Background
Methods
Participants
Procedures
Data analysis
Analysis of path lengths
Statistical analysis
Classification
Results
Participants
Path lengths
Differences among devices and populations
FP – HS | FP - MS | WBB - HS | WBB - MS | FP - HS vs MS (p) | WBB - HS vs MS (p) | HS - FP vs WBB (p) | MS - FP vs WBB (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eyes-open | ||||||||
Total Path (mm) | 202.5 ± 46.3 | 302.5 ± 113.8 | 332.1 ± 86.2 | 477.6 ± 206.0 | 0.003(**) | 0.018(*) | <0.001(**) | 0.007(**) |
ML Path (mm) | 113.2 ± 29.5 | 148.8 ± 69.1 | 152.1 ± 41.9 | 206.5 ± 132.3 | 0.102 | 0.199 | 0.006(**) | 0.208 |
AP Path (mm) | 142.4 ± 36.3 | 230.5 ± 84.0 | 261.2 ± 73.0 | 381.3 ± 146.3 | <0.001(**) | 0.007(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.001(**) |
ML Range (mm) | 9.5 ± 3.9 | 17.4 ± 11.2 | 11.0 ± 4.8 | 20.7 ± 13.0 | 0.015(*) | 0.010(*) | 0.532 | 0.673 |
AP Range (mm) | 17.8 ± 5.8 | 30.6 ± 11.8 | 21.3 ± 6.0 | 31.0 ± 11.8 | <0.001(**) | 0.008(**) | 0.159 | 0.993 |
ML RMS (mm) | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 2.0 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 2.2 | 0.003(**) | 0.007(**) | 0.696 | 0.798 |
AP RMS (mm) | 3.7 ± 1.2 | 6.4 ± 2.3 | 4.2 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 2.3 | <0.001(**) | 0.017(*) | 0.428 | 0.842 |
ML Average Disp (mm) | 1.4 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 3.0 ± 1.7 | 0.002(**) | 0.006(**) | 0.674 | 0.776 |
AP Average Disp (mm) | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.8 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 1.9 | <0.001(**) | 0.025(*) | 0.404 | 0.823 |
Swept Area (mm2) | 149.4 ± 95.5 | 530.7 ± 711.6 | 201.8 ± 138.0 | 598.6 ± 621.5 | 0.061 | 0.024(*) | 0.35 | 0.943 |
Sway Speed (mm/s) | 10.2 ± 2.3 | 15.2 ± 5.7 | 11.1 ± 2.9 | 16.3 ± 6.8 | 0.003(**) | 0.010(*) | 0.518 | 0.846 |
ML Average Sp (mm/s) | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 7.5 ± 3.5 | 5.1 ± 1.4 | 7.1 ± 4.4 | 0.102 | 0.148 | 0.37 | 0.942 |
AP Average Sp (mm/s) | 7.1 ± 1.8 | 11.6 ± 4.2 | 8.7 ± 2.4 | 13.0 ± 4.8 | <0.001(**) | 0.004(**) | 0.073 | 0.59 |
Max Radial Pos (mm) | 11.0 ± 3.7 | 19.0 ± 8.0 | 12.6 ± 4.0 | 18.9 ± 8.1 | <0.001(**) | 0.011(*) | 0.373 | 1 |
Average Radial Pos (mm/s) | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 2.3 | 4.1 ± 1.3 | 6.2 ± 2.6 | <0.001(**) | 0.008(**) | 0.46 | 0.993 |
Area Ellipse (mm2) | 89.2 ± 56.0 | 286.2 ± 260.3 | 110.3 ± 73.1 | 315.5 ± 299.3 | 0.007(**) | 0.016(*) | 0.561 | 0.94 |
Ds (mm2/s) | 4.7 ± 3.6 | 13.2 ± 10.4 | 6.7 ± 5.2 | 26.4 ± 35.5 | 0.005(**) | 0.052 | 0.346 | 0.262 |
<Δr2
CR > (mm2) | 36.4 ± 26.7 | 86.5 ± 78.1 | 37.2 ± 25.9 | 103.4 ± 80.8 | 0.029(*) | 0.004(**) | 0.994 | 0.776 |
