Background
Methods
Patients and clinicopathologic information
Features | Bladder cancer (%) N = 213 | Controls (%) N = 74 |
---|---|---|
Age (years)
| ||
< 65 | 50 (23.5%) | 74 (100.0%) |
> 65 | 150 (70.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Unavailable | 13 (6.1%) | |
Sex
| ||
Female | 48 (24.0%) | 16 (21.6%) |
Male | 152 (76.0%) | |
Unavailable | 13 (6.1%) | |
Race
| ||
Caucasian | 162 (76.1%) %) | |
Other | 30 (14.0%) | |
Unavailable | 21 (9.9%) | |
Tumor grade
| ||
High-grade | 175 (82.2%) | |
Low-grade | 26 (12.2%) | |
Unavailable | 12 (5.6%) | |
Tumor stage
| ||
Ta | 49 (23.0%) | |
Tis (CIS) | 20 (9.4%) | |
T1 | 62 (29.1%) | |
T2 | 31 (14.6%) | |
>T3, N+ or M+ | 39 (18.3%) | |
Unavailable | 12 (5.6%) | |
Recurrence
| ||
Yes | 70 (32.9%) | |
No | 143 (67.1%) |
Immunohistochemistry
Image analysis
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Demographics of the patients and tumor characteristics
Immunohistochemical results
Target expression | Bladder cancer, % | Benign, % | p-value | Target expression | Bladder cancer, % | Benign, % | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEGFA
|
APOE
| ||||||
1
| 47 (28.7%) | 12 (16.2%) | 0.115 |
1
| 30 (15.5%) | 36 (50.7%) | <0.0001 |
2
|
2
| 44 (22.8%) | 22 (31.0%) | ||||
3
|
3
| 54 (28.0%) | 12 (16.9%) | ||||
4
|
4
| 65 (33.7%) | 1 (1.4%) | ||||
MMP9
|
SERPINA1
| ||||||
1
| 14 (7.7%) | 50 (67.6%) | <0.0001 |
1
| 35 (18.8%) | 30 (40.5%) | <0.0001 |
2
| 47 (25.8%) | 17 (23.0%) |
2
| 40 (21.5%) | 25 (33.8%) | ||
3
| 60 (33.0%) | 4 (5.4%) |
3
| 49 (26.3%) | 16 (21.6%) | ||
4
| 61 (33.5%) | 3 (4.1%) |
4
| 62 (33.3%) | 3 (4.1%) | ||
MMP10
|
SDC1
| ||||||
1
| 37 (20.2%) | 27 (36.5%) | <0.0001 |
1
| 27 (14.6%) | 36 (51.4%) | <0.0001 |
2
| 36 (19.7%) | 28 (37.8%) |
2
| 35 (18.9%) | 29 (41.4%) | ||
3
| 46 (25.1%) | 18 (24.3%) |
3
| 60 (32.4%) | 4 (5.7%) | ||
4
| 64 (35.0%) | 1 (1.4%) |
4
| 63 (34.1%) | 1 (1.4%) | ||
SERPINE1
|
ANG
| ||||||
1
| 47 (25.7%) | 16 (22.2%) | <0.0001 |
1
| 4 (2.1%) | 62 (86.1%) | <0.0001 |
2
| 31 (16.9%) | 33 (45.8%) |
2
| 56 (29.0%) | 10 (13.9%) | ||
3
| 46 (25.1%) | 18 (25.0%) |
3
| 66 (34.2%) | 0 (0%) | ||
4
| 59 (32.2%) | 5 (6.9%) |
4
| 67 (34.7%) | 0 (0%) | ||
IL8
| |||||||
1
| 56 (28.6%) | 10 (24.3%) | <0.0001 | ||||
2
| 43 (21.9%) | 24 (34.3%) | |||||
3
| 36 (18.4%) | 30 (32.9%) | |||||
4
| 61 (31.1%) | 6 (8.6%) | |||||
CA9
| |||||||
1
| 35 (17.9%) | 31 (44.3%) | <0.0001 | ||||
2
| 49 (25.0%) | 18 (25.7%) | |||||
3
| 48 (24.5%) | 18 (25.7%) | |||||
4
| 64 (32.7%) | 3 (4.3%) |
Target expression | Low-grade, % | High-grade, % | p-value | Target expression | Low-grade, % | High-grade, % | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEGFA
|
APOE
| ||||||
1
| 4 (16.7%) | 43 (30.9%) | 0.031 |
1
| 6 (25.0%) | 24 (14.7%) | 0.598 |
2
| 3 (12.5%) | 40 (28.8%) |
2
| 5 (20.8%) | 39 (23.9%) | ||
