Introduction
Material and methods
Serum vitamin D estimation
Genotype analysis
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of study population
Ovarian cases (n = 50) | Controls (n = 50) | p value* | |
---|---|---|---|
Age in yr | 47.9 ± 13.35 | 47.2 ± 12.4 | |
Menopausal status | |||
Pre-menopausal | 19 (38%) | 20 (40%) | |
Post-menopausal | 31 (62%) | 30 (60%) | |
Subjects with positive family history of breast or ovarian cancer | 3 | 1 | 0.50 |
Parity: | |||
Nulliparous | 4 | 1 | 0.18 |
1 | 4 | 4 | 0.13 |
2-3 | 29 | 36 | 0.14 |
≥ 4 | 13 | 9 | 0.23 |
History of use of oral contraceptives | 4 | 6 | 0.37 |
Tubal ligation | 11 | 5 | 0.08 |
Serum vitamin D levels
Median (Range) of serum vitamin D levels in ng/ml | Ovarian cancer patients | Controls | OR (95% CI) Unadjusted | p value* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Top tertile 36 (27–47) | 17 | 22 | 1 | |
Bottom tertile 11.9 (5–16.2) | 16 | 10 | 3.0 (1.01-7.40) | < 0.05 |
Ovarian cancer patients | Controls | p value* | |
---|---|---|---|
Reproductive age group
| 18.3 (7.2-61.8)(n = 19) | 21.4 (7.3-40)(n = 20) | 0.41 |
Post-menopausal women
| 20.6 (6.93-43)(n = 30) | 27.8 (7.7-47)(n = 31) | 0.03 |
Median (Range) of vitamin D in ng/ml | p value* | |
---|---|---|
Clinical staging
| ||
Stage I and II (n = 7) | 18.7 (12.8,30.5) | 0.855 |
Stage III (n = 40) | 20.8 (6.9,61.8) | |
Stage IV (n = 3) | 14 (12.9,26) | |
Histological grading
| ||
Well-differentiated (n = 6) | 16.7 (11,24.7) | 0.442 |
Moderately differentiated (n = 29) | 20.6 (6.9,61.8) | |
Poorly-differentiated (n = 15) | 17 (7.2,37) |
Genotype distribution
Cases | Healthy controls | Chisquare (df) | p value | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CC(FF)
| 26 (52%) | 36 (72%) | 4.24(1) |
<0.05
| 1 | |
CT + TT (Ff + ff)
| 24 (48%) | 14 (28%) | 2.37 (1.04-5.44) |
<0.05
|
VDR gene (Fok1) | Vitamin D deficient | Controls | Ovarian cancer cases | OR | SF (p value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | - | 25 | 15 | Reference | 2.1 (0.4) |
+ | - | 10 | 10 | 1.67 | |
+ | + | 4 | 14 | 5.83 | |
- | + | 11 | 11 | 1.66 |
Discussion
Study | Study population | Patient/control participant | Odds ratio FFvsFf/ff | C.I (95%) | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lurie et al. 2007 [10] | U.S | ||||
Caucasian | 71/144 |
FF 1 | Reference | 0.04 | |
Japanese | 93/172 |
Ff 2.5 | 1.3-4.8 | ||
ff 2.1 | 0.8-5.2 | ||||
FF 1 | Reference | 0.87 | |||
Ff 1.2 | 0.7-2.0 | ||||
ff 0.9 | 0.4-2.2 | ||||
Clendenen et al. 2008 [11] | U.S + Sweden | 168/321 |
FF 1 | Reference | 0.55 |
Ff 1.10 | 0.67-1.81 | ||||
ff 1.23 | 0.61-2.51 | ||||
Tworoger et al. 2009 [12] | U.S | 1473/2006 | 1.16 | 1.00-1.35 | 0.03 |
Lurie et al. 2010 [13] | U.S | 1820/3479 | 1.14 | 1.01-1.28 | 0.03 |