Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Nephrology 2/2021

01.04.2021 | Review

Urinary strips for protein assays: easy to do but difficult to interpret!

verfasst von: Guillaume Résimont, Laurence Piéroni, Edith Bigot-Corbel, Etienne Cavalier, Pierre Delanaye

Erschienen in: Journal of Nephrology | Ausgabe 2/2021

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

Urine samples can be readily obtained from patients in everyday clinical practice. Therefore, the availability of urine allows physicians to obtain relevant clinical information in a timely manner. Since the measurement of urinary protein levels is essential in diagnosing and treating a host of diseases, the potential detection of urinary proteins by urinary strips in an easy, quick, and cheap way is very attractive. However, to ensure optimal use of urinary strips, one needs to be aware of their characteristics and their limitations. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the urinary strips available for testing urinary protein levels and for detecting urinary albumin. We then consider their analytical performances in their most widely used clinical applications (e.g., in pregnancy, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and screening of the general population).
Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Cameron S, Neild GH (2013) Oliver and Feigl: 2 forgotten fathers of “stick” testing of urine for albumin. J Nephrol 26:77–81PubMed Cameron S, Neild GH (2013) Oliver and Feigl: 2 forgotten fathers of “stick” testing of urine for albumin. J Nephrol 26:77–81PubMed
2.
Zurück zum Zitat De Santo NG, Diiorio B, Aliotta G, Colussi GL, Bisaccia C, Di Micco L et al (2013) Prognosis of life and death and disease duration from urine examination according to Prospero Alpini (1563–1616). J Nephrol 26:66–76PubMed De Santo NG, Diiorio B, Aliotta G, Colussi GL, Bisaccia C, Di Micco L et al (2013) Prognosis of life and death and disease duration from urine examination according to Prospero Alpini (1563–1616). J Nephrol 26:66–76PubMed
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Voswinckel P (1994) A marvel of colors and ingredients. The story of urine test strip. Kidney Int Suppl 47:S3–7PubMed Voswinckel P (1994) A marvel of colors and ingredients. The story of urine test strip. Kidney Int Suppl 47:S3–7PubMed
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson G (1894) Some common sources of errors in testing for sugar in the urine. Lancet 144:11–13 Johnson G (1894) Some common sources of errors in testing for sugar in the urine. Lancet 144:11–13
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Halimi J-M, Hadjadj S, Aboyans V, Allaert F-A, Artigou J-Y, Beaufils M et al (2007) Microalbuminurie et excrétion urinaire d’albumine: recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Nephrol Ther 3:384–391PubMed Halimi J-M, Hadjadj S, Aboyans V, Allaert F-A, Artigou J-Y, Beaufils M et al (2007) Microalbuminurie et excrétion urinaire d’albumine: recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Nephrol Ther 3:384–391PubMed
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Naresh CN, Hayen A, Weening A, Craig JC, Chadban SJ (2013) Day-to-day variability in spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio. Am J Kidney Dis 62:1095–1101PubMed Naresh CN, Hayen A, Weening A, Craig JC, Chadban SJ (2013) Day-to-day variability in spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio. Am J Kidney Dis 62:1095–1101PubMed
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Waikar SS, Rebholz CM, Zheng Z, Hurwitz S, Hsu C, Feldman HI et al (2018) Biological variability of estimated GFR and albuminuria in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 72:538–546PubMedPubMedCentral Waikar SS, Rebholz CM, Zheng Z, Hurwitz S, Hsu C, Feldman HI et al (2018) Biological variability of estimated GFR and albuminuria in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 72:538–546PubMedPubMedCentral
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Hishiki S, Tochikubo O, Miyajima E, Ishii M (1998) Circadian variation of urinary microalbumin excretion and ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 16:2101–2108PubMed Hishiki S, Tochikubo O, Miyajima E, Ishii M (1998) Circadian variation of urinary microalbumin excretion and ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 16:2101–2108PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Cockcroft DW, Gault MH (1976) Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16:31–41PubMed Cockcroft DW, Gault MH (1976) Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16:31–41PubMed
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomaselli L, Trischitta V, Vinci C, Frittitta L, Squatrito S, Vigneri R (1989) Evaluation of albumin excretion rate in overnight versus 24-h urine. Diabetes Care 12:585–587PubMed Tomaselli L, Trischitta V, Vinci C, Frittitta L, Squatrito S, Vigneri R (1989) Evaluation of albumin excretion rate in overnight versus 24-h urine. Diabetes Care 12:585–587PubMed
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Toto RD, Kirk KA, Coresh J, Jones C, Appel L, Wright J et al (1997) Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:279–287PubMed Toto RD, Kirk KA, Coresh J, Jones C, Appel L, Wright J et al (1997) Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:279–287PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown MA, Buddie ML (1995) Inadequacy of dipstick proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obs Gynaecol 35:366–369 Brown MA, Buddie ML (1995) Inadequacy of dipstick proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obs Gynaecol 35:366–369
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Shaw AB, Risdon P, Lewis-jackson JD (1983) Protein creatinine index and Albustix in assessment. BMJ 287:929–932PubMed Shaw AB, Risdon P, Lewis-jackson JD (1983) Protein creatinine index and Albustix in assessment. BMJ 287:929–932PubMed