Eyes-closed | ||||||||
Total Path (mm) | 231.9 ± 63.7 | 461.2 ± 208.4 | 414.7 ± 148.2 | 750.2 ± 359.4 | <0.001(**) | 0.002(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.011(*) |
ML Path (mm) | 109.1 ± 27.1 | 197.8 ± 79.7 | 148.3 ± 40.1 | 260.9 ± 138.6 | <0.001(**) | 0.004(**) | 0.003(**) | 0.196 |
AP Path (mm) | 180.3 ± 58.4 | 372.4 ± 192.5 | 356.2 ± 143.1 | 648.9 ± 327.4 | <0.001(**) | 0.003(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.008(**) |
ML Range (mm) | 8.1 ± 3.3 | 23.2 ± 15.4 | 9.7 ± 4.4 | 24.6 ± 14.5 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.404 | 0.956 |
AP Range (mm) | 18.7 ± 6.2 | 38.0 ± 14.0 | 25.6 ± 8.0 | 43.2 ± 16.2 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.014(*) | 0.528 |
ML RMS (mm) | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 4.5 ± 2.8 | 1.8 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 2.7 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.609 | 0.975 |
AP RMS (mm) | 4.0 ± 1.3 | 7.9 ± 3.1 | 4.9 ± 1.6 | 8.1 ± 3.2 | <0.001(**) | 0.001(**) | 0.14 | 0.981 |
ML Average Disp (mm) | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 1.5 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 2.2 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.581 | 0.956 |
AP Average Disp (mm) | 3.3 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 2.5 | 3.9 ± 1.3 | 6.5 ± 2.6 | <0.001(**) | 0.002(**) | 0.187 | 0.993 |
Swept Area (mm2) | 129.0 ± 92.2 | 775.7 ± 787.5 | 209.6 ± 150.9 | 937.5 ± 797.9 | 0.003(**) | 0.001(**) | 0.119 | 0.792 |
Sway Speed (mm/s) | 11.6 ± 3.2 | 23.2 ± 10.5 | 13.9 ± 4.9 | 25.8 ± 12.1 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.222 | 0.731 |
ML Average Sp (mm/s) | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 4.0 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 9.0 ± 4.9 | <0.001(**) | 0.003(**) | 0.444 | 0.803 |
AP Average Sp (mm/s) | 9.0 ± 2.9 | 18.7 ± 9.7 | 11.9 ± 4.7 | 22.3 ± 10.9 | <0.001(**) | 0.001(**) | 0.073 | 0.512 |
Max Radial Pos (mm) | 10.7 ± 3.5 | 23.7 ± 10.1 | 14.5 ± 4.5 | 26.0 ± 10.4 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.017(*) | 0.745 |
Average Radial Pos (mm/s) | 3.7 ± 1.3 | 8.0 ± 3.4 | 4.5 ± 1.4 | 8.2 ± 3.4 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.231 | 0.981 |
Area Ellipse (mm2) | 82.5 ± 61.8 | 478.0 ± 450.6 | 109.4 ± 80.2 | 515.5 ± 437.7 | 0.002(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.462 | 0.961 |
Ds (mm2/s) | 6.1 ± 5.6 | 32.9 ± 32.1 | 9.2 ± 9.0 | 48.4 ± 42.4 | 0.003(**) | 0.001(**) | 0.399 | 0.401 |
<Δr2
CR > (mm2) | 34.7 ± 25.3 | 186.8 ± 163.6 | 41.0 ± 29.0 | 184.6 ± 141.9 | <0.001(**) | <0.001(**) | 0.744 | 0.999 |
