | 50.0 | 8 | 81.3 | 13 | 18.8 | 3 | |
disorderb
| No | 69.4 | 43 | 30.7 | 19 | 98.4 | 62 | 1.6 | 1 | |
p* | 0.147 |
0.025
a
| ||||||||
More than 1 | Yes | 73.3 | 11 | 26.7 | 4 | 87.5 | 14 | 12.5 | 2 | |
anxiety | No | 63.5 | 40 | 36.5 | 23 | 96.8 | 61 | 3.2 | 2 | |
disorder |
p* | 0.472 | 0.181a
| |||||||
Participants with comorbid personality disorders received and misused benzodiazepines more often than others according to the bivariate analysis (Table 6). An association was also found between personality disorders and visits with a physician at least four times within 12 months (Table 5).
No associations were found between comorbid disorders and treatment dropouts (Table 5).
Factors associated with treatment in the multivariate analyses
In the multivariate analysis, comorbid substance use disorder (OR 4.48, CI 1.11–18.08, P = 0.035) was associated with antidepressant or buspirone medication lasting at least 2 months (Table 7). Comorbid personality disorder in turn was associated with increased odds for benzodiazepine medication (OR 4.77, CI 1.11–20.59, P = 0.036) (Table 8). Those who were currently married or cohabiting had lower odds of having at least four visits with a physician a year (OR 0.27, CI 0.08–0.85, P = 0.025) (Table 7). None of these factors explained the final outcome of minimally adequate treatment, but the p-value for the association between marital status and minimally adequate treatment was close to being significant (OR 0.36, CI 0.12–1.05, P = 0.062) and was significant when we studied the most intensive treatment episode (OR 0.33, CI 0.11–0.99, P = 0.048) (Table 7 and Additional file 5).
Table 7
Variables associated with treatments received during the most recent treatment period for anxiety disordersg, h
Pharmacotherapy | Visits with a physician / a year | Guideline-concordant pharmacotherapyc
| Sessions of psychotherapy / a year | Minimally adequate treatmente
| |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anya
| ≥2 months | Anyb
| ≥4 times | Anyd
| ≥8 times | ||||||||||||
Variable | Category | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
Gender | Male (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
Female | 1.19 | 0.34–4.14 | 1.06 | 0.29–3.90 | 1.95 | 0.50–7.64 | 1.16 | 0.30–4.56 | 0.72 | 0.18–2.87 | 1.18 | 0.31–4.47 | 1.50 | 0.38–5.92 | 1.18 | 0.33–4.18 | |
Basic education | Less than high school (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
High school | 1.33 | 0.42–4.18 | 3.08 | 0.86–11.04 | 1.42 | 0.41–4.97 | 0.92 | 0.25–3.35 | 1.57 | 0.40–6.09 | 1.04 | 0.31–3.45 | 1.12 | 0.32–3.94 | 0.71 | 0.22–2.30 | |
Married or | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
cohabiting | Yes | 0.43 | 0.15–1.25 | 0.85 | 0.28–2.56 | 0.34 | 0.09–1.25 | *0.27
|
0.08–0.85
| 0.66 | 0.20–2.11 | 0.35 | 0.11–1.14 | 0.39 | 0.12–1.21 | 0.36 | 0.12–1.05 |
Comorbid | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
mood disorder | Yes | 1.07 | 0.36–3.14 | 1.47 | 0.47–4.60 | 1.28 | 0.41–4.00 | 0.99 | 0.31–3.15 | 1.59 | 0.46–5.44 | 0.71 | 0.22–2.26 | 0.70 | 0.21–2.34 | 1.07 | 0.37–3.13 |
Comorbid substance | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
use disorder | Yes | 1.92 | 0.54–6.86 | *4.48
|
1.11–18.08
| 2.46 | 0.59–10.30 | 1.46 | 0.39–5.48 | 1.78 | 0.46–6.95 | 3.21 | 0.81–12.75 | 1.27 | 0.33–4.82 | 0.98 | 0.28–3.42 |
Comorbid | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
personality disorder | Yes | 1.87 | 0.49–7.20 | 1.40 | 0.34–5.84 | 1.55 | 0.38–6.35 | 2.20 | 0.55–8.70 | 1.76 | 0.41–7.51 | 2.05 | 0.49–8.48 | 4.03 | 0.97–16.83 | 2.24 | 0.61–8.26 |
Comorbid | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
other disorderf
| Yes | 0.89 | 0.23–3.41 | 0.51 | 0.12–2.12 | 0.26 | 0.06–1.10 | 2.36 | 0.59–9.45 | 1.48 | 0.35–6.22 | 0.43 | 0.11–1.77 | 1.02 | 0.25–4.11 | 1.24 | 0.32–4.72 |
More than 1 anxiety | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
disorder | Yes | 0.59 | 0.15–2.31 | 0.45 | 0.10–1.96 | 0.64 | 0.16–2.53 | 0.97 | 0.22–4.19 | 0.74 | 0.16–3.35 | 0.99 | 0.25–3.96 | 1.90 | 0.45–8.01 | 0.80 | 0.21–2.97 |
Table 8
Variables associated with benzodiazepine use during the most recent treatment period for anxiety disordersb, c
Benzodiazepine prescribed | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Category | OR | 95 % CI |
Gender | Male (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
Female | 0.66 | 0.16–2.63 | |
Basic education | Less than high school (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
High school | 1.46 | 0.37–5.81 | |
Married or | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
cohabiting | Yes | 0.94 | 0.29–3.08 |
Comorbid | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
