nach oben

Erschienen in:

Open Access 01.12.2021 | Study protocol

Vocal-cord Only vs. Complete Laryngeal radiation (VOCAL): a randomized multicentric Bayesian phase II trial

verfasst von: Houda Bahig, David I. Rosenthal, Félix-Phuc Nguyen-Tan, David C. Fuller, Ying Yuan, Katherine A. Hutcheson, Apostolos Christopoulos, Anthony C. Nichols, Kevin Fung, Olivier Ballivy, Edith Filion, Sweet Ping Ng, Louise Lambert, Jennifer Dorth, Kenneth S. Hu, David Palma

Erschienen in: BMC Cancer | Ausgabe 1/2021

Abstract

Background

Radiotherapy, along with laser surgery, is considered a standard treatment option for patients with early glottic squamous cell cancer (SCC). Historically, patients have received complete larynx radiotherapy (CL-RT) due to fear of swallowing and respiratory laryngeal motion and this remains the standard approach in many academic institutions. Local control (LC) rates with CL-RT have been excellent, however this treatment can carry significant toxicities include adverse voice and swallowing outcomes, along with increased long-term risk of cerebrovascular morbidity. A recent retrospective study reported improved voice quality and similar local control outcomes with focused vocal cord radiotherapy (VC-RT) compared to CL-RT. There is currently no prospective evidence on the safety of VC-RT. The primary objective of this Bayesian Phase II trial is to compare the LC of VC-RT to that of CL-RT in patients with T1N0 glottic SCC.

Methods

One hundred and fifty-five patients with T1a-b N0 SCC of the true vocal cords that are n ot candidate or declined laser surgery, will be randomized in a 1:3 ratio the control arm (CL-RT) and the experimental arm (VC-RT). Randomisation will be stratified by tumor stage (T1a/T1b) and by site (each site will be allowed to select one preferred radiation dose regimen, to be used in both arms). CL-RT volumes will correspond to the conventional RT volumes, with the planning target volume extending from the top of thyroid cartilage lamina superiorly to the bottom of the cricoid inferiorly. VC-RT volumes will include the involved vocal cord(s) and a margin accounting for respiration and set-up uncertainty. The primary endpoint will be LC at 2-years, while secondary endpoints will include patient-reported outcomes (voice impairment, dysphagia and symptom burden), acute and late toxicity radiation-induced toxicity, overall survival, progression free survival, as well as an optional component of acoustic and objective measures of voice analysis using the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice.

Discussion

This study would constitute the first prospective evidence on the efficacy and safety of VC-RT in early glottic cancer. If positive, this study would result in the adoption of VC-RT as standard approach in early glottic cancer.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03759431

Registration date: November 30, 2018

Additional file 1.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08195-8.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