Eyes-open - HS | Eyes-open - MS | Eyes-closed - HS | Eyes-closed – MS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Path |
0.78
|
0.51
|
0.81
|
0.7
|
ML Path | ns | 0.43 |
0.73
|
0.57
|
AP Path |
0.79
|
0.59
|
0.78
|
0.73
|
ML Range |
0.72
|
0.75
|
0.59
|
0.64
|
AP Range | ns | 0.42 |
0.9
|
0.78
|
ML RMS |
0.72
|
0.75
|
0.51
|
0.55
|
AP RMS |
0.79
|
0.63
|
0.87
|
0.75
|
ML Average Disp |
0.68
|
0.7
|
0.5
|
0.54
|
AP Average Disp |
0.79
|
0.59
|
0.84
|
0.78
|
Swept Area |
0.73
|
0.59
|
0.8
|
0.79
|
Sway Speed |
0.78
|
0.51
|
0.7
|
0.7
|
ML Average Sp | ns | 0.43 |
0.7
|
0.59
|
AP Average Sp |
0.81
|
0.59
|
0.7
|
0.73
|
Max Radial Pos |
0.82
|
0.6
|
0.93
|
0.76
|
Average Radial Pos |
0.83
|
0.72
|
0.87
|
0.82
|
Area Ellipse |
0.7
|
0.62
|
0.61
|
0.74
|
Ds
| ns | 0.28 |
0.71
|
0.71
|
<r2
CR> | 0.42 | ns |
0.77
|
0.89
|
Eyes-open - HS | Eyes-open - MS | Eyes-closed - HS | Eyes-closed – MS | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Path |
0.44 (−0.02, 0.75)
|
0.72 (0.39, 0.88)
|
0.43 (−0.03, 0.74)
|
0.79 (0.53, 0.92)
|
ML Path |
0.58 (0.18, 0.82)
|
0.72 (0.39, 0.88)
|
0.56 (0.15, 0.81)
|
0.70 (0.37, 0.88)
|
AP Path | 0.38 (−0.10, 0.71) |
0.73 (0.41, 0.89)
|
0.41 (−0.06, 0.73)
|
0.81 (0.55, 0.92)
|
ML Range |
0.72 (0.39, 0.88)
|
0.84 (0.63, 0.94)
|
0.64 (0.26, 0.85)
|
0.76 (0.47, 0.90)
|
AP Range |
0.43 (−0.03, 0.74)
|
0.91 (0.77, 0.96)
|
0.71 (0.38, 0.88)
|
0.91 (0.77, 0.96)
|
ML RMS |
0.71 (0.37, 0.88)
|
0.76 (0.46, 0.90)
|
0.53 (0.10, 0.79)
|
0.73 (0.41, 0.89)
|
AP RMS |
0.62 (0.23, 0.84)
|
0.88 (0.71, 0.95)
|
0.79 (0.52, 0.92)
|
0.92 (0.79, 0.97)
|
ML Average Disp |
0.67 (0.30, 0.86)
|
0.72 (0.39, 0.89)
|
0.43 (−0.03, 0.74)
|
0.66 (0.28, 0.86)
|
AP Average Disp |
0.63 (0.24, 0.84)
|
0.89 (0.73, 0.96)
|
0.82 (0.58, 0.93)
|
0.91 (0.78, 0.97)
|
Swept Area |
0.53 (0.10, 0.79)
|
0.79 (0.52, 0.92)
|
0.70 (0.35, 0.88)
|
0.76 (0.47, 0.90)
|
Sway Speed |
0.54 (0.11, 0.80)
|
0.84 (0.62, 0.94)
|
0.55 (0.12, 0.80)
|
0.84 (0.62, 0.94)
|
ML Average Sp |
0.61 (0.21, 0.83)
|
0.84 (0.63, 0.94)
|
0.63 (0.24, 0.84)
|
0.73 (0.42, 0.89)
|
AP Average Sp |
0.48 (0.03, 0.77)
|
0.85 (0.65, 0.94)
|
0.53 (0.09, 0.79)
|
0.86 (0.67, 0.95)
|
Max Radial Pos |
0.48 (0.03, 0.77)
|
0.87 (0.68, 0.95)
|
0.71 (0.38, 0.88)
|
0.86 (0.66, 0.94)
|
Average Radial Pos |
0.73 (0.41, 0.89)
|
0.89 (0.72, 0.96)
|
0.81 (0.57, 0.93)
|
0.89 (0.74, 0.96)
|
Area Ellipse |
0.51 (0.07, 0.78)
|
0.86 (0.66, 0.94)
|
0.68 (0.32, 0.87)
|
0.70 (0.36, 0.88)
|
Ds
| 0.11 (−0.36, 0.54) |
0.40 (−0.06, 0.73)
| 0.21 (−0.27, 0.61) |
0.56 (0.14, 0.81)
|
<Δr2
CR> | 0.34 (−0.14, 0.69) | 0.39 (−0.08, 0.72) |
0.90 (0.76, 0.96)
|
0.74 (0.42, 0.89)
|