3
| 7 (29.2%) | 30 (21.6%) |
3
| 5 (20.8%) | 46 (28.2%) | ||
4
| 10 (41.7%) | 26 (18.7%) |
4
| 8 (33.3%) | 54 (33.1%) | ||
MMP9
|
SERPINA1
| ||||||
1
| 3 (12.5%) | 10 (6.5%) | 0.161 |
1
| 2 (9.1%) | 32 (20.4%) | 0.021 |
2
| 9 (37.5%) | 36 (23.5%) |
2
| 10 (45.5%) | 27 (17.2%) | ||
3
| 8 (33.3%) | 50 (32.7%) |
3
| 5 (22.7%) | 43 (27.4%) | ||
4
| 4 (16.7%) | 57 (37.3%) |
4
| 5 (22.7%) | 55 (35.0%) | ||
MMP10
|
SDC1
| ||||||
1
| 7 (29.2%) | 29 (19.0%) | 0.611 |
1
| 2 (8.0%) | 25 (15.7%) | 0.222 |
2
| 3 (12.5%) | 32 (20.9%) |
2
| 3 (12.0%) | 31 (19.5%) | ||
3
| 6 (25.0%) | 39 (25.5%) |
3
| 7 (28.0%) | 53 (33.3%) | ||
4
| 8 (33.3%) | 53 (34.6%) |
4
| 13 (52.0%) | 50 (31.4%) | ||
SERPINE1
|
ANG
| ||||||
1
| 10 (41.7%) | 34 (22.4%) | 0.213 |
1
| 0 (0%) | 4 (2.5%) | 0.783 |
2
| 4 (16.7%) | 27 (17.8%) |
2
| 7 (29.2%) | 47 (28.8%) | ||
3
| 5 (20.8%) | 38 (25.0%) |
3
| 7 (29.2%) | 56 (34.4%) | ||
4
| 5 (20.8%) | 53 (34.9%) |
4
| 10 (41.7%) | 56 (34.4%) | ||
IL8
| |||||||
1
| 9 (37.5%) | 43 (26.2%) | 0.699 | ||||
2
| 4 (16.7%) | 37 (22.6%) | |||||
3
| 4 (16.7%) | 32 (19.5%) | |||||
4
| 7 (29.2%) | 52 (31.7%) | |||||
CA9
| |||||||
1
| 7 (30.4%) | 28 (16.9%) | 0.206 | ||||
2
| 6 (26.1%) | 40 (24.1%) | |||||
3
| 2 (8.7%) | 43 (25.9%) | |||||
4
| 8 (34.8%) | 55 (33.1%) |
Target expression | Ta | Tis (CIS) | T1 | T2 | >T3, N+ or M+ | p-value | Target expression | Ta | Tis (CIS) | T1 | T2 | >T3, N+ or M+ | p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VEGFA
|
APOE
| ||||||||||||
1
| 10 (25.0%) | 5 (29.4%) | 18 (33.3%) | 6 (25.0%) | 8 (28.6%) | 0.670 |
1
| 13 (27.7%) | 1 (6.3%) | 9 (15.3%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0.009 |
2
| 6 (15.0%) | 5 (29.4%) | 17 (31.5%) | 6 (25.0%) | 9 (32.1%) |
2
| 14 (29.8%) | 6 (37.5%) | 14 (23.7%) | 5 (17.2%) | 5 (13.9%) | ||
3
| 10 (25.0%) | 4 (23.5%) | 9 (16.7%) | 7 (29.2%) | 7 (25.0%) |
3
| 10 (21.3%) | 5 (31.3%) | 13 (22.0%) | 6 (20.7%) | 17 (47.2%) | ||
4
| 14 (35.0%) | 3 (17.6%) | 10 (18.5%) | 5 (20.8%) | 4 (14.3%) |
4
| 10 (21.3%) | 4 (25.0%) | 23 (39.0%) | 11 (37.9%) | 14 (38.9%) | ||
MMP9
|
SERPINA1
| ||||||||||||
1
| 5 (11.6%) | 4 (7.1%) | 4 (13.8%) | 0.036 |
1
| 11 (25.0%) | 2 (13.3%) | 16 (27.6%) | 3 (10.7%) | 2 (5.9%) | 0.036 | ||
2
| 15 (34.9%) | 5 (35.7%) | 16 (28.6%) | 4 (13.8%) | 5 (14.3%) |
2
| 10 (22.7%) | 2 (13.3%) | 12 (20.7%) | 9 (32.1%) | 4 (11.8%) | ||
3
| 13 (30.2%) | 5 (35.7%) | 22 (39.3%) | 7 (24.1%) | 11 (31.4%) |
3
| 10 (22.7%) | 4 (26.7%) | 19 (32.8%) | 6 (21.4%) | 9 (26.5%) | ||
4
| 10 (23.3%) | 4 (28.6%) | 14 (25.0%) | 14 (48.3%) | 19 (54.3%) |
4
| 13 (29.5%) | 7 (46.7%) | 11 (19.0%) | 10 (35.7%) | 19 (55.9%) | ||
MMP10
|
SDC1
| ||||||||||||
1
| 11 (25.6%) | 8 (57.1%) | 12 (21.8%) | 2 (6.9%) | 3 (8.3%) | 0.036 |
1
| 6 (14.3%) | 4 (21.1%) | 5 (8.5%) | 5 (17.2%) | 7 (20.0%) | 0.021 |
2