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Tai J, Tze WJ (1990) Evaluation of micro-bumintest reagent tablets for screening of microalbuminuria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 9:137–142PubMed Tai J, Tze WJ (1990) Evaluation of micro-bumintest reagent tablets for screening of microalbuminuria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 9:137–142PubMed
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Hermans MP, Selvais P, van Ypersele de Strihou M, Ketelslegers JM (1994) Detection of low-range diabetic microalbuminuria: Micral-TEST revisited. Diabetes Care 19:6–7 Hermans MP, Selvais P, van Ypersele de Strihou M, Ketelslegers JM (1994) Detection of low-range diabetic microalbuminuria: Micral-TEST revisited. Diabetes Care 19:6–7
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Spooren PFMJ, Lekkerkerker JFF, Vermes I (1992) Micral-Test®: a qualitative dipstick test for micro-albuminuria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 18:83–87PubMed Spooren PFMJ, Lekkerkerker JFF, Vermes I (1992) Micral-Test®: a qualitative dipstick test for micro-albuminuria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 18:83–87PubMed
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Bangstad HJ, Try K, Dalh-Jorgensen K, Hanssen KF (1991) New semiquantitative dipstick test for microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 14:1094–1097PubMed Bangstad HJ, Try K, Dalh-Jorgensen K, Hanssen KF (1991) New semiquantitative dipstick test for microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 14:1094–1097PubMed
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Kouri TT, Viikari JSA, Mattila KS, Irjala KMA (1991) Microalbuminuria. Invalidity of simple concentration-based screening tests for early nephropathy due to urinary volumes of diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 14:591–593PubMed Kouri TT, Viikari JSA, Mattila KS, Irjala KMA (1991) Microalbuminuria. Invalidity of simple concentration-based screening tests for early nephropathy due to urinary volumes of diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 14:591–593PubMed
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Micral-Test PG (1993) A new semiquantitative test for urinary albumin. Diabetes Care 16:659–660 Micral-Test PG (1993) A new semiquantitative test for urinary albumin. Diabetes Care 16:659–660
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Higby K, Suiter CR, Siler-khodr T (1995) A comparison between two screening methods for detection of microproteinuria. Am J Obs Gynecol 173:1111–1114 Higby K, Suiter CR, Siler-khodr T (1995) A comparison between two screening methods for detection of microproteinuria. Am J Obs Gynecol 173:1111–1114
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Tiu SC, Lee SS, Cheng MW (1993) Comparison of six commercial techniques in the measurement of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 16:616–620PubMed Tiu SC, Lee SS, Cheng MW (1993) Comparison of six commercial techniques in the measurement of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 16:616–620PubMed
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Webb DJ, Newman DJ, Chaturvedi N, Fulle JH (1996) The use of the Micral-Test strip to identify the presence of microalbuminuria in people with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) participating in the EUCLID study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 31:93–102 Webb DJ, Newman DJ, Chaturvedi N, Fulle JH (1996) The use of the Micral-Test strip to identify the presence of microalbuminuria in people with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) participating in the EUCLID study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 31:93–102
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Gilbert RE, Akdeniz A, Jerums G (1997) Detection of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by urinary dipstick. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 35:57–60 Gilbert RE, Akdeniz A, Jerums G (1997) Detection of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by urinary dipstick. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 35:57–60
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Waugh J, Bell SC, Kilby M, Lambert P, Shennan A, Halligan A (2001) Effect of concentration and biochemical assay on the accuracy of urine dipsticks in hypertensive pregnancies. Hypertens Pregnancy 20:205–217PubMed Waugh J, Bell SC, Kilby M, Lambert P, Shennan A, Halligan A (2001) Effect of concentration and biochemical assay on the accuracy of urine dipsticks in hypertensive pregnancies. Hypertens Pregnancy 20:205–217PubMed
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Comper W, Jerums G, Osicka T (2003) Deficiency in the detection of microalbuminuria by urinary dipstick in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 26:3195–3196PubMed Comper W, Jerums G, Osicka T (2003) Deficiency in the detection of microalbuminuria by urinary dipstick in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 26:3195–3196PubMed
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyer NL, Mercer BM, Friedman SA, Sibai BM (1994) Urinary dipstick protein: a poor predictor of absent or severe proteinuria. Am J Obs Gynecol 170:137–141 Meyer NL, Mercer BM, Friedman SA, Sibai BM (1994) Urinary dipstick protein: a poor predictor of absent or severe proteinuria. Am J Obs Gynecol 170:137–141
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Harrison NA, Rainford DJ, White GA, Cullen SA, Strike PW (1989) Proteinuria-what value is the dipstick? Br J Urol 63:202–208PubMed Harrison NA, Rainford DJ, White GA, Cullen SA, Strike PW (1989) Proteinuria-what value is the dipstick? Br J Urol 63:202–208PubMed