4D-CT

Four-dimensional computed tomography

BOP-2

Bayesian optimal phase 2

GRBAS

Grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain

CL-RT

Complete larynx radiotherapy

Computed tomography

CTCAE

Common toxicity criteria for adverse events

CTV

Clinical target volume

DSMB

Data safety and monitoring board

ECOG

Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group

GTV

Gross tumor volume

HNC

Head and neck cancer

IGRT

Image-guided radiotherapy

IMRT

Intensity modulated radiotherapy

IRB

Institutional Review Board

ITV

Internal target volume

Kaplan meier

Local control

MDADI

MD Anderson dysphagia inventory

MDASI-HN

MD Anderson Symptom inventory- Head and neck module

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging

Overall survival

PTV

Planning target volume

PRV

Planning organ at risk volume

REB

Research Ethics Boar

Radiotherapy

VC-RT

Vocal cord radiotherapy

VHI-10

Voice handicap index-10

Background

Role of radiotherapy in early glottic cancer

Each year, over 150,000 new cases of laryngeal cancer are diagnosed worldwide [1] and over a thousand new cases are diagnosed in Canada [2]. Treatment options for early stage laryngeal cancer (T1–2N0) include transoral endoscopic microsurgery [3‐5], radical radiotherapy (RT) [6‐9] and, in rare cases, partial laryngectomy via open surgery [10‐12]. Whereas endoscopic microsurgery (with or without laser) typically involves resection of only the tumor-bearing vocal cord with a narrow 1–2 mm margin, current standard RT involves irradiation of the entire larynx [13‐15]. Although prospective evidence comparing RT to surgery is lacking, both treatment options were reported to have equivalent oncological outcomes in terms of local control (LC) and overall survival (OS) in several meta-analysis [16‐18] and systematic reviews [19‐23]. Radical RT outcomes for early glottic cancer are excellent with reported 5-year LC rates varying between 85 and 95% and 5-year OS exceeding 90% [6‐8, 24, 25]. Although it is often suggested that RT is associated with better voice preservation compared to surgery, notably in larger tumors and tumors involving the anterior commissure [26], this remains controversial [19]. In a first meta-analysis including 8 retrospective cohort studies, although 2 studies reported improved voice preservation with RT, pooled results showed similar voice outcomes between transoral laser surgery and RT in T1 glottic cancers [27]. In a more recent meta-analysis including 14 studies and comparing outcomes of surgery vs. RT for T1 glottis cancers, while subjective voice assessments were comparable, RT was associated with improved maximum phonation time and decreased fundamental frequency [28]. Selection of optimal treatment modality currently involves institutional expertise and elicitation of patient preferences, and although substantiated by debatable evidence, also takes into account factors such as tumor size, location and histology [29‐31]. In a recent prospective study on the choice of treatment in patients with T1–2N0 glottic cancer, it was reported while 51% of patients are oriented directly towards RT by the medical team (i.e. deemed not suitable for surgery), a third of patients offered either transoral laser surgery or RT opted for RT [32].

Toxicities of complete larynx radiotherapy

Despite good LC, a substantial number of patients treated with radical RT experience persistent voice impairment after treatment [33]. Several studies have reported mild-to-moderate voice impairments after early glottic cancer RT in the acute, subacute and chronic settings [27, 34‐36]. There is currently limited data on threshold doses for functional voice preservation and, in the context of current RT fields, this has been of little pertinence considering that the entire larynx would receive the full dose, leaving little room for organs at risk sparing. Dornfeld et al. [37] found a strong correlation between quality of speech and doses to various structures of the glottic and supraglottic larynx as well as the pharyngeal walls. Available dose-volume data suggest that mean dose to the larynx above 45 Gy and mean dose to the non-involved vocal cord above 50 Gy are predictors of grade ≥ 2 laryngeal oedema and worse voice outcomes [38, 39].

Other common toxicities of larynx RT for early glottic cancer include increased risk of carotid artery stenosis and hypothyroidism. Cerebrovascular morbidity from carotid artery stenosis has been documented in several studies in the setting of conventional RT [40‐42]. In a recent SEER-database study, RT for treatment of early glottic cancer was associated with an increased risk of mortality due to cerebrovascular events in comparison to surgery [42]. Doses to the carotids between 35 and 50 Gy have been associated with carotid vessels wall thickening [43]. In addition, rates of radiation-induced hypothyroidism vary between 13 and 47% [35, 44], with highest frequency at 1 year after treatment. Other severe toxicities of larynx RT include less than 1% risk of permanent tracheostomy due persistent laryngeal oedema and loss of functional larynx [35, 45] and less than 1% risk of persistent mild or moderate dysphagia [46]. Importantly, laryngeal cancer patients have 22% risk of developing a secondary malignancy, with the wide majority originating from the upper aero-digestive tract [47]. In this context, their previous history of complete larynx RT limits their future therapeutic options.

