Background
Methods
Statistical analysis
Results
Trends in the survival rate and incidence of late-onset sepsis according to period
23–24 weeks’ gestation | 25–26 weeks’ gestation | Total, 23–26 weeks’ gestation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P I (n = 49) | P II (n = 105) | P I (n = 75) | P II (n = 135) | P I (n = 124) | P II (n = 240) | |
Survival at discharge, n (%) | 27 (55.1) | 82 (78.1) * | 67 (89.3) | 123 (91.1) | 94 (75.8) | 205 (85.4) * |
LOS infants, n (%) | 17 (34.7) | 26 (24.8) | 24 (32.0) | 12 (8.9) * | 41 (33.1) | 38 (15.8) * |
LOS episodes, n | 21 | 31 | 26 | 12 * | 47 | 43 * |
LOS rate/1000 hospital days | 5.1 | 2.6 * | 3.5 | 1.0 * | 4.0 | 1.8 * |
Trends in pathogen distribution according to period
23–24 weeks’ gestation | 25–26 weeks’ gestation | Total, 23–26 weeks’ gestation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Period I (n = 21) | Period II (n = 31) | Period I (n = 26) | Period II (n = 12) | Period I (n = 47) | Period II (n = 43) | |
Gram (+)
| 6 (28.5) | 19 (61.3) * | 18 (69.2) | 7 (59.3) | 24 (51.5) | 26 (60.5) |
CoNS | 2 (9.5) | 7 (22.6) | 6 (23.1) | 3 (25) | 8 (17.0) | 10 (23.3) |
Staphylococcus aureus | 3 (14.3) | 3 (9.7) | 6 (23.1) | 1 (8.3) | 9 (19.1) | 4 (9.3) |
Enterococcus | 0 (0) | 6 (19.4) * | 3 (11.5) | 1 (8.3) | 3 (6.4) | 7 (16.3) |
Streptococcus group B | 1 (4.8) | 3 (9.7) | 1 (3.8) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (4.3) | 4 (9.3) |
Others | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (7.7) | 1 (8.3) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.3) |
Gram (−)
| 8 (38.1) | 10 (32.3) | 5 (19.2) | 5 (41.7) | 13 (27.7) | 15 (34.9) |
Enterobacter | 2 (9.5) | 2 (6.5) | 1 (3.8) | 2 (16.7) | 3 (6.4) | 4 (9.3) |
Escherichia coli | 0 (0) | 2 (6.5) | 1 (3.8) | 2 (16.7) | 1 (2.1) | 4 (9.3) |
Klebsiella | 1 (4.8) | 2 (6.5) | 2 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.4) | 2 (4.7) |
Pseudomonas | 3 (14.3) | 0 (0) * | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (6.4) | 0 (0) |
Acinetobacter | 1 (4.8) | 1 (3.2) | 1 (3.8) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.3) | 1 (2.3) |
Others | 1 (4.8) | 3 (9.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (8.3) | 1 (2.1) | 4 (9.3) |
Fungus
| 7 (33.3) | 2 (6.5) * | 3 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 10 (21.3) | 2 (4.7) * |
Candida albicans | 6 (28.6) | 1 (3.2) * | 3 (11.5) | 0 (0) | 9 (19.1) | 1 (2.3) * |