| 9 (20.9%) | 2 (14.3%) | 10 (18.2%) | 8 (27.6%) | 6 (16.7%) |
2
| 9 (21.4%) | 6 (31.6%) | 5 (8.5%) | 8 (27.6%) | 6 (17.1%) | ||
3
| 10 (23.3%) | 3 (21.4%) | 12 (21.8%) | 9 (31.0%) | 11 (30.6%) |
3
| 13 (31.0%) | 6 (31.6%) | 17 (28.8%) | 8 (27.6%) | 16 (45.7%) | ||
4
| 13 (30.2%) | 1 (7.1%) | 21 (38.2%) | 10 (34.5%) | 16 (44.4%) |
4
| 14 (33.3%) | 3 (15.8%) | 32 (54.2%) | 8 (27.6%) | 6 (17.1%) | ||
SERPINE1
|
ANG
| ||||||||||||
1
| 19 (45.2%) | 8 (53.3%) | 12 (21.4%) | 2 (7.1%) | 3 (8.6%) | 0.0003 |
1
| 0 (0%) | 1 (5.9%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (10.3%) | 0 (0%) | <0.0001 |
2
| 7 (16.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 11 (19.6%) | 4 (14.3%) | 8 (22.9%) |
2
| 23 (50.0%) | 8 (47.1%) | 16 (27.1%) | 6 (20.7%) | 1 (2.8%) | ||
3
| 9 (21.4%) | 5 (33.3%) | 15 (26.8%) | 5 (17.9%) | 9 (25.7%) |
3
| 12 (26.1%) | 2 (11.8%) | 24 (40.7%) | 10 (34.5%) | 15 (41.7%) | ||
4
| 7 (16.7%) | 1 (6.7%) | 18 (32.1%) | 17 (60.7%) | 15 (42.9%) |
4
| 11 (23.9%) | 6 (35.3%) | 19 (32.2%) | 10 (34.5%) | 20 (55.6%) | ||
IL8
| |||||||||||||
1
| 19 (41.3%) | 7 (43.8%) | 20 (33.3%) | 4 (13.8%) | 2 (5.4%) | 0.001 | |||||||
2
| 12 (26.1%) | 3 (18.8%) | 16 (26.7%) | 4 (13.8%) | 6 (16.2%) | ||||||||
3
| 6 (13.0%) | 1 (6.3%) | 11 (18.3%) | 10 (34.5%) | 8 (21.6%) | ||||||||
4
| 9 (19.6%) | 5 (31.3%) | 13 (21.7%) | 11 (37.9%) | 21 (56.8%) | ||||||||
CA9
| |||||||||||||
1
| 12 (26.7%) | 4 (23.5%) | 10 (16.7%) | 7 (24.1%) | 2 (5.3%) | 0.308 | |||||||
2
| 12 (26.7%) | 5 (29.4%) | 9 (15.0%) | 6 (20.7%) | 14 (36.8%) | ||||||||
3
| 9 (20.0%) | 3 (17.6%) | 17 (28.3%) | 6 (20.7%) | 10 (26.3%) | ||||||||
4
| 12 (26.7%) | 5 (29.4%) | 24 (40.0%) | 10 (34.5%) | 12 (31.6%) |
Immunophenotype and survival
Full name | Abbreviation | Ascribed function | Location | Interacts with other members of signature |
---|---|---|---|---|
Interleukin 8 | IL8 | chemoattractant & angiogenesis | Extracellular | MMP9, SDC1 |
Angiogenin | ANG | angiogenesis | Extracellular, nucleus | None |
Vascular endothelial growth factor A | VEGFA | angiogenesis | Extracellular, cytoplasm | None |
Matrix metallopeptidase 9 | MMP9 | breakdown of extracellular matrix | Extracellular | IL8, MMP10 |
Matrix metallopeptidase 10 | MMP10 | breakdown of extracellular matrix | Extracellular | MMP9 |
Serpin peptidase inhibitor | SERPINA1 | serine protease inhibitor | Extracellular | None |
Serpin peptidase inhibitor | SERPINE1 | serine endopeptidase inhibitor | Extracellular, plasma membrane | None |
Carbonic anhydrase IX | CA9 | catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide | Plasma membrane | None |
Apolipoprotein E | APOE | Lipoprotein catabolism and metabolism | Extracellular, plasma membrane, cytoplasm | None |
Syndecan 1 | SDC1 | cell binding, cell signaling, cytoskeletal organization | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm | IL8 |