Background
The Healthy Lifestyles Programme (HeLP)
Methods
Recruitment of schools and children
Outcome measures
-
Physical Activity (in one randomly selected class per school)
-
Food Intake Questionnaire (FIQ)
-
My Lifestyle Questionnaire (MLQ) (to assess potential mediating variables). This data will be presented in a separate paper.
-
Anthropometric measures
Anthropometric outcomes (baseline, 18 and 24 months)
Behavioural outcomes (baseline and 18 months)
Data manipulations
Anthropometric outcomes
Behavioural outcomes
Data analysis
Results
Baseline characteristics of recruited schools and child demographics
School characteristics | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Participating Schools | 16 | 16 | 32 | |
Number of Year 5 Classes | 24 | 27 | 51 | |
Mean (sd) [range] Percentage of Free School Meals | 20.3 (9.8) [6.1–37.8] | 19.6 (13.5) [5.3–52.8] | 20.0 (11.6) [5.3–52.8] | |
Child demographics | ||||
Number of Participating Children | 658 | 666 | 1324 | |
Gender: | Girls | 50.8 (334) | 51.8 (345) | 51.3 (679) |
Boys | 49.2 (324) | 48.2 (321) | 48.7 (645) | |
Mean (sd) [range] of Age (years)a
| 9.8 (0.3) [9.2–10.8] | 9.7 (0.3) [9.2–10.3] | 9.8 (0.3) [9.2–10.8] |
All children | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Girls | Boys | One year 5 classa
| More than one year 5 classa
| FSM cat 1 (<19%) | FSM Cat2 (≥19%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (sd) [range] of BMI (kg/m2) | (n = 1312) 17.6 (2.9) [12.5–30.5] | (n = 655) 17.5 (2.9) [12.8–30.5] | (n = 657) 17.6 (2.8) [12.5–27.5] | (n = 672) 17.8 (3.0) [12.5–29.0] | (n = 640) 17.3 (2.6) [12.8–30.5] | (n = 554) 17.4 (2.8) [12.8–28.2] | (n = 758) 17.7 (2.9) [12.5–30.5] | (n = 816) 17.4 (2.7) [12.5–28.5] | (n = 496) 17.9 (3.1) [12.8–30.5] |
Mean (sd) [range] of BMI sds | (n = 1312) 0.25 (1.16) [−2.88–3.36] | (n = 655) 0.21 (1.16) [−2.81–3.36] | (n = 657) 0.28 (1.15) [−2.88–3.18] | (n = 672) 0.26 (1.16) [−2.88–3.18] | (n = 640) 0.24 (1.16) [−2.81–3.36] | (n = 554) 0.16 (1.14) [−2.81–3.08] | (n = 758) 0.31 (1.17) [−2.88–3.36] | (n = 816) 0.19 (1.12) [−2.88–3.17] | (n = 496) 0.35 (1.20) [−2.81–3.36] |
Underweighta
| 1.6 (21) | 1.8 (12) | 1.4 (9) | 1.6 (11) | 1.6 (10) | 2.0 (11) | 1.3 (10) | 1.7 (14) | 1.4 (7) |
Healthy weighta
| 73.3 (962) | 73.7 (483) | 72.9 (479) | 73.1 (491) | 73.6 (471) | 75.8 (420) | 71.5 (542) | 75.1 (613) | 70.4 (349) |
Overweighta
| 11.4 (150) | 11.5 (75) | 11.4 (75) | 11.5 (77) | 11.4 (73) | 9.9 (55) | 12.5 (95) | 11.2 (91) | 11.9 (59) |
Obesea
| 13.6 (179) | 13.0 (85) | 14.3 (94) | 13.8 (93) | 13.4 (86) | 12.3 (68) | 14.6 (111) | 12.0 (98) | 16.3 (81) |
Overweight or Obesea
| 25.1 (329) | 24.4 (160) | 25.7 (169) | 25.3 (170) | 24.8 (159) | 22.2 (123) | 27.2 (206) | 23.2 (189) | 28.2 (140) |
Mean (sd) [range] of waist circumference (cm) | (n = 1309) 61.3 (7.5) [47.8–99.1] | (n = 655) 61.4 (7.8) [49.3–99.1] | (n = 654) 61.2 (7.2) [47.8–93.2] | (n = 672) 61.1 (7.5) [47.8–91.6] | (n = 637) 61.5 (7.5) [48.8–99.1] | (n = 552) 60.8 (7.1) [47.8–89.6] | (n = 757) 61.7 (7.7) [48.2–99.1] | (n = 816) 60.8 (6.8) [48.1–99.1] | (n = 493) 62.2 (8.4) [47.8–97.0] |