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Saudan PJ, Brown MA, Farrell T, Shaw L (1997) Improved methods of assessing proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy. BJOG 104:1159–1164 Saudan PJ, Brown MA, Farrell T, Shaw L (1997) Improved methods of assessing proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy. BJOG 104:1159–1164
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Ralston SH, Caine N, Richards I, O’Reilly D, Sturrock RD, Capell HA (1988) Screening for proteinuria in a rheumatology clinic: comparison of dipstick testing, 24 hour urine quantitative protein, and protein/creatinine ratio in random urine samples. Ann Rheum Dis 47:759–763PubMedPubMedCentral Ralston SH, Caine N, Richards I, O’Reilly D, Sturrock RD, Capell HA (1988) Screening for proteinuria in a rheumatology clinic: comparison of dipstick testing, 24 hour urine quantitative protein, and protein/creatinine ratio in random urine samples. Ann Rheum Dis 47:759–763PubMedPubMedCentral
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Allen JK, Krauss EA, Deeter RG (1991) Dipstick analysis of urinary protein. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:34–37PubMed Allen JK, Krauss EA, Deeter RG (1991) Dipstick analysis of urinary protein. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:34–37PubMed
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Kuo VS, Koumantakis G, Gallery EDM (1992) Proteinuria and its assessment in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Obs Gynecol 167:723–728 Kuo VS, Koumantakis G, Gallery EDM (1992) Proteinuria and its assessment in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Obs Gynecol 167:723–728
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Gerber LM, Johnston K, Alderman MH (1998) Assessment of a new dipstick test in screening for microalbuminuria in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 11:1321–1327PubMed Gerber LM, Johnston K, Alderman MH (1998) Assessment of a new dipstick test in screening for microalbuminuria in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 11:1321–1327PubMed
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Leong SO, Lui KF, Ng WY, Thai AC (1998) The use of semi-quantitative urine test-strip (Micral Test) for microalbuminuria screening in patients with diabetes mellitus. Singapore Med J 39:101–103PubMed Leong SO, Lui KF, Ng WY, Thai AC (1998) The use of semi-quantitative urine test-strip (Micral Test) for microalbuminuria screening in patients with diabetes mellitus. Singapore Med J 39:101–103PubMed
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Parikh CR, Fischer MJ, Estacio R, Schrier RW (2004) Rapid microalbuminuria screening in type 2 diabetes mellitus: simplified approach with Micral test strips and specific gravity. Nephrol Dial Transpl 19:1881–1885 Parikh CR, Fischer MJ, Estacio R, Schrier RW (2004) Rapid microalbuminuria screening in type 2 diabetes mellitus: simplified approach with Micral test strips and specific gravity. Nephrol Dial Transpl 19:1881–1885
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Waugh JJS, Bell SC, Kilby MD, Blackwell CN, Seed P, Shennan AH et al (2005) Optimal bedside urinalysis for the detection of proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy: a study of diagnostic accuracy. BJOG 112:412–417PubMed Waugh JJS, Bell SC, Kilby MD, Blackwell CN, Seed P, Shennan AH et al (2005) Optimal bedside urinalysis for the detection of proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy: a study of diagnostic accuracy. BJOG 112:412–417PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Cortes-Sanabria L, Martinez-Ramirez HR, Hernandez JL, Rojas-Campos E, Canales-Munoz JL, Cueto-Manzano AM (2006) Utility of the dipstick micraltest II(trademark) in the screening of microalbuminuria of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Rev Invest Clin 58:190–197PubMed Cortes-Sanabria L, Martinez-Ramirez HR, Hernandez JL, Rojas-Campos E, Canales-Munoz JL, Cueto-Manzano AM (2006) Utility of the dipstick micraltest II(trademark) in the screening of microalbuminuria of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Rev Invest Clin 58:190–197PubMed
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Dwyer B, Gorman M, Carroll I, Druzin M (2008) Urinalysis vs urine protein-creatinine ratio to predict significant proteinuria in pregnancy. J Perinatol 28:461–467PubMedPubMedCentral Dwyer B, Gorman M, Carroll I, Druzin M (2008) Urinalysis vs urine protein-creatinine ratio to predict significant proteinuria in pregnancy. J Perinatol 28:461–467PubMedPubMedCentral
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Abebe J, Eigbefoh J, Isabu P, Okogbenin S, Eifediyi R, Okusanya B (2008) Accuracy of urine dipsticks, 2-h and 12-h urine collections for protein measurement as compared with the 24-h collection. J Obs Gynecol 28:496–500 Abebe J, Eigbefoh J, Isabu P, Okogbenin S, Eifediyi R, Okusanya B (2008) Accuracy of urine dipsticks, 2-h and 12-h urine collections for protein measurement as compared with the 24-h collection. J Obs Gynecol 28:496–500
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Chotayaporn T, Kasitanon N, Sukitawut W, Louthrenoo W (2011) Comparison of proteinuria determination by urine dipstick, spot urine protein creatinine index, and urine protein 24 hours in lupus patients. J Clin Rheumatol 17:124–129PubMed Chotayaporn T, Kasitanon N, Sukitawut W, Louthrenoo W (2011) Comparison of proteinuria determination by urine dipstick, spot urine protein creatinine index, and urine protein 24 hours in lupus patients. J Clin Rheumatol 17:124–129PubMed
44.
Zurück zum Zitat James GP, Bee DE, Fuller JB (1978) Proteinuria: accuracy and precision of laboratory diagnosis by dip-stick analysis. Clin Chem 1939:1934–1939 James GP, Bee DE, Fuller JB (1978) Proteinuria: accuracy and precision of laboratory diagnosis by dip-stick analysis. Clin Chem 1939:1934–1939