Caddida parapsilosis | 1 (4.8) | 1 (3.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (2.3) |
Trends in clinical characteristics and associated factors of late-onset sepsis according to period
23–24 weeks’ gestation | Period I (n = 49) | Period II (n = 105) | Total (n = 154) | |||
LOS (n = 17) | Control (n = 32) | LOS (n = 26) | Control (n = 79) | LOS (n = 43) | Control (n = 111) | |
Gestational age, wk | 23.8 ± 0.4 | 23.7 ± 0.5 | 23.6 ± 0.5 | 23.6 ± 0.5 | 23.7 ± 0.5 | 23.7 ± 0.5 |
Body weight, g | 644.5 ± 95.5 | 671.9 ± 124.4 | 633.8 ± 73.5 | 639.7 ± 103.4 | 638.0 ± 82.0 | 649.0 ± 110.2 |
One-min Apgar score | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 4.3 ± 1.5 * | 4.5 ± 1.3 * | 3.6 ± 1.7 | 4.0 ± 1.5 |
Five-min Apgar score | 5.6 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 2.0 | 7.2 ± 1.3 * | 7.1 ± 1.1 * | 6.5 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.6 |
AGA | 14 (82.4) | 28 (87.5) | 25 (96.2) | 73 (92.4) | 39 (90.7) | 101 (91.0) |
Pathologic CA | 8 (47.1) | 15 (46.9) | 14 (53.8) | 44 (55.7) | 22 (51.2) | 59 (53.2) |
Maternal steroid use | 11 (64.7) | 22 (68.8) | 22 (84.6) | 66 (83.5) | 33 (76.7) | 88 (79.3) |
Intubation duration, d | 51.8 ± 43.2 | 34.5 ± 24.8 | 51.2 ± 46.0 | 41.8 ± 27.2 | 51.4 ± 44.4 | 39.7 ± 26.6 |
N-CPAP duration, d | 19.1 ± 35.0 | 18.5 ± 20.2 | 34.6 ± 40.5 | 32.5 ± 23.3 * | 28.5 ± 38.7 | 28.4 ± 23.3 |
Postnatal steroid use duration, d | 14.8 ± 23.6 | 7.1 ± 8.0 | 23.8 ± 37.4 | 15.2 ± 11.6 * | 11.2 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 6.5 |
Umbilical catheter duration, d | 8.8 ± 3.9 | 8.4 ± 7.0 | 12.8 ± 5.8 * | 13.4 ± 5.7 * | 11.2 ± 5.4 | 12.0 ± 6.5 |
PCVC duration, d | 27.1 ± 28.4 | 23.2 ± 18.0 | 64.8 ± 64.8 * | 53.6 ± 37.1 * | 49.9 ± 56.2 | 44.8 ± 35.5 |
Antibiotics use duration, d | 28.4 ± 26.9 | 19.6 ± 14.3 | 39.5 ± 32.0 | 29.2 ± 23.5 * | 35.1 ± 30.2 | 26.4 ± 21.6 |
Hospital stay, d | 88.4 ± 67.6 | 82.1 ± 67.1 | 120.5 ± 92.4 | 113.3 ± 48.5 * | 107.8 ± 84.1 | 104.3 ± 56.0 |
25–26 weeks’ gestation | Period I (n = 75) | Period II (n = 135) | Total (n = 210) | |||
LOS (n = 24) | Control (n = 51) | LOS (n = 12) | Control (n = 123) | LOS (n = 36) | Control (n = 174) | |
Gestational age, wk | 25.5 ± 0.5 | 25.5 ± 0.5 | 25.2 ± 0.4 | 25.5 ± 0.5 # | 25.4 ± 0.5 | 25.5 ± 0.5 # |
Body weight, g | 804.1 ± 139.7 | 809.6 ± 124.2 | 759.7 ± 155.3 | 813.4 ± 121.4 | 789.3 ± 144.4 | 812.3 ± 121.9 |
