Background
Method
Ethics statement
Participants and setting
M (n) | SD (%) | |
---|---|---|
Demographic Data | ||
Female sex (n, %) | 54 | 41.9 % |
Age (in years) | 26.1 | 5.5 |
Number of Hospitalizations | 1.9 | 1.3 |
Education (in years) | 11.4 | 1.8 |
University entrance diploma (n, %) | 57 | 44.2 % |
Clinical Characteristics | ||
ICD-10: F1-F19: Mental and behavioral disorders due to psychoactive substance use | 46 | 35.7 % |
ICD-10: F2-F29: Psychotic spectrum disorders | 63 | 48.8 % |
ICD-10: F30-F39: Affective Disorders | 54 | 41.9 % |
ICD-10: F40-F48: Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders | 42 | 32.6 % |
ICD-10: F50-F59: Behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors | 4 | 3.1 % |
ICD-10: F60-F69: Disorders of adult personality and behavior | 30 | 23.8 % |
Number of Different Diagnosis Across Categories (M, SD) | 1.9 | 0.7 |
Single Diagnosis (n, %) | 41 | 31.8 % |
One Comorbid Disorders (n, %) | 66 | 51.2 % |
Medication | ||
Antidepressants (n, %) | 50 | 38.8 % |
Atypical Neuroleptics (n, %) | 82 | 63.6 % |
Symptom Severities | ||
Shutdown Dissociation (M, SD) | 6.8 | 6.0 |
PTSD Symptom Severity (M, SD) | 7.9 | 11.5 |
Depression Symptom Severity (M, SD) | 15.9 | 7.4 |
Measures and instruments
Statistical analysis
Conditioned random forest regression
Results
Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences per type and timing of exposure
Dose-dependent effects for symptoms of PTSD, shutdown dissociation and depression (Hypothesis 1)
Measures of childhood adversities | M (SD) | PTSD symptom severity | Shutdown dissociation symptom severity | Depression symptom severity |
---|---|---|---|---|
MACE Global Measures | ||||
MACE Duration | 12.7 (8.6) | .55, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.41, .66] | .40, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.25, .54] | .46, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.31, .58] |
MACE MULTI Multiplicity | 3.0 (2.2) | .58, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.43, .70] | .41, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.27, .56] | .37, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.21, .51] |
MACE SUM Overall Severity | 31.6 (15.6) | .58, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.44, .68] | .39, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.27, .53] | .39, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.23, .53] |
Trauma Load (Life Event Checklist) | ||||
in Childhood | 3.5 (2.7) | .43, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.27, .57] | .22, p = .014 *, 95 % CI[.06, .38] | .30, p = .001 *, 95 % CI[.16, .46] |
in Adulthood | 2.0 (1.9) | .32, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.12, .50] | .27, p = .002 *, 95 % CI[.08, .45] | .07, p = .431, 95 % CI[-.13, .25] |
MACE Severity of Types | ||||
Emotional Neglect | 3.5 (2.4) | .43, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.28, .56] | .37, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.22, .51] | .32, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.17, .46] |
Non-verbal Emotional Abuse | 3.7 (2.6) | .41, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.27, .53] | .34, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.07, .21] | .23, p = .010 *, 95 % CI[.07, .38] |
Parental Verbal Abuse | 5.1 (3.6) | .41, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.27, .54] | .25, p = .005 *, 95 % CI[.08, .40] | .29, p = .001 *, 95 % CI[.12, .44] |
Peer Emotional Abuse | 5.9 (3.1) | .29, p = .001 *, 95 % CI[.13, .42] | .33, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.19, .46] | .16, p = .064, 95 % CI[.00, .33] |
Peer Physical Bullying | 3.4 (2.7) | .30, p = .001 *, 95 % CI[.12, .46] | .14, p = .106, 95 % CI[.01, .28] | .17, p = .057, 95 % CI[-.01, .32] |
Parental Physical Maltreatment | 4.0 (2.8) | .28, p = .001 *, 95 % CI[.09, .46] | .14, p = .174, 95 % CI[-.05, .33] | .22, p = .014 *, 95 % CI[.05, .38] |
Physical Neglect | 1.6 (1.9) | .43, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.27, .58] | .21, p = .017 *, 95 % CI[.03, .38] | .19, p = .033 *, 95 % CI[.01, .35] |
Sexual Abuse | 0.9 (1.5) | .51, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.35, .65] | .23, p = .008 *, 95 % CI[.08, .41] | .26, p = .003 *, 95 % CI[.09, .40] |
Witnessing Interparental Violence | 1.3 (2.4) | .22, p = .013 *, 95 % CI[.02, .41] | .10, p = .268, 95 % CI[-.08, .29] | .22, p = .014 *, 95 % CI[.06, .39] |
Witnessing Violence to Siblings | 2.2 (2.9) | .35, p < .001 *, 95 % CI[.15, .52] | .22, p = .013 *, 95 % CI[.05, .37] | .29, p = .001 *, 95 % CI[.09, .46] |
Modeling severity of symptoms of PTSD, shutdown dissociation and depression (Hypothesis 2)
Modeling symptoms of PTSD
Model | Unstandardized Coefficients B | Unstandardized Coefficients SE | Standardized Coefficient ß |
t
|
p
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. Results of the linear Regression for Variables Predicting PTSD Symptoms | |||||
Constant | −3.28 | 1.75 | −1.88 | p = .063 | |
MACE SUM | 0.21 | 0.06 | .29 | 3.42 | p = .001 |
Physical Neglect at age 5 | 2.28 | 0.80 | .24 | 3.86 | p = .005 |
Emotional Neglect at age 6 | 0.60 | 0.43 | .12 | 1.41 | p = .161 |
Sexual Abuse at age 12 | 6.73 | 1.89 | .25 | 3.56 | p = .001 |
B. Results of the linear Regression for Variables Predicting Symptoms of Shutdown Dissociation | |||||
Constant | 3.47 | 0.73 | −1.88 | p < .001 | |
Physical Neglect at age 5 | 0.70 | 0.48 | .14 | 1.46 | p = .147 |
Emotional Neglect at age 4 | 0.57 | 0.26 | .21 | 2.17 | p = .032 |
Parental Non-verbal Emotional Abuse at age 14 | 0.44 | 0.26 | .16 | 1.73 | p = .086 |
Sexual Abuse at age 12 | 3.02 | 1.12 | .22 | 2.69 | p = .008 |
C. Results of the linear Regression for Variables Predicting Symptoms of Depression | |||||
Constant | 14.82 | 1.29 | 11.48 | p < .001 | |
F2 diagnosis | −5.12 | 0.14 | −.34 | −4.49 | p < .001 |
MACE duration | 0.01 | 0.01 | .15 | 1.39 | p = .166 |
Emotional Neglect at age 9 | 0.51 | 0.30 | .17 | 1.67 | p = .097 |
Sexual Abuse at age 12 | 2.69 | 1.37 | .16 | 1.97 | p = .051 |