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Marshall SM, Shearing PA, Alberti KGMM (1992) Micral-Test strips evaluated for screening for albuminuria. Clin Chem 38:588–591PubMed Marshall SM, Shearing PA, Alberti KGMM (1992) Micral-Test strips evaluated for screening for albuminuria. Clin Chem 38:588–591PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Hofmann W, Regenbogen C, Edel H, Guder WG (1994) Diagnostic strategies in urinalysis. Kidney Int Suppl 46:S111–S114 Hofmann W, Regenbogen C, Edel H, Guder WG (1994) Diagnostic strategies in urinalysis. Kidney Int Suppl 46:S111–S114
47.
Zurück zum Zitat de Grauw WJ, van de Lisdonk EH, van de Hoogen HJ, van Gerwen WH, Van den Bosch WJ, Willems JL et al (1995) Screening for microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients: the evaluation of a dipstick test in general practice. Diabet Med 12:657–663PubMed de Grauw WJ, van de Lisdonk EH, van de Hoogen HJ, van Gerwen WH, Van den Bosch WJ, Willems JL et al (1995) Screening for microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients: the evaluation of a dipstick test in general practice. Diabet Med 12:657–663PubMed
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Kutter D, Thomas J, Kremer S, Hansen S, Carl R (1995) Screening for oligoalbuminuria by means of Micra-Test II a new immunological test strip. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 33:243–245PubMed Kutter D, Thomas J, Kremer S, Hansen S, Carl R (1995) Screening for oligoalbuminuria by means of Micra-Test II a new immunological test strip. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 33:243–245PubMed
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Poulsen PL, Mogensen CE (1995) Evaluation of a new semiquantitative stix for microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 18:732–733PubMed Poulsen PL, Mogensen CE (1995) Evaluation of a new semiquantitative stix for microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 18:732–733PubMed
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Mogensen CE, Viberti GC, Peheim E, Kutter D, Hasslacher C, Hofmann W et al (1997) Multicenter evaluation of the micral-test II test strip, an immunologic rapid test for the detection of microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 20:1642–1646PubMed Mogensen CE, Viberti GC, Peheim E, Kutter D, Hasslacher C, Hofmann W et al (1997) Multicenter evaluation of the micral-test II test strip, an immunologic rapid test for the detection of microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 20:1642–1646PubMed
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Pegoraro A, Singh A, Bakir AA, Arruda JAL, Dunea G (1997) Simplified screening for microalbuminuria. Ann Intern Med 127:817–819PubMed Pegoraro A, Singh A, Bakir AA, Arruda JAL, Dunea G (1997) Simplified screening for microalbuminuria. Ann Intern Med 127:817–819PubMed
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Parsons M, Newman DJ, Pugia M, Newall RG, Price CP (1999) Performance of a reagent strip device for quantification of the urine albumin: creatinine ratio in a point of care setting. Clin Nephrol 51:220–227PubMed Parsons M, Newman DJ, Pugia M, Newall RG, Price CP (1999) Performance of a reagent strip device for quantification of the urine albumin: creatinine ratio in a point of care setting. Clin Nephrol 51:220–227PubMed
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Sam R, Shaykh MS, Pegoraro AA, Khalili V, Hristea I, Singh AK et al (2003) The significance of trace proteinuria. Am J Nephrol 23:438–441PubMed Sam R, Shaykh MS, Pegoraro AA, Khalili V, Hristea I, Singh AK et al (2003) The significance of trace proteinuria. Am J Nephrol 23:438–441PubMed
54.
Zurück zum Zitat Watanabe M, Funabiki K, Tsuge T, Maeda K (2005) Using protein /creatinine ratios in random urine. J Clin Lab Anal 19:160–166PubMedPubMedCentral Watanabe M, Funabiki K, Tsuge T, Maeda K (2005) Using protein /creatinine ratios in random urine. J Clin Lab Anal 19:160–166PubMedPubMedCentral
56.
Zurück zum Zitat Wilde HM, Banks D, Larsen CL, Connors G, Wallace D, Lyon ME (2008) Evaluation of the Bayer® microalbumin/creatinine urinalysis dipstick. Clin Chim Acta 393:110–113PubMed Wilde HM, Banks D, Larsen CL, Connors G, Wallace D, Lyon ME (2008) Evaluation of the Bayer® microalbumin/creatinine urinalysis dipstick. Clin Chim Acta 393:110–113PubMed
57.
Zurück zum Zitat White SL, Yu R, Craig JC, Polkinghorne KR, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community. Am J Kidney Dis 58:19–28PubMed White SL, Yu R, Craig JC, Polkinghorne KR, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community. Am J Kidney Dis 58:19–28PubMed
58.
Zurück zum Zitat Decavele ASC, Fiers T, Penders J, Delanghe JR (2012) A sensitive quantitative test strip based point-of-care albuminuria screening assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 50:673–678PubMed Decavele ASC, Fiers T, Penders J, Delanghe JR (2012) A sensitive quantitative test strip based point-of-care albuminuria screening assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 50:673–678PubMed
59.
Zurück zum Zitat Yamada T, Kojima T, Akaishi R, Ishikawa S, Takeda M, Kawaguchi S et al (2014) Problems in methods for the detection of significant proteinuria in pregnancy. J Obs Gynaecol Res 40:161–166 Yamada T, Kojima T, Akaishi R, Ishikawa S, Takeda M, Kawaguchi S et al (2014) Problems in methods for the detection of significant proteinuria in pregnancy. J Obs Gynaecol Res 40:161–166
60.
Zurück zum Zitat Tani Y, Nakayama M, Terawaki H, Iseki K, Watanabe T (2015) Comparison of albuminuria test and urine test strip in Japanese hypertensive patients: AVA-E study. Clin Nephrol 84:270–273PubMed Tani Y, Nakayama M, Terawaki H, Iseki K, Watanabe T (2015) Comparison of albuminuria test and urine test strip in Japanese hypertensive patients: AVA-E study. Clin Nephrol 84:270–273PubMed
61.
Zurück zum Zitat Baba Y, Furuta I, Zhai T, Ohkuchi A, Yamada T, Takahashi K et al (2017) Effect of urine creatinine level during pregnancy on dipstick test. J Obs Gynaecol Res 43:967–973 Baba Y, Furuta I, Zhai T, Ohkuchi A, Yamada T, Takahashi K et al (2017) Effect of urine creatinine level during pregnancy on dipstick test. J Obs Gynaecol Res 43:967–973