Complete larynx radiation field and larynx motion

The historical standard for early glottic cancer remains the use of 3D-conformal radiotherapy, most commonly using lateral opposing fields, with field size of 5 × 5 cm² to 6 × 6 cm² [13, 14] centered on the thyroid cartilage. Typically, the superior, posterior, inferior and anterior borders of the field are 0.5–1.0 cm above the thyroid notch, 1 cm behind the thyroid cartilage, below the cricoid and 1 cm beyond the patient’s external contour, respectively [13]. Although the use of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for early glottic cancer remains controversial, several institutions have adopted carotid-sparing IMRT planning [15, 48, 49]. Clinical outcomes from complete larynx IMRT was published by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and showed excellent 3 years LC [15]. The margins used in complete larynx IMRT remain conservative because of fear of geographical miss associated with internal motion of the larynx such as swallowing or breathing.

Although swallowing motion is associated with large larynx excursion up to 2 cm in the superior direction [50‐53], swallowing motion was reported to be rare, rapid and easily suppressed by patients, and is therefore considered to have negligible impact on RT dose delivery [50, 53‐56]. Although precaution should be taken to ensure that the planning CT is not acquired while the patient is swallowing (to avoid a risk of systematic error throughout treatment), additional margins to account for swallowing motion appear unnecessary [50]. On the other hand, respiratory motion in the order of several millimetres has also been described [54, 55]. Respiratory motion reaching 6 mm in the superior-inferior direction and 2 mm in the antero-posterior direction has previously been described [50]. Such intra-fraction motion cannot be addressed by means of daily image guidance and can be associated with a risk of tumor miss in the context of tighter treatment margin. In addition, occurrence of a larynx shift in relation to the vertebral structures, potentially resulting from anatomical changes over time or set-up reproducibility, has also been described [50, 57]. The latter finding stresses the importance of daily imaging with laryngeal match rather than bone match if tight margins are considered.

Vocal-cord only irradiation

In recent years, increasing interest in reducing RT treatment volumes has emerged, with the objective of reducing toxicity while maintaining LC. In fact, in the era of IMRT and image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), it is appealing to mirror surgical approaches and evaluate vocal-cord radiotherapy (VC-RT). Focal vocal cord RT for T1N0 glottic cancer has been assessed in dosimetric studies which confirmed adequate target volume coverage [58], homogeneity of planning target volume (PTV) coverage [50], as well as sparing of various laryngeal structures (including the contralateral vocal cord and arytenoid), the carotids and thyroid gland compared to conventional RT [50, 59, 60]. The group from Erasmus Medical Center Cancer has reported clinical outcomes from a retrospective analysis of 30 patients with T1aN0 glottic cancer treated with VC-RT [35]. They reported excellent 2 year LC of 100% as well as lower rates of acute toxicities and improved voice outcomes compared to a similar cohort of patients treated with CL-RT [35]. In fact, VC-RT was associated with clinically significant voice preservation compared to CL-RT immediately after RT, at 6–12 weeks and at 6–12-18 months after RT [36]. By maximally avoiding structures involved in voice preservation, VC-RT has the potential to reduce the rate and severity of acute and chronic toxicities and minimize voice impairment, while maintaining current excellent local control rates. While some institutions have adopted a partial larynx RT approach in early glottic cancer, there is currently no prospective evidence on efficacy or safety of VC-RT and many academic institutions continue to consider treating the entire larynx as standard of care. The hypothesis of the current phase II study is that VC-RT would lead to non-inferior LC compared to historical outcomes of CL-RT in patients with T1N0 glottic cancer.

Methods/design

Study objectives

The objective of this trial is to assess the efficacy and safety of VC-RT, compared to CL-RT, in T1N0 glottic squamous cell carcinoma.

Primary endpoint:

Local control at 2-year after the end of RT.

Local control will be defined as absence of biopsy proven recurrence within the larynx.