One-min Apgar score | 2.9 ± 1.7 | 3.6 ± 1.6 | 5.0 ± 1.8 * | 5.1 ± 1.5 * | 3.6 ± 2.0 | 4.7 ± 1.7 |
Five-min Apgar score | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 6.8 ± 1.4 # | 7.0 ± 1.9 * | 7.4 ± 1.2 * | 6.1 ± 1.8 | 7.2 ± 1.3 |
AGA | 22 (91.7) | 48 (94.1) | 9 (75.0) | 115 (93.5) # | 31 (86.1) | 163 (93.7) |
Pathologic CA | 10 (41.7) | 20 (40.0) | 5 (41.7) | 61 (49.6) | 15 (41.7) | 81 (46.8) |
Maternal steroid use | 16 (66.7) | 37 (72.5) | 10 (83.3) | 100 (81.3) | 26 (72.2) | 137 (78.7) |
Intubation duration, d | 44.5 ± 51.9 | 27.7 ± 33.8 | 38.0 ± 16.1 | 18.3 ± 17.8 # | 42.4 ± 43.1 | 21.1 ± 23.9 # |
N-CPAP duration, d | 16.8 ± 14.5 | 24.5 ± 7.3 | 38.1 ± 26.8 * | 29.2 ± 19.7 | 23.9 ± 21.6 | 27.8 ± 19.1 |
Postnatal steroid use duration, d | 9.2 ± 10.3 | 6.6 ± 12.8 | 14.2 ± 10.7 | 5.6 ± 8.0 # | 10.8 ± 10.6 | 5.9 ± 9.7 # |
Umbilical catheter duration, d | 5.8 ± 4.7 | 5.8 ± 5.1 | 10.4 ± 10.0 | 5.6 ± 4.9 | 7.3 ± 7.1 | 5.6 ± 4.9 |
PCVC duration, d | 22.9 ± 15.9 | 22.4 ± 16.8 | 55.4 ± 26.0 * | 43.2 ± 28.6 * | 33.7 ± 24.9 | 37.1 ± 27.3 |
Antibiotics use duration, d | 27.8 ± 18.1 | 18.3 ± 15.9 # | 33.2 ± 15.6 | 17.0 ± 13.8 # | 29.6 ± 17.3 | 17.4 ± 14.4 |
Hospital stay, d | 110.8 ± 61.7 | 94.8 ± 35.0 | 121.5 ± 53.2 | 89.7 ± 32.0 # | 114.4 ± 58.4 | 91.2 ± 32.9 # |
Total, 23–26 weeks’ gestation | Period I (n = 124) | Period II (n = 240) | Total (n = 364) | |||
LOS (41) | Control (83) | LOS (38) | Control (202) | LOS (79) | Control (285) | |
Gestational age, wk | 24.8 ± 0.9 | 24.8 ± 1.0 | 24.1 ± 0.9 * | 24.8 ± 1.0 # | 24.4 ± 1.0 | 24.7 ± 1.0 # |
Body weight, g | 737.9 ± 145.6 | 756.5 ± 140.7 | 673.5 ± 119.8 * | 745.5 ± 142.5 # | 706.9 ± 136.8 | 748.7 ± 141.8 # |
One-min Apgar score | 2.7 ± 1.5 | 3.2 ± 1.5 | 4.6 ± 1.6 * | 4.9 ± 1.5 * | 3.6 ± 1.8 | 4.4 ± 1.7 # |
Five-min Apgar score | 5.6 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.7 # | 7.1 ± 1.5 * | 7.3 ± 1.2 * | 6.3 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.4 # |
AGA | 36 (87.8) | 76 (91.6) | 34 (89.5) | 188 (93.1) | 70 (88.6) | 264 (92.6) |
Pathologic CA | 18 (43.9) | 35 (42.7) | 19 (50) | 105 (52) | 37 (46.8) | 140 (49.3) |
Maternal steroid use | 27 (65.9) | 59 (71.1) | 32 (84.2) | 166 (82.2) * | 59 (74.7) | 225 (78.9) |
Intubation duration, d | 47.5 ± 48.0 | 30.3 ± 30.7 # | 47.1 ± 39.3 | 27.5 ± 24.7 # | 47.3 ± 43.7 | 28.3 ± 26.6 # |
N-CPAP duration, d | 17.8 ± 24.7 | 22.2 ± 18.6 | 35.7 ± 36.4 * | 30.5 ± 21.2 * | 26.4 ± 32.0 | 28.1 ± 20.8 |