62.
Zurück zum Zitat Nah EH, Cho S, Kim S, Cho HI (2017) Comparison of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) between acr strip test and quantitative test in prediabetes and diabetes. Ann Lab Med 37:28–33PubMed Nah EH, Cho S, Kim S, Cho HI (2017) Comparison of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) between acr strip test and quantitative test in prediabetes and diabetes. Ann Lab Med 37:28–33PubMed
63.
Zurück zum Zitat Park JI, Baek H, Kim BR, Jung HH (2017) Comparison of urine dipstick and albumin: creatinine ratio for chronic kidney disease screening: a population-based study. PLoS ONE 12:1–12 Park JI, Baek H, Kim BR, Jung HH (2017) Comparison of urine dipstick and albumin: creatinine ratio for chronic kidney disease screening: a population-based study. PLoS ONE 12:1–12
64.
Zurück zum Zitat Free AH, Rupe CO, Metzler I (1957) Studies with a new colorimetric test for proteinuria. Clin Chem 3:716–727PubMed Free AH, Rupe CO, Metzler I (1957) Studies with a new colorimetric test for proteinuria. Clin Chem 3:716–727PubMed
65.
Zurück zum Zitat Fraser SC (1958) Laboratory trial of a paper strip test for proteinuria. BMJ 1:981–983 Fraser SC (1958) Laboratory trial of a paper strip test for proteinuria. BMJ 1:981–983
66.
Zurück zum Zitat Rennie IDB, Keen H (1967) Evaluation of clinical methods for detecting proteinuria. Lancet 20:489–492 Rennie IDB, Keen H (1967) Evaluation of clinical methods for detecting proteinuria. Lancet 20:489–492
67.
Zurück zum Zitat Baron DN, Newman F (1958) Assessment of a new simple colorimetric test for proteinuria. BMJ 1:980PubMed Baron DN, Newman F (1958) Assessment of a new simple colorimetric test for proteinuria. BMJ 1:980PubMed
68.
Zurück zum Zitat Free HM, Collins GF, Free AH (1960) Triple-test strip for urinary glucose, protein, and pH. Clin Chem 6:352–361PubMed Free HM, Collins GF, Free AH (1960) Triple-test strip for urinary glucose, protein, and pH. Clin Chem 6:352–361PubMed
69.
Zurück zum Zitat Kirkland JA, Morgan HG (1961) An assessment of routine hospital urine testing for protein and glucose. Scot Med J 6:513–519PubMed Kirkland JA, Morgan HG (1961) An assessment of routine hospital urine testing for protein and glucose. Scot Med J 6:513–519PubMed
70.
Zurück zum Zitat Jensen JEB, Nielsen SH, Foged L, Holmegaard SN, Magid E (1996) The MICRAL® test for diabetic microalbuminuria: predictive values as a function of prevalence. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56:117–122PubMed Jensen JEB, Nielsen SH, Foged L, Holmegaard SN, Magid E (1996) The MICRAL® test for diabetic microalbuminuria: predictive values as a function of prevalence. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56:117–122PubMed
71.
Zurück zum Zitat Le Floch JP, Marre M, Rodier M, Passa P (2001) Interest of Clinitek Microalbumin in screening for microalbuminuria: results of a multicentre study in 302 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 27:36–39PubMed Le Floch JP, Marre M, Rodier M, Passa P (2001) Interest of Clinitek Microalbumin in screening for microalbuminuria: results of a multicentre study in 302 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 27:36–39PubMed
72.
Zurück zum Zitat McTaggart MP, Price CP, Pinnock RG, Stevens PE, Newall RG, Lamb EJ (2012) The diagnostic accuracy of a urine albumin–creatinine ratio point-of-care test for detection of albuminuria in primary care. Am J Kidney Dis 60:787–794PubMed McTaggart MP, Price CP, Pinnock RG, Stevens PE, Newall RG, Lamb EJ (2012) The diagnostic accuracy of a urine albumin–creatinine ratio point-of-care test for detection of albuminuria in primary care. Am J Kidney Dis 60:787–794PubMed
73.
Zurück zum Zitat Moore RR, Hirata-Dulas CA, Kasiske BL (1997) Use of urine specific gravity to improve screening for albuminuria. Kidney Int 52:240–243PubMed Moore RR, Hirata-Dulas CA, Kasiske BL (1997) Use of urine specific gravity to improve screening for albuminuria. Kidney Int 52:240–243PubMed
74.
Zurück zum Zitat Smith BC, Peake MJ, Fraser CG (1977) Urinalysisby use of multi-test reagent strips: two dipsticks compared. Clin Chem 23:2337–2340PubMed Smith BC, Peake MJ, Fraser CG (1977) Urinalysisby use of multi-test reagent strips: two dipsticks compared. Clin Chem 23:2337–2340PubMed
75.
Zurück zum Zitat Cook Fetter M, Rebar JJ, Metzler I (1959) Studies with a single strip test for the simultaneous determination of glycosuria, proteinuria, and urine pH. Am J Med Technol 20:401–407 Cook Fetter M, Rebar JJ, Metzler I (1959) Studies with a single strip test for the simultaneous determination of glycosuria, proteinuria, and urine pH. Am J Med Technol 20:401–407
76.
Zurück zum Zitat Sörensen SPL, Enzymstudien II (1909) Über die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffenconzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen. Biochem Z 21:131–200 Sörensen SPL, Enzymstudien II (1909) Über die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffenconzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen. Biochem Z 21:131–200
77.
Zurück zum Zitat Gai M, Motta D, Giunti S, Fop F, Masini S, Mezza E et al (2006) Comparison between 24-h proteinuria, urinary protein/creatinine ratio and dipstick test in patients with nephropathy: patterns of proteinuria in dipstick-negative patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 66:299–308PubMed Gai M, Motta D, Giunti S, Fop F, Masini S, Mezza E et al (2006) Comparison between 24-h proteinuria, urinary protein/creatinine ratio and dipstick test in patients with nephropathy: patterns of proteinuria in dipstick-negative patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 66:299–308PubMed
78.
