Background
Methods
Participant recruitment
Robotic assessment
Principal component analysis
Results
Participant characteristics
Task | N | Mean Age (range) | Male Gender (%) | Dominant Arm | Range of Education | Mean Number of Trials [SD] | Mean Task Duration in seconds [SD] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arm Position Matching | 184 | 44.43 (18–87) | 84 (46) | Right | High school – Postdoctoral research** | 25.26 [0.98] | 88.13 [19.41] |
Ball on Bar | 208 | 42.16 (18–87) | 84 (40) | Right | High school – Postdoctoral research*** | 1 | 62.57 [1.60] |
Visually Guided Reaching | 200 | 42.51 (18–88) | 80 (40) | Right | High school – Postdoctoral research*** | 24 [0.07] | 102.55 [6.83] |
Reverse Visually Guided Reaching | 101 | 41.56 (19–81) | 46 (46) | Right | High school – Post-doctoral research | 30 [0.10] | 180.27 [16.71] |
Object Hit | 190 | 46.28 (18–87) | 86 (45) | Right | High school – Postdoctoral research** | 1 | 138.03 [0.43] |
Object Hit and Avoid | 170 | 45.56 (18–87) | 76 (45) | Right | High school – Postdoctoral research* | 1 | 138.29 [0.51] |
Data reduction
Principal component analysis across the KINARM battery
Task | KINARM Items | Component Loadings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||
Arm Position Matching | Absolute Error X |
0.870
| 0.210 | − 0.040 | ||
Absolute Error Y | 0.320 |
0.400
| − 0.230 | |||
Absolute Error XY |
0.910
| 0.250 | −0.100 | |||
Variability X | 0.260 |
0.810
| −0.130 | |||
Variability Y | 0.140 |
0.750
| −0.060 | |||
Variability XY | 0.270 |
0.860
| −0.140 | |||
Contraction Expansion Ratio X | −0.120 | −0.040 |
0.890
| |||
Contraction Expansion Ratio Y | 0.020 | − 0.140 |
0.800
| |||
Contraction Expansion Ratio XY | −0.060 | − 0.050 |
0.990
| |||
Shift X |
−0.550
|
0.580
| −0.070 | |||
Shift Y | 0.250 |
−0.580
| −0.070 | |||
Shift XY |
0.870
| −0.030 | − 0.040 | |||
Ball on Bar | Targets completed |
0.997
| −0.146 | 0.001 | ||
Mean movement time |
−0.965
| 0.066 | −0.037 | |||
Mean ball speed |
0.942
| 0.083 | 0.029 | |||
Mean right hand speed |
0.913
| 0.164 | −0.017 | |||
Mean left hand speed |
0.956
| 0.045 | 0.020 | |||
Right hand speed maxima | 0.054 | −0.012 |
0.950
| |||
Left hand speed maxima | 0.175 | −0.069 |
0.766
| |||
Mean bar angle rad | −0.067 |
0.633
| −0.045 | |||
Stdev bar angle rad | −0.056 |
0.801
| −0.201 | |||
Bar length variability* | 0.250 | 0.335 | 0.145 | |||
Hand speed diff |
0.473
|
0.639
| 0.108 | |||
Norm absolute hand speed diff | 0.027 |
0.849
| 0.166 | |||
Hand speed peak bias | −0.263 | 0.113 |
0.732
| |||
Hand path bias* | −0.098 | 0.342 | −0.191 | |||
Visually Guided Reaching | Posture speed | −0.077 |
0.519
|
0.512
| ||
Reaction time | 0.078 | −0.162 |
0.863
| |||
Initial direction error |
0.547
| 0.291 |
0.435
| |||
Initial distance ratio |
−0.915
| 0.073 | − 0.096 | |||