Secondary endpoints:

Patient-reported outcomes including dysphagia, voice impairment, and symptom burden.
Acute and late toxicity radiation-induced toxicity
OS and progression free survival (PFS)
Acoustic and objective measures of voice analysis using the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice.

Study design

We propose a phase II, multicentre Bayesian trial. A total of 155 patients will be randomized in a 1:3 ratio to CL-RT (39 patients) or VC-RT (116 patients). Patients will be stratified by tumor stage (T1a/T1b) and by site (Fig. 1). This study, which is registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03759431), will include tertiary, academic hospitals in Canada and the United States. One dose and fractionation regimen will be determined by each participating center and will have to be the same in both arms. The study is powered to compare LC of VC-RT compared to historical outcomes of CL-RT. The purpose of the randomization will be to generate data on secondary outcomes of voice impairment, dysphagia and quality of life as well as survival outcomes in the control arm.

Conditions for patient eligibility

Age > 18 years
Stage T1a-b N0 of the true vocal cords planned for definitive RT
Patient not candidate for laser surgery or declined laser surgery
Biopsy-confirmed squamous cell carcinoma, including verrucous carcinoma
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0–2
Ability to provide written informed consent.
Ability to understand and read English or French at a level adequate for completion of patient reported outcomes questionnaires

Conditions for patient ineligibility

Previous irradiation of the head and neck region
Pregnancy or breastfeeding
Any medical condition that represents, in the opinion of the investigator, a contraindication to radiotherapy or would prevent follow-up after radiotherapy.
Prior invasive malignancy (except non-melanomatous skin cancer) unless disease free for a minimum of 2 years.

Required pre-treatment evaluation

History and Physical Examination, including:
- ° Laryngoscopy, with detailed diagram of the primary lesion confirmed by both the radiation oncologist and head and neck surgeon
- ° Biopsy of the primary tumor
Patient reported outcomes questionnaires including the Voice Handicap Index 10 (VHI-10), the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) and the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory Head and Neck Module (MDASI-HN).

Intervention

In both treatment arms, patients will be treated with a radical course of radiotherapy using a standard mild hypofractionation regimen of 5 fractions per week, over 4 to 6 weeks. For pragmatic reasons, each participating institution is allowed to use their standard of care dose and fractionation, but will have to be identical between the standard and experimental arms at each institution. Each center will provide, at time study entrance, what dose and fractionation will be used. This dose and fractionation will be the same for both arms and cannot change over the course of the study. The study is stratified by participating institution, which means that it will be stratified by dose/fractionation. In both treatment arms, a daily volumetric imaging method will be required for set-up verification, with match on the larynx.

Immobilization and simulation

Patients will be positioned in a comfortable and reproducible position and will be immobilized in a thermoplastic mask of the head and shoulders fixed to the treatment Table. A 3-dimensional planning computed tomography (CT) scan (maximum slice thickness of 1.5 mm) of the neck will be obtained. A planning magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), co-registered to the planning CT to help define gross tumor volume (GTV), is recommended but optional.

Clinicians should be aware of the risk of swallowing during CT simulation. Patients should be instructed not to swallow during the planning CT and MRI, as well as during their radiation treatment. Co-registration of the planning CT with a complementary planning volumetric imaging (such as MRI or contrast-enhanced CT) should be performed in order to verify the position of the larynx. If only one simulation imaging is obtained at time of planning, the position of the larynx should be verified on the first fraction of radiotherapy using a volumetric imaging method allowing 3D image reconstruction (Ex: Cone beam CT, CT on rail, MR-Linac).

Volumes

The GTV will be the same for both CL-RT and VC-RT and will be based physical examination and imaging (planning CT +/− MRI).

Standard arm (CL-RT)

The RT volume in the standard arm is based on expected fields from conventional CL-RT volume, with the planning target volume (PTV) extending from the top of thyroid cartilage lamina superiorly, to the bottom of the cricoid inferiorly. The volumes below are defined to lead to traditional volumes from conventional CL-RT (Fig. 2).