Zurück zum Zitat Hinberg IH, Katz L, Waddell L, Health N, Canada W, Pasture T (1978) Sensitivity of in vitro diagnostic dipstick tests to urinary protein. CLBIA 11:62–64 Hinberg IH, Katz L, Waddell L, Health N, Canada W, Pasture T (1978) Sensitivity of in vitro diagnostic dipstick tests to urinary protein. CLBIA 11:62–64
79.
Zurück zum Zitat Kutter D, Kremer A, Bousser F, Kambris Z (1997) A simple and inexpensive screening test for low protein levels in urine. Clin Chim Acta 258:231–239PubMed Kutter D, Kremer A, Bousser F, Kambris Z (1997) A simple and inexpensive screening test for low protein levels in urine. Clin Chim Acta 258:231–239PubMed
80.
Zurück zum Zitat Kutter D (2000) The urine test strip of the future. Clin Chim Acta 297:297–304PubMed Kutter D (2000) The urine test strip of the future. Clin Chim Acta 297:297–304PubMed
81.
Zurück zum Zitat Bowie L, Smith S, Gochman N (1977) Characteristics of binding between reagent-strip indicator sand urinary proteins. Clin Chem 23:1976–1978 Bowie L, Smith S, Gochman N (1977) Characteristics of binding between reagent-strip indicator sand urinary proteins. Clin Chem 23:1976–1978
82.
Zurück zum Zitat Agarwal R, Panesar A, Lewis RR (2002) Dipstick proteinuria: can it guide hypertension management? Am J Kidney Dis 39:1190–1195PubMed Agarwal R, Panesar A, Lewis RR (2002) Dipstick proteinuria: can it guide hypertension management? Am J Kidney Dis 39:1190–1195PubMed
83.
Zurück zum Zitat Constantiner M, Sehgal AR, Humbert L, Constantiner D, Arce L, Sedor JR et al (2005) A dipstick protein and specific gravity algorithm accurately predicts pathological proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis. 45:2005 Constantiner M, Sehgal AR, Humbert L, Constantiner D, Arce L, Sedor JR et al (2005) A dipstick protein and specific gravity algorithm accurately predicts pathological proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis. 45:2005
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Graziani MS, Gambaro G, Mantovani L, Sorio A, Yabarek T, Abaterusso C et al (2009) Diagnostic accuracy of a reagent strip for assessing urinary albumin excretion in the general population. Nephrol Dial Transpl 24:1490–1494 Graziani MS, Gambaro G, Mantovani L, Sorio A, Yabarek T, Abaterusso C et al (2009) Diagnostic accuracy of a reagent strip for assessing urinary albumin excretion in the general population. Nephrol Dial Transpl 24:1490–1494
85.
Zurück zum Zitat Gangaram R, Naicker M, Moodley J (2009) Accuracy of the spot urinary microalbumin:creatinine ratio and visual dipsticks in hypertensive pregnant women. Eur J Obs Gynecol Reprod Biol 144:146–148 Gangaram R, Naicker M, Moodley J (2009) Accuracy of the spot urinary microalbumin:creatinine ratio and visual dipsticks in hypertensive pregnant women. Eur J Obs Gynecol Reprod Biol 144:146–148
86.
Zurück zum Zitat Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Wians FH, Phillips L (1998) Comparison of instrument-read dipsticks for albumin and creatinine in urine with visual results and quantitative methods. J Clin Lab Anal 12:280–284PubMedPubMedCentral Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Wians FH, Phillips L (1998) Comparison of instrument-read dipsticks for albumin and creatinine in urine with visual results and quantitative methods. J Clin Lab Anal 12:280–284PubMedPubMedCentral
87.
Zurück zum Zitat Croal BL, Mutch WJ, Clark BM, Dickie A, Church J, Noble D et al (2001) The clinical application of a urine albumin: creatinine ratio point-of-care device. Clin Chim Acta 307:15–21PubMed Croal BL, Mutch WJ, Clark BM, Dickie A, Church J, Noble D et al (2001) The clinical application of a urine albumin: creatinine ratio point-of-care device. Clin Chim Acta 307:15–21PubMed
88.
Zurück zum Zitat Koeda Y, Tanaka F, Segawa T, Ohta M, Ohsawa M, Tanno K et al (2016) Comparison between urine albumin-tocreatinine ratio and urine protein dipstick testing for prevalence and ability to predict the risk for chronic kidney disease in the general population (Iwate-KENCO study): a prospective community-based cohort study. BMC Nephrol 17:1–8 Koeda Y, Tanaka F, Segawa T, Ohta M, Ohsawa M, Tanno K et al (2016) Comparison between urine albumin-tocreatinine ratio and urine protein dipstick testing for prevalence and ability to predict the risk for chronic kidney disease in the general population (Iwate-KENCO study): a prospective community-based cohort study. BMC Nephrol 17:1–8
89.
Zurück zum Zitat Lim S, Yu HJ, Lee S, Park H, Kwon MJ, Woo HY (2018) Evaluation of the URiSCAN 2 ACR Strip to estimate the urine albumin/creatinine ratios. J Clin Lab Anal 32:6–11 Lim S, Yu HJ, Lee S, Park H, Kwon MJ, Woo HY (2018) Evaluation of the URiSCAN 2 ACR Strip to estimate the urine albumin/creatinine ratios. J Clin Lab Anal 32:6–11
90.
Zurück zum Zitat Winkens RA, Leffers P, Degenaar CP, Houben AW (1991) The reproducibility of urinalysis using multiple reagent test strips. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 29:813–818PubMed Winkens RA, Leffers P, Degenaar CP, Houben AW (1991) The reproducibility of urinalysis using multiple reagent test strips. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 29:813–818PubMed
91.
Zurück zum Zitat Bell SC, Halligan AWF, Martin A, Ashmore J, Shennan AH, Lambert PC et al (1999) The role of observer error in antenatal dipstick proteinuria analysis. BJOG 106:1177–1180 Bell SC, Halligan AWF, Martin A, Ashmore J, Shennan AH, Lambert PC et al (1999) The role of observer error in antenatal dipstick proteinuria analysis. BJOG 106:1177–1180
93.
Zurück zum Zitat Jury DR, Mikkelsen DJ, Glen D, Dunn PJ (1992) Assessment of Micral-Test microalbuminuria test strip in the laboratory and in diabetic outpatients. Ann Clin Biochem 29:96–100PubMed Jury DR, Mikkelsen DJ, Glen D, Dunn PJ (1992) Assessment of Micral-Test microalbuminuria test strip in the laboratory and in diabetic outpatients. Ann Clin Biochem 29:96–100PubMed
94.
Zurück zum Zitat Yates A (2016) Urinalysis: how to interpret results. Nurs Times 20:1–3 Yates A (2016) Urinalysis: how to interpret results. Nurs Times 20:1–3