Mean (sd) [range] of waist circumference sds | (n = 1309) 0.64 (1.13) [−2.53–3.82] | (n = 655) 0.64 (1.13) [−2.02–3.82] | (n = 654) 0.63 (1.13) [−2.53–3.77] | (n = 672) 0.69 (1.19) [−2.53–3.57] | (n = 637) 0.58 (1.07) [−2.21–3.82] | (n = 552) 0.56 (1.12) [−2.53–3.48] | (n = 757) 0.69 (1.14) [−2.30–3.82] | (n = 816) 0.57 (1.06) [−2.39–3.68] | (n = 493) 0.74 (1.23) [−2.53–3.82] |
Mean (sd) [range] of % body fat | (n = 1309) 20.1 (7.1) [3.0–46.9] | (n = 654) 20.2 (7.1) [3.0–44.5] | (n = 655) 19.9 (7.1) [3.0–46.9] | (n = 671) 22.3 (6.9) [3.0–43.2] | (n = 638) 17.7 (6.4) [3.0–46.9] | (n = 554) 19.6 (6.8) [3.0–44.5] | (n = 755) 20.4 (7.2) [3.0–46.9] | (n = 814) 19.5 (6.9) [3.0–46.9] | (n = 495) 21.1 (7.2) [5.4–43.2] |
Mean (sd) [range] of % body fat sds | (n = 1309) −0.62 (2.28) [−40.52–2.87] | (n = 654) −0.59 (2.53) [−40.52–2.87] | (n = 655) −0.64 (2.00) [−19.20–2.65] | (n = 671) −0.53 (2.15) [−19.20–2.87] | (n = 638) −0.71 (2.40) [−40.52–2.65] | (n = 554) −0.71 (2.00) [−18.81–2.64] | (n = 755) −0.55 (2.46) [−40.52–2.87] | (n = 814) −0.79 (2.51) [−40.52–2.65] | (n = 495) −0.34 (1.81) [−10.62–2.87] |
Mean (sd) [range] of % body fat sds after exclusion of outliersb
| (n = 1281) −0.42 (1.57) [−4.91–2.87] | (n = 642) −0.39 (1.57) [−4.91–2.87] | (n = 639) −0.46 (1.57) [−4.79–2.65] | (n = 656) −0.33 (1.59) [−4.91–2.87] | (n = 625) −0.52 (1.54) [−4.79–2.65] | (n = 543) −0.55 (1.56) [−4.76–2.64] | (n = 738) −0.33 (1.58) [−4.91–2.87] | (n = 794) −0.55 (1.57) [−4.86–2.65] | (n = 487) −0.22 (1.56) [−4.91–2.87] |
Food intake data
All children | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Girls | Boys | One year 5 class | More than one year 5 class | FSM cat 1 (<19%) | FSM cat2 (≥19%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekday Energy Dense Snacks (EDS) | (n = 1315) 4.01 (2.42) [0–13] | (n = 656) 4.13 (2.37) [0–13] | (n = 659) 3.88 (2.46) [0–13] | (n = 676) 3.82 (2.29) [0–13] | (n = 639) 4.20 (2.54) [0–13] | (n = 557) 4.06 (2.44) [0–13] | (n = 758) 3.97 (2.41) [0–13] | (n = 814) 3.78 (2.29) [0–13] | (n = 501) 4.36 (2.58) [0–13] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekend Energy Dense Snacks (EDS) | (n = 1319) 4.49 (2.50) [0–13] | (n = 654) 4.53 (2.47) [0–12] | (n = 665) 4.45 (2.53) [0–13] | (n = 675) 4.32 (2.47) [0–13] | (n = 644) 4.67 (2.52) [0–13] | (n = 558) 4.39 (2.43) [0–13] | (n = 761) 4.56 (2.55) [0–13] | (n = 819) 4.39 (2.46) [0–13] | (n = 500) 4.65 (2.56) [0–13] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Average Energy Dense Snacks (EDS) | (n = 1311) 4.15 (2.19) [0–13] | (n = 653) 4.25 (2.14) [0–12.71] | (n = 658) 4.04 (2.23) [0–13] | (n = 672) 3.97 (2.08) [0–13] | (n = 639) 4.34 (2.28) [0–13] | (n = 554) 4.16 (2.16) [0–13] | (n = 757) 4.14 (2.21) [0–13] | (n = 813) 3.96 (2.10) [0–12.71] | (n = 498) 4.46 (2.29) [0–13] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekday Healthy Snacks (HS) | (n = 1310) 3.27 (1.77) [0–10] | (n = 653) 3.34 (1.77) [0–10] | (n = 657) 3.19 (1.77) [0–10] | (n = 673) 3.33 (1.75) [0–9] | (n = 637) 3.20 (1.80) [0–10] | (n = 555) 3.46 (1.80) [0–10] | (n = 755) 3.13 (1.74) [0–10] | (n = 813) 3.40 (1.74) [0–10] | (n = 497) 3.06 (1.80) [0–9] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekend Healthy Snacks (HS) | (n = 1306) 3.09 (1.89) [0–10] | (n = 649) 3.02 (1.85) [0–10] | (n = 657) 3.16 (1.91) [0–10] | (n = 674) 3.15 (1.90) [0–10] | (n = 632) 3.03 (1.87) [0–10] | (n = 550) 3.10 (1.92) [0–10] | (n = 756) 3.04 (1.87) [0–10] | (n = 810) 3.32 (1.87) [0–10] | (n = 496) 2.72 (1.85) [0–10] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Average Healthy Snacks (HS) | (n = 1294) 3.23 (1.64) [0–9.14] | (n = 645) 3.27 (1.63) [0–9.14] | (n = 649) 3.19 (1.64) [0–8.86] | (n = 668) 3.29 (1.62) [0–8.43] | (n = 626) 3.16 (1.65) [0–9.14] | (n = 554) 3.40 (1.64) [0–9.14] | (n = 749) 3.10 (1.62) [0–8.86] | (n = 804) 3.38 (1.62) [0–9.14] | (n = 490) 2.98 (1.64) [0–8.43] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekday Positive Markers (PM) | (n = 1315) 5.88 (2.83) [0–20] | (n = 655) 5.93 (2.79) [0–16] | (n = 660) 5.83 (2.88) [0–20] | (n = 675) 5.94 (2.70) [0–20] | (n = 640) 4.82 (2.97) [0–18] | (n = 556) 6.17 (2.93) [0–20] | (n = 759) 5.66 (2.74) [0–18] | (n = 816) 5.98 (2.69) [0–18] | (n = 499) 5.72 (3.05) [0–20] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekend Positive Markers (PM) | (n = 1314) 5.78 (2.97) [0–20] | (n = 653) 5.68 (2.85) [0–17.81] | (n = 661) 5.88 (3.08) [0–20] | (n = 676) 5.81 (2.88) [0–18.70] | (n = 638) 5.75 (3.07) [0–20] | (n = 556) 6.17 (2.93) [0–20] | (n = 759) 5.66 (2.74) [0–18] | (n = 816) 6.05 (2.88) [0–20] | (n = 498) 5.34 (3.07) [0–18.70] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Average Positive Markers (PM) | (n = 1306) 5.85 (2.61) [0–19.56] | (n = 651) 5.86 (2.56) [0–16.14] | (n = 655) 5.84 (2.67) [0–19.56] | (n = 672) 5.91 (2.50) [0–19.56] | (n = 634) 5.79 (2.73) [0–16.57] | (n = 550) 6.11 (2.67) [0.29–19.56] | (n = 756) 5.66 (2.55) [0–16.57] | (n = 812) 5.99 (2.50) [0–16.57] | (n = 494) 5.62 (2.78) [0–19.56] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekday Negative Markers (NM) | (n = 1316) 6.58 (3.74) [0–24] | (n = 656) 6.79 (3.70) [0–24] | (n = 660) 6.37 (3.76) [0–23] | (n = 676) 6.25 (3.45) [0–23] | (n = 640) 6.93 (3.99) [0–24] | (n = 557) 6.71 (3.82) [0–23] | (n = 759) 6.48 (3.67) [0–24] | (n = 815) 6.11 (3.44) [0–24] | (n = 501) 7.34 (4.06) [1–23] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Weekend Negative Markers (NM) | (n = 1320) 7.41 (3.78) [0–23] | (n = 655) 7.33 (3.70) [0–22] | (n = 665) 7.49 (3.87) [0–23] | (n = 676) 7.12 (3.60) [0–23] | (n = 644) 7.71 (3.95) [0–23] | (n = 558) 7.27 (3.75) [0–23] | (n = 762) 7.52 (3.81) [0–23] | (n = 820) 7.28 (3.74) [0–23] | (n = 500) 7.63 (3.85) [0–23] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Average Negative Markers (NM) | (n = 1313) 6.82 (3.38) [0.57–23.43] | (n = 654) 6.95 (3.32) [0.57–23.43] | (n = 659) 6.68 (3.43) [0.60–22.71] | (n = 673) 6.50 (3.12) [0.57–22.71] | (n = 640) 7.15 (3.60) [0.60–23.43] | (n = 554) 6.87 (3.39) [0.57–22.71] | (n = 759) 6.78 (3.37) [0.57–23.43] | (n = 815) 6.44 (3.18) [0.57–23.43] | (n = 498) 7.44 (3.58) [1.00–22.71] |