mood disorder | Yes | 0.66 | 0.20–2.21 |
Comorbid substance | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
use disorder | Yes | 2.30 | 0.57–9.26 |
Comorbid | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
personality disorder | Yes | *4.77
|
1.11–20.59
|
Comorbid | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
other disordera
| Yes | 1.72 | 0.39–7.47 |
More than 1 anxiety | No (ref.) | 1.00 | - |
disorder | Yes | 0.45 | 0.08–2.65 |
Discussion
In our study of a nationally representative sample of young adults with anxiety disorder (excluding those with a single specific phobia), 70.9 % had some kind of contact with the health care system for their anxiety disorder, and 41.8 % had received minimally adequate treatment during the most recent treatment period. In the adult sample of the Health 2000 Survey, only 33.5 % of participants with anxiety disorders had used health care services for mental health problems during the preceding 12 months [8]. According to these figures young adults seek and receive more treatment than older adults in Finland. The same kind of trend was found in the treatment of depressive disorders in the Health 2000 Survey, where 40.9 % of young adults received minimally adequate treatment during the last depressive episode, whereas only 18 % of individuals with MDD aged over 30 had received minimally adequate treatment during the previous 12 months [27, 45].
A comparison with previous surveys concerning treatment adequacy is difficult because of the different settings and criteria for minimally adequate treatment and also a variation in diagnoses included in anxiety disorders. In the NCS-R-survey, where the criteria of minimally adequate treatment were very similar to ours, 33.8 % of treated patients (42.2 %) received minimally adequate treatment, corresponding to a treatment adequacy of about 14 % among all participants with anxiety disorders [44]. Fernandez et al. obtained quite similar results in Spain, where 30.7 % of treated patients (41.8 %) with any anxiety disorder received minimally adequate treatment, corresponding to about 13 % of all participants with anxiety disorders [16]. Compared to these figures, the situation is better for young adults in Finland. In a recent German study, the proportion of people with lifetime anxiety disorder with a self-reported mental health care contact was similar to ours, varying from 42.7 % for obsessive-compulsive disorder to 69.2 % in generalized anxiety disorder [13].
The higher proportion of adequate treatment in our study may partly be explained by our versatile information search, which also included medical records. The young age of our participants and the fact that we studied the most recent treatment episode also decreases memory bias in this study. We included telephone consultations by patient or another health care professional as visits with a physician, which may slightly increase the proportion of adequate treatment. Furthermore, we defined hospitalization lasting at least 4 days as adequate care. However, these cases were few (8 participants) and almost all (7 participants) had also received adequate treatment in outpatient care.
None of the factors chosen were related to the adequacy of treatment. However, currently married or cohabiting subjects had less often had physician visits in accordance with guidelines according to the multivariate analysis. In addition, those who were currently employed had less often had physician visits and psychotherapy in accordance with guidelines according to the bivariate analysis. These figures may suggest that among the participants with anxiety disorders there is a subgroup who has less severe illness, less disabilities, more social support and good abilities to help themselves. This is supported by the fact that anxiety disorders consist of several illnesses for which the clinical significance may vary. However, despite good social functioning, untreated illness may cause personal suffering and lead to disabilities.
Comorbid substance use disorder was related to both antidepressant or buspirone medication lasting at least 2 months and benzodiazepine use, and the first difference was statistically significant even after adjusting for other factors. Moreover, comorbid personality disorder was associated with benzodiazepine use in the multivariate analysis and additionally with benzodiazepine misuse and physician visits in accordance with guidelines in the bivariate analysis. So, there may be a trend to treat patients with complicated illness more intensively. Unfortunately this pursuit may sometimes lead to inappropriate use of benzodiazepines.