95.
Zurück zum Zitat Peele JD, Gadsden RH, Crews R (1977) Semi-automated vs visual reading of urinalysis dipsticks. Clin Chem 23:2242–2246PubMed Peele JD, Gadsden RH, Crews R (1977) Semi-automated vs visual reading of urinalysis dipsticks. Clin Chem 23:2242–2246PubMed
96.
Zurück zum Zitat Wallace JF, Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Sheehan M et al (2001) Multisite evaluation of a new dipstick for albumin, protein, and creatinine. J Clin Lab Anal 15:231–235PubMedPubMedCentral Wallace JF, Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Sheehan M et al (2001) Multisite evaluation of a new dipstick for albumin, protein, and creatinine. J Clin Lab Anal 15:231–235PubMedPubMedCentral
97.
Zurück zum Zitat Lott JA, Johnson WR, Luke KE (1995) Evaluation of an automated urine chemistry reagent-strip analyzer. J Clin Lab Anal 9:212–217PubMed Lott JA, Johnson WR, Luke KE (1995) Evaluation of an automated urine chemistry reagent-strip analyzer. J Clin Lab Anal 9:212–217PubMed
98.
Zurück zum Zitat Sasaki M, Pugia MJ, Parker DR, Kuromoto K, Furukawa I, Konishi I (1999) Measurement of the albumin content of urinary protein using dipsticks. J Clin Lab Anal 13:246–250PubMedPubMedCentral Sasaki M, Pugia MJ, Parker DR, Kuromoto K, Furukawa I, Konishi I (1999) Measurement of the albumin content of urinary protein using dipsticks. J Clin Lab Anal 13:246–250PubMedPubMedCentral
99.
Zurück zum Zitat De Silva DA, Halstead AC, Côté AM, Sabr Y, von Dadelszen P, Magee LA (2014) Urinary dipstick proteinuria testing: does automated strip analysis offer an advantage over visual testing? J Obs Gynaecol Can 36:605–612 De Silva DA, Halstead AC, Côté AM, Sabr Y, von Dadelszen P, Magee LA (2014) Urinary dipstick proteinuria testing: does automated strip analysis offer an advantage over visual testing? J Obs Gynaecol Can 36:605–612
100.
Zurück zum Zitat Hasslacher C (1993) Clinical significance of microalbuminuria and evaluation of the Micral-test. Clin Biochem 26:283–287PubMed Hasslacher C (1993) Clinical significance of microalbuminuria and evaluation of the Micral-test. Clin Biochem 26:283–287PubMed
101.
Zurück zum Zitat Minetti EE, Cozzi MG, Granata S, Guidi E (1997) Accuracy of the urinary albumin titrator stick “Micral-Test” in kidney-disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl 12:78–80 Minetti EE, Cozzi MG, Granata S, Guidi E (1997) Accuracy of the urinary albumin titrator stick “Micral-Test” in kidney-disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl 12:78–80
102.
Zurück zum Zitat Fernandez IF, Paez Pinto JM, Hermosin BT, Vazquez GP, Ortiz Camunez MA, Tarilonte Delgado MA (1998) Rapid screening test evaluation for microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 35:199–202 Fernandez IF, Paez Pinto JM, Hermosin BT, Vazquez GP, Ortiz Camunez MA, Tarilonte Delgado MA (1998) Rapid screening test evaluation for microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 35:199–202
103.
Zurück zum Zitat Inker LA, Mondal H, Greene T, Masaschi T, Locatelli F, Schena FP et al (2016) Early change in urine protein as a surrogate end point in studies of IgA nephropathy: an individual-patient meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 68:392–401PubMed Inker LA, Mondal H, Greene T, Masaschi T, Locatelli F, Schena FP et al (2016) Early change in urine protein as a surrogate end point in studies of IgA nephropathy: an individual-patient meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 68:392–401PubMed
104.
Zurück zum Zitat Irgens-Møller L, Hemmingsen L, Holm J (1986) Diagnostic value of microalbuminuria in pre-eclampsia. Clin Chim Acta 157:295–298PubMed Irgens-Møller L, Hemmingsen L, Holm J (1986) Diagnostic value of microalbuminuria in pre-eclampsia. Clin Chim Acta 157:295–298PubMed
105.
Zurück zum Zitat Paruk F, Moodley J, Daya PKS, Meineke K (1997) Screening for proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Obs Gynaecol 17:528–530 Paruk F, Moodley J, Daya PKS, Meineke K (1997) Screening for proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Obs Gynaecol 17:528–530
106.
Zurück zum Zitat Phelan LK, Brown MA, Davis GK, Mangos G (2004) A prospective study of the impact of automated dipstick urinalysis on the diagnosis of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 23:135–142PubMed Phelan LK, Brown MA, Davis GK, Mangos G (2004) A prospective study of the impact of automated dipstick urinalysis on the diagnosis of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 23:135–142PubMed
107.
Zurück zum Zitat Newman D, Pugia M, Lott J, Wallace J, Hiar A (2001) Urinary protein and albumin excretion corrected by specific gravity. Clin Chim Acta 294:139–155 Newman D, Pugia M, Lott J, Wallace J, Hiar A (2001) Urinary protein and albumin excretion corrected by specific gravity. Clin Chim Acta 294:139–155
108.
Zurück zum Zitat Sawicki PT, Heinemann L, Berger M (1989) Comparison of methods for determination of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Diabet Med 6:412–415PubMed Sawicki PT, Heinemann L, Berger M (1989) Comparison of methods for determination of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Diabet Med 6:412–415PubMed
109.
Zurück zum Zitat Davidson MB, Smiley JF (1999) Relationship between dipstick positive proteinuria and albumin:creatinine ratios. J Diabetes Complicat 13:52–55 Davidson MB, Smiley JF (1999) Relationship between dipstick positive proteinuria and albumin:creatinine ratios. J Diabetes Complicat 13:52–55
Metadaten
Titel
Urinary strips for protein assays: easy to do but difficult to interpret!
verfasst von
Guillaume Résimont
Laurence Piéroni
Edith Bigot-Corbel
Etienne Cavalier
Pierre Delanaye
Publikationsdatum
01.04.2021
Verlag
Springer International Publishing
Erschienen in
Journal of Nephrology / Ausgabe 2/2021
Print ISSN: 1121-8428
Elektronische ISSN: 1724-6059
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00735-y