CTV_CL-RT = GTV plus a manual expansion superiorly to include the cranial arytenoid cartilage, inferiorly to include 1–1.5 cm below true vocal cords, anteriorly to include the anterior commissure, posteriorly to include posterior commissure and arytenoid cartilage.
PTV _CL-RT = 1 cm circumferential expansion around CTV _CL-RT in all directions, except posteriorly where the margin will be 0.5 cm. As the PTV of CL-RT is based on previous fields of conventional RT, after the addition of a 1 cm margin, the PTV _CL-RT should extend to the top of the thyroid cartilage lamina superiorly and to the bottom of the cricoid inferiorly; alternatively, the PTV _CL-RT should be manually expanded.

Experimental arm (VC-RT)

The RT volume would include the entire ipsilateral vocal cord in stage T1a disease, or both vocal cords in T1b disease. An internal target volume (ITV) consisting in an isotropic 6 mm margin will be added to account for respiratory motion. An additional margin of 2–3 mm margin will be added for setup uncertainty (Fig. 2).

CTV_VC-RT = GTV plus a manual expansion to include the entire ipsilateral vocal cord in stage T1a disease, or both vocal cords in stage T1b disease. In cases where the GTV is not visualized, only a CTV (comprising the entire involved vocal cord in T1a or both vocal cords in T1b) will be contoured.
An internal target volume (ITV) will be added and will consist in an isotropic margin of 6 mm around the CTV_VC-RT to account for respiratory motion.
PTV _VC-RT = ITV plus a 2–3 mm margin. This is smaller than in Arm 1, because internal motion is already accounted for in the ITV.

Dosimetry

Use of either IMRT or protons (passive scattering or intensity modulated proton therapy) will be mandatory for all plans. Treatment plans will be normalised so that 95% of the PTV volume be covered with the prescription dose. The maximal dose to the PTV cannot exceed 110% of the prescribed dose and the dose to 99% of PTV should be above 95% of the prescribed dose (D99 > 95% of prescribed dose). Heterogeneity correction will be required for dose calculation.

Critical structures delineation and constraints

Critical structures delineation will be based on previously published international consensus guidelines [61]. The latter reference provides a detailed atlas of each structure and should be consulted for additional precisions. Anatomic boundaries are details in Supplementary material 1.

Standard arm (CL-RT)

Spinal cord: Not more than 0.03 cc of the planning organ at risk (PRV) exceeds 42 Gy and not more than 0.03 cc of the spinal cord receives > 40 Gy.
Optimization of dose to other organs at risk (OAR) is not required. However, carotid-sparing is authorized.

Experimental arm (VC-RT)

Spinal cord: Not more than 0.03 cc of the PRV exceeds 42 Gy and not more than 0.03 cc of the spinal cord receives > 40 Gy.
Additional dose specification goals that should not take priority over PTV coverage:
- ° Carotid arteries:
  
  ▪ T1a
  
  Ipsilateral carotid: Mean dose < 35 Gy
  
  Controlateral carotid: Mean dose < 15 Gy
  
  ▪ T1b
  
  Mean dose to carotids < 35 Gy
- ° Supraglottic larynx: Mean dose < 45 Gy
- ° Contralateral vocal cord: Mean dose < 50 Gy
Doses to other organs should be minimized and documented.

IGRT

A volumetric imaging method allowing 3D image reconstruction (Ex: Cone beam CT, CT on rail, MR-Linac) will be required daily for set-up verification. Additional images (e.g. confirmatory kV X-ray) may be used as supplemental verification. Larynx soft-tissue matching is required (as opposed to bony landmark [e.g. spine, base of skull] alignment).