Postnatal steroid use duration, d | 11.5 ± 17.1 | 6.7 ± 11.2 | 20.8 ± 31.6 | 9.4 ± 10.6 | 16.0 ± 25.4 | 8.5 ± 10.8 # |
Umbilical catheter duration, d | 7.0 ± 4.6 | 6.8 ± 6.0 | 12.0 ± 7.3 * | 8.6 ± 6.5 #* | 9.4 ± 6.5 | 8.1 ± 6.4 |
PCVC duration, d | 24.6 ± 21.7 | 22.7 ± 17.2 | 61.8 ± 55.3 * | 47.2 ± 32.5 * | 42.5 ± 45.2 | 40.1 ± 30.9 |
Antibiotics use duration, d | 28.1 ± 21.9 | 18.8 ± 15.2 # | 37.5 ± 27.8 | 21.8 ± 19.1 # | 32.6 ± 25.2 | 20.9 ± 18.0 # |
Hospital stay, d | 101.5 ± 64.3 | 89.9 ± 49.9 | 120.8 ± 81.3 | 99.0 ± 40.8 | 110.8 ± 73.1 | 96.3 ± 43.7 |
Trends in mortality and morbidities of late-onset sepsis according to period
23–24 weeks’ gestation | Period I (n = 49) | Period II (n = 105) | Total (n = 154) | |||
LOS (n = 17) | Control (n = 32) | LOS (n = 26) | Control (n = 79) | LOS (n = 43) | Control (n = 111) | |
Mortality | 9 (52.9) | 13 (40.6) | 10 (38.5) | 13 (16.5) #,* | 19 (44.2) | 26 (23.4) # |
PDA | 17 (100) | 29 (90.6) | 26 (100) | 75 (94.8) | 43 (100) | 104 (93.7) |
NEC ≥ stage 2b | 3 (17.6) | 2 (6.3) | 7 (26.9) | 7 (8.9) # | 10 (23.3) | 9 (8.1) # |
BPD grade (≥ moderate) | 11 (100) | 15 (75.0) # | 12 (63.2) * | 49 (70.0) | 23 (76.7) | 64 (71.1) |
IVH ≥ stage 3 | 4 (23.5) | 11 (34.4) | 11 (42.3) | 28 (35.4) | 15 (34.9) | 39 (35.1) |
ROP ≥ stage 3 | 8 (50.0) | 11 (36.7) | 12 (52.2) | 33 (43.4) | 20 (51.3) | 44 (41.5) |
25–26 weeks’ gestation | Period I (n = 75) | Period II (n = 135) | Total (n = 210) | |||
LOS (n = 24) | Control (n = 51) | LOS (n = 12) | Control (n = 123) | LOS (n = 36) | Control (n = 174) | |
Mortality | 3 (12.5) | 5 (9.8) | 1 (8.3) | 11 (8.9) | 4 (11.1) | 16 (9.2) |
PDA | 23 (95.8) | 48 (94.1) | 11 (91.7) | 105 (85.4) | 34 (94.9) | 153 (87.9) |
NEC ≥ stage 2b | 1 (4.2) | 2 (3.9) | 2 (16.7) | 6 (4.9) | 3 (8.3) | 8 (4.6) |
BPD grade (≥ moderate) | 12 (54.5) | 32 (68.1) | 9 (81.8) | 47 (42.0) #,* | 21 (63.6) | 79 (49.7) |
IVH ≥ stage 3 | 3 (12.5) | 5 (9.8) | 1 (8.3) | 16 (13.0) | 4 (11.1) | 12 (12.1) |
ROP ≥ stage 3 | 11 (47.8) | 21 (42.0) | 6 (54.5) | 27 (23.1) #,* | 17 (50) | 48 (28.7) # |
Total, 23–26 weeks’ gestation | Period I (n = 124) | Period II (n = 240) | Total (n = 364) | |||
LOS (n = 41) | Control (n = 83) | LOS (n = 38) | Control (n = 202) | LOS (n = 79) | Control (n = 285) | |
Mortality | 12 (29.3) | 18 (21.7) | 11 (28.9) | 24 (11.9) #* | 23 (29.1) | 42 (14.7) # |
PDA | 40 (97.6) | 77 (92.8) | 37 (97.4) | 180 (89.1) | 77 (97.5) | 257 (90.2) # |