Physical activity
All children | Cohort 1 | Cohort 2 | Girls | Boys | One year 5 class | More than one year 5 class | FSM cat 1 (<19%) | FSM Cat2 (≥19%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (sd) [range] Physical Activity - Sedentary (6 am to 10 pm) (minutes) | (n = 830) 779.3 (35.1) [671.0–893.9] | (n = 421) 781.3 (34.8) [671.0–859.0] | (n = 409) 777.2 (35.3) [680.6–893.9] | (n = 434) 784.2 (33.0) [692.8–893.9] | (n = 396) 773.9 (36.6) [671.0–865.6] | (n = 492) 780.3 (35.5) [671.0–865.6] | (n = 338) 777.8 (34.5) [683.4–893.9] | (n = 471) 778.1 (34.7) [680.6–893.9] | (n = 359) 780.8 (35.6) [671.0–865.6] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Physical Activity - Light (minutes) | (n = 830) 130.3 (24.4) [58.0–211.4] | (n = 421) 128.9 (23.9) [75.6–206.6] | (n = 409) 131.6 (24.9) [58.0–211.4] | (n = 434) 130.9 (23.8) [58.0–211.4] | (n = 396) 129.6 (25.1) [69.5–199.8] | (n = 492) 129.0 (24.0) [69.5–211.4] | (n = 338) 132.1 (24.9) [58.0–206.6] | (n = 471) 130.7 (24.1) [58.0–211.4] | (n = 359) 129.7 (24.9) [74.0–206.6] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Physical Activity - Moderate (minutes) | (n = 830) 40.2 (11.7) [9.9–85.9] | (n = 421) 39.5 (11.7) [13.7–85.9] | (n = 409) 41.0 (11.7) [9.9–81.4] | (n = 434) 37.4 (10.4) [9.9–72.2] | (n = 396) 43.3 (12.4) [15.0–85.9] | (n = 492) 40.3 (12.1) [15.0–80.3] | (n = 338) 40.2 (11.3) [9.9–85.9] | (n = 471) 40.5 (11.8) [9.9–85.9] | (n = 359) 39.9 (11.7) [15.0–80.3] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Physical Activity - Vigorous (minutes) | (n = 830) 13.4 (6.2) [2.0–51.1] | (n = 421) 13.5 (6.6) [2.1–51.1] | (n = 409) 13.3 (5.7) [2.0–37.6] | (n = 434) 10.8 (4.4) [2.0–34.1] | (n = 396) 16.3 (6.5) [2.8–51.1] | (n = 492) 13.5 (6.3) [2.4–51.1] | (n = 338) 13.3 (6.0) [2.0–38.4] | (n = 471) 13.6 (6.0) [2.0–38.4] | (n = 359) 13.2 (6.3) [2.1–51.1] |
Mean (sd) [range] of Physical Activity - MVPA (minutes) | (n = 830) 53.6 (16.5) [11.9–124.8] | (n = 421) 53.0 (17.1) [20.0–124.8] | (n = 409) 54.3 (15.9) [11.9–106.3] | (n = 434) 48.2 (13.7) [11.9–92.1] | (n = 396) 59.9 (17.3) [20.0–124.8] | (n = 492) 53.7 (17.0) [20.0–124.8] | (n = 338) 53.5 (15.9) [11.9–124.3] | (n = 471) 54.1 (16.4) [11.9–124.3] | (n = 359) 53.0 (16.6) [20.9–124.8] |
Mean (sd) [range] of mg valuea
| (n = 830) 49.3 (11.1) [18.3–105.4] | (n = 421) 49.0 (11.5) [27.4–105.4] | (n = 409) 49.6 (10.7) [18.3–85.8] | (n = 434) 45.4 (8.8) [18.3–76.7] | (n = 396) 53.6 (11.8) [24.8–105.4] | (n = 492) 49.2 (11.4) [24.8–105.4] | (n = 338) 49.4 (10.8) [18.3–91.8] | (n = 471) 49.7 (11.0) [18.3–91.8] | (n = 359) 48.8 (11.3) [24.8–105.4] |