Speed maxima count |
0.780
| −0.324 | −0.323 | |||
Min max speed difference |
0.738
|
0.568
| 0.098 | |||
Movement time | 0.105 |
−0.950
| − 0.035 | |||
Path length ratio |
0.773
|
0.485
| 0.142 | |||
Max speed | 0.371 |
0.847
| −0.148 | |||
Reverse Visually Guided Reaching | Posture speed | −0.050 |
0.614
| 0.394 | ||
Reaction time | 0.022 | −0.016 |
0.800
| |||
Initial direction error |
0.818
| 0.224 | 0.055 | |||
Initial distance ratio |
−0.856
| 0.133 | − 0.343 | |||
Initial speed ratio |
−0.806
| − 0.023 | 0.316 | |||
Speed maxima count |
0.837
| −0.101 | 0.302 | |||
Min max speed difference | 0.263 |
0.721
| 0.053 | |||
Movement time |
0.621
|
−0.680
| 0.229 | |||
Path length ratio |
0.547
|
0.692
| −0.013 | |||
Max speed | −0.248 |
0.871
| −0.303 | |||
Correction time |
0.788
| 0.095 | −0.330 | |||
Object Hit | Total hits | −0.028 | 0.137 |
0.932
| ||
Hits with left |
−0.612
| 0.053 |
0.658
| |||
Hits with right |
0.545
| 0.218 |
0.758
| |||
Median error | −0.046 | 0.119 |
0.647
| |||
Miss biasa | −0.040 | − 0.022 | − 0.365 | |||
Right hand speed | 0.322 |
0.847
| 0.204 | |||
Movement area (right) | 0.200 |
0.881
| 0.052 | |||
Left hand speed | −0.148 |
0.888
| 0.132 | |||
Movement area (left) | −0.219 |
0.915
| 0.061 | |||
Hand bias of hits |
0.893
| 0.166 | 0.082 | |||
Hand transition |
−0.863
| − 0.008 | 0.051 | |||
Hand selection overlap | −0.056 |
0.612
| 0.094 | |||
Hand speed bias |
0.876
| 0.037 | 0.140 | |||
Movement area bias |
0.719
| −0.290 | −0.063 | |||
Object Hit and Avoid | Total hits | −0.125 |
0.933
| 0.037 | 0.067 | 0.006 |
Hits with left | −0.092 |
0.780
|
−0.453
| 0.034 | 0.233 | |
Hits with right | −0.061 |
0.748
|
0.483
| 0.070 | −0.210 | |
Total Distractor hits |
0.982
| 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.036 | −0.012 | |
Distractor hits (left) |
0.925
| 0.034 | −0.020 | −0.025 | 0.019 | |
Distractor hits (right) |
0.896
| −0.001 | 0.033 | 0.070 | −0.027 | |
Median error |
−0.414
|
0.419
| 0.076 | 0.073 | −0.012 | |
Miss bias | −0.043 | 0.034 | 0.063 | 0.008 |
0.914
| |
Right hand speed | 0.133 | 0.239 | 0.304 |
0.724
| −0.025 | |
Movement area (right) | 0.004 | −0.054 | 0.360 |
0.854
| 0.050 | |
Left hand speed | 0.133 | 0.215 | −0.241 |
0.764
| 0.136 | |
Movement area (left) | −0.010 | −0.035 | − 0.327 |
0.922
| − 0.125 | |
Hand bias of hits | −0.010 | 0.042 |
0.809
| 0.058 | −0.387 | |
Hand transition | −0.060 | 0.030 |
−0.824
| −0.082 | − 0.390 | |
Hand selection overlap | 0.021 | −0.291 | 0.107 |
0.568
| 0.124 | |
Hand speed bias | 0.003 | 0.045 |
0.840
| 0.007 | −0.238 | |
Movement area bias | 0.029 | −0.029 |
0.860
| −0.131 | 0.239 | |
Objects hit |
0.484
|
0.856
| 0.003 | 0.037 | −0.041 | |
Distractor proportion |
0.963
| −0.112 | −0.003 | 0.027 | −0.005 | |
Object processing rate | −0.380 |
0.799
| 0.000 | 0.071 | 0.041 |