NEC ≥ stage 2b | 4 (9.8) | 4 (4.8) | 9 (23.7) | 13 (6.4) # | 13 (16.5) | 17 (6.0) # |
BPD grade (≥ moderate) | 23 (69.7) | 47 (70.1) | 21 (70) | 96 (52.7) * | 44 (69.8) | 143 (57.3) |
IVH ≥ stage 3 | 7 (17.1) | 16 (19.3) | 12 (31.6) | 44 (21.8) | 19 (24.1) | 60 (21.1) |
ROP ≥ stage 3 | 19 (48.7) | 32 (40) | 18 (52.9) | 60 (31.1) # | 37 (50.7) | 92 (33.7) # |
Associated factors for late-onset sepsis
Associated factors | 23–24 weeks’ gestation | p-value | 25–26 weeks’ gestation | p-value | 23–26 weeks’ gestation | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95% CI) (n = 154) | OR(95% CI) (n = 210) | OR(95% CI) (n = 364) | ||||
Period II | 0.620(0.297–1.294) | 0.203 |
0.207(0.096–0.446)
|
< 0.001
|
0.381(0.229–0.634)
|
< 0.001
|
Gestational age, wk | 1.036(0.489–2.193) | 0.927 | 0.592(0.282–1.243) | 0.166 |
0.721(0.562–0.924)
|
0.010
|
Body weight, 100 g | 0.901(0.639–1.270) | 0.552 | 0.871(0.663–1.143) | 0.320 |
0.813(0.681–0.970)
|
0.021
|
Apgar score, 5 min | 0.939(0.742–1.187) | 0.598 |
0.709(0.571–0.880)
|
0.002
|
0.811(0.694–0.947)
|
0.008
|
Hospital stay, wk | 1.006(0.969–1.044) | 0.764 |
1.099(1.032–1.170)
|
0.003
|
1.036(1.003–1.070)
|
0.031
|
Intubation duration, wk | 1.074(0.998–1.155) | 0.055 |
1.168(1.050–1.299)
|
0.004
|
1.122(1.060–1.187)
|
< 0.001
|
Postnatal steroid use, wk | 1.132(0.991–1.293) | 0.067 |
1.322(1.049–1.666)
|
0.018
|
1.215(1.074–1.376)
|
0.002
|
Antibiotic use, wk | 1.100(0.999–1.212) | 0.053 |
1.355(1.164–1.578)
|
< 0.001
|
1.191(1.097–1.292)
|
< 0.001
|
Mortality |
2.588(1.299–5.452)
|
0.012
| 1.234(0.387–3.936) | 0.722 |
2.376(1.323–4.268)
|
0.004
|
NEC, ≥ stage 2b |
3.434(1.286–9.172)
|
0.014
| 1.886(0.475–7.487) | 0.367 |
3.105(1.437–6.711)
|
0.004
|
ROP, ≥ stage 3 | 1.483(0.710–3.100) | 0.295 |
2.479(1.170–5.255)
|
0.018
|
2.022(1.199–3.411)
|
0.008
|
Associated factors | 23–24 weeks’ gestation | p-value | 25–26 weeks’ gestation | p-value | 23–26 weeks’ gestation | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR(95% CI) (n = 154) | OR(95% CI) (n = 210) | OR(95% CI) (n = 364) | ||||
Period II | 0.546(0.253–1.179) | 0.123 |
0.239(0.108–0.530)
|
< 0.001
|
0.346(0.212–0.623)
|
< 0.001
|
Intubation duration, wk |
1.077(1.001–1.159)
|
0.047
|
1.133(1.020–1.258)
|
0.020
|
1.115(1.054–1.181)
|
< 0.001
|
NEC, ≥ stage 2b |
3.628(1.332–9.883)
|
0.012
| 2.344(0.550–9.995) | 0.250 |
3.376(1.510–7.548)
|
0.003
|