Benzodiazepines had been prescribed to 34.6 % of people with anxiety disorders, and benzodiazepine (BZD) use was strongly associated with having a comorbid personality or substance use disorder. BZD misuse was infrequent, but our figure was probably an underestimate since it was either based on self-report in the interview or diagnosed abuse/dependence by the treating physician. There is evidence of short-term effectiveness of BZDS in panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder and to some extent in social phobia, but BZDs are not effective in obsessive-compulsive disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder, and there is no evidence of long-term effectiveness in any anxiety disorder [46]. BZDs are not recommended as a first-line treatment in any anxiety disorder because of the controversy over whether the short-term benefits outweigh the risk of dependence and side effects, which include daytime drowsiness, impairment of learning, psychomotor slowing and increased risk of accidents [46]. BZDs may also cause paradoxical reactions, including increased anxiety, agitation, hyperactivity and aggressiveness, and the risk of these is increased in people with personality and substance use disorders [46]. Therefore, it is alarming that BZD use was particularly common in people with personality and substance use disorders. The results suggest that more attention should be paid to prescription of BZDs to people with anxiety disorders in Finland.
In our study, 11.0 % of participants discontinued the visits, but none of the sociodemographic factors or comorbidities were related to dropout. This is in line with a review of Santana and Fontenelle, who found the prevalence of dropouts varied from 10.3 to 57.0 % in different studies. They also stated that no consistent conclusion can be reached regarding the effect of sociodemographic factors and clinical features on adherence of patients, though they emphasized the significance of cognitive variables, such as expectations and beliefs about the disease and its treatment, in managing patients with anxiety disorders [47].
The main strength of this study was a two-phase study design which enabled us to conduct SCID-I interviews, which were done by experienced mental health professionals. We also had access to case records from all mental health treatments, which compensated for any possible effect of recall bias in the final diagnostic assessment. Therefore we cannot directly compare our results with most previous surveys using only information collected by interviews. The percentage of minimally adequate treatment was slightly smaller (37.1 %) when we excluded those patients who had not been interviewed, for whom we only had medical records.
Regarding limitations, they have also been discussed in detail in our previous article which focused on the treatment of depressive disorders [27]. To summarize: attrition is the main limitation of a two-phase study design [48]. In this study, attrition, both in the questionnaire and the interview, was associated with age, gender, education and hospital treatment, but not with self-reported mental health disorders or symptoms at the baseline survey. A more detailed analysis of nonresponse has been reported previously [26].
Another notable limitation was a small size of the study sample, which led to low statistical power. This was also a reason why we could not analyze the treatments for each anxiety disorder separately. Moreover, correction for multiple testing was not done.
A minor limitation is that SCID-II was not used in the interview. The diagnostic assessment of personality disorders was based on other available systematically evaluated information from the interview and/or case records by experienced clinicians.
Psychotherapy in this study means psychosocial support broadly, because we did not have information on whether the mental health professional providing treatment was a licensed psychotherapist. Therefore, we cannot draw conclusions on the access to actual psychotherapy on the basis of this study.
The Mental Health in Early Adulthood in Finland (MEAF) study was carried out about 10 years ago. Based on official statistics, the use of antidepressants and the number of psychiatric outpatient visits has increased and also the availability of psychotherapy is better in Finland nowadays. Therefore, the figures of minimally adequate treatment may be better today.
Conclusions
More efforts are needed to treat young adults with anxiety disorders, since less than a half of them received minimally adequate treatment, though more than 70 % seek treatment. Benzodiazepine use was more frequent among individuals with personality and substance use disorders, who may be especially vulnerable to their negative effects.
Acknowledgements
We thank Merja Blom, Margit Keinänen-Guillaume, Helena Kurru, Maija Lindgren, Ph.D., Taina Laajasalo, Ph.D., Marko Manninen, Ph.D., Tuula Mononen and Sebastian Therman, Ph.D. for the skillfully conducted interviews, and Tuula Koski, Kirsi Niinistö and Satu Viertiö, Ph.D. for administrative work. We also thank Arpo Aromaa, M.D., Ph.D. and all the other collaborators in the Health 2000 study group, as well as all participants.
Funding for this study was provided by the Academy of Finland, grant 210714 (J.S.), the Yrjö Jahnsson Foundation (J.S., T.A.-S. and J.P.), the Jalmari and Rauha Ahokas Foundation (T.A.-S.), the National Graduate School of Clinical investigation (T.K.), the Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research of the University of Helsinki (T.K.), the Finnish Medical Foundation (T.K.), the Finnish Psychiatric Association (T.K.), the pharmaceutical company H. Lundbeck A/S (T.K.), the Emil Aaltonen Foundation (T.K.) and the Päivikki and Sakari Sohlberg Foundation (T.K.). Funding sources had no further role in study design; in collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication.
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Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
JS, MM and TK designed the study. JS, TA-S, JP and SS did the diagnostic assessment of anxiety disorders. TK and JS managed the literature searches and analyses. TK undertook the statistical analysis and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study, participated in revising the manuscript for intellectual content, and approved the final version of the manuscript.