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 2/2021

Journal of Nephrology 2/2021 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Erhebliches Risiko für Kehlkopfkrebs bei mäßiger Dysplasie

29.05.2024 Larynxkarzinom Nachrichten

Fast ein Viertel der Personen mit mäßig dysplastischen Stimmlippenläsionen entwickelt einen Kehlkopftumor. Solche Personen benötigen daher eine besonders enge ärztliche Überwachung.

Nach Herzinfarkt mit Typ-1-Diabetes schlechtere Karten als mit Typ 2?

29.05.2024 Herzinfarkt Nachrichten

Bei Menschen mit Typ-2-Diabetes sind die Chancen, einen Myokardinfarkt zu überleben, in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich gestiegen – nicht jedoch bei Betroffenen mit Typ 1.

15% bedauern gewählte Blasenkrebs-Therapie

29.05.2024 Urothelkarzinom Nachrichten

Ob Patienten und Patientinnen mit neu diagnostiziertem Blasenkrebs ein Jahr später Bedauern über die Therapieentscheidung empfinden, wird einer Studie aus England zufolge von der Radikalität und dem Erfolg des Eingriffs beeinflusst.

Costims – das nächste heiße Ding in der Krebstherapie?

28.05.2024 Onkologische Immuntherapie Nachrichten

„Kalte“ Tumoren werden heiß – CD28-kostimulatorische Antikörper sollen dies ermöglichen. Am besten könnten diese in Kombination mit BiTEs und Checkpointhemmern wirken. Erste klinische Studien laufen bereits.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.