Study assessments

There will be evaluation immediately post-treatment, as well as at 6, 12 and 24 months post-treatment as part of the study. Other follow-ups will be as per institution standard of care, but suggested schedule of assessments detailed in Table 1 is encouraged.
Alternate follow-ups between the head and neck surgeon and the radiation oncologist will be mandatory.
Physical examination will involve flexible laryngoscopy or/and videostrobe or/and mirror examination with adequate visualisation of vocal cords.
Clinical follow-up will involve documentation of LC and survival status as well as reporting of CTCAE V4.03 toxicities.
Patients will be asked to fill patient-reported outcome questionnaires at baseline and at each visit, as detailed in Table 1. The questionnaires will be administered in the following order: VHI-10, MDADI and MDASI-HN. The questionnaires could be filled in paper format, or online using the anonymized CASTOR EDC system. The questionnaires will not be reviewed during the study and will be analysed only at the pre-specified timepoints.
There will be an optional assessment of acoustic and objective measures of voice analysis by a speech pathologist at baseline, immediately post-treatment and at 6 months post treatment. The assessments will consist in a digital recording of a standard oral reading passage and a short monologue, which would later be analyzed for specific acoustic variables and microacoustic measures of the cycle-to-cycle variation of acoustic parameters (in frequency and intensity domains). The voice quality will be graded as per then GRBAS scale (grade, roughness, breathiness, asthenia, strain).

Table 1

Suggested Schedule of Assessments

	Pre-RT	End of RT	2mo^a	6mo	12 mo	24 mo	36mo^a	48mo^a	60mo^a
History (including TIA or stroke) & physical exam (including laryngoscopy)	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Side effects			x	x	x	x	x	x	x
TSH^a	x				x	x	x	x	x
Questionnaire VHI −10	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x
Questionnaire MDADI and MDASI-HN	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x	x

RT Radiotherapy, Mo months

^aOptional assessments

Statistical considerations

According to previous experience, expected LC after CL-RT is estimated to be 92% [6, 8]. Assuming a non-inferiority margin of 8%, if LC in the VC-RT arm is ≥84% at 2-years, we will deem the VC-RT arm acceptable. With a sample size of 111 patients, over 82% power will detect a margin difference of 8%, at a target significance level of 0.05 using a one-sided, exact binomial test (NCSS-PASS 2005). The purpose of the randomization will be to generate currently unavailable data on secondary outcomes of voice impairment, dysphagia and quality of life in the CL-RT arm. Considering a 5% attrition rate, 155 patients will be randomized in a 1:3 ratio to CL-RT (39 patients) and VC-RT (116 patients) arms. Patients will be stratified by stage (T1a/T1b) and by institution.

An interim analysis will be conducted when 55 patients have a minimal follow-up of 6 months. We will monitor the efficacy endpoint using the Bayesian optimal phase 2 (BOP2) design [62]. Specifically, let n denote the interim sample size and N denote the maximum sample size. Let p_eff denote the probability of efficacy (response rate) and define the null hypothesis H₀ : p_eff < 0.84, representing that the treatment is inefficacious. We will stop enrolling patients and claim that the treatment is not promising if

$$ \mathit{\Pr}\left({p}_{eff}\ge 0.84\mid data\right)<\lambda {\left(\frac{n}{N}\right)}^{\alpha }, $$

where λ =0.95 and α =1 are design parameters optimized to minimize the chance of incorrectly claiming that an efficacious treatment is not promising (i.e., type II error) under the alternative hypothesis H₁ : p_eff = 0.92, while controlling the type I error rate at 0.05 (i.e., the chance of incorrectly claiming that an inefficacious treatment is promising is no more than 5%). Assuming a Beta (0.84,0.16) prior distribution for p_eff, if more than 10 patients among the 55 patients develop recurrences, the trial will be stopped in the interim analysis. Otherwise, the trial will be continued.

Analytic plan

A Bayesian regression model [63, 64] will be used to compare the LC between the VC-RT and CL-RT arms at 2 years. The LC and OS time will be defined from end of RT date. The following recurrences will be considered LC: in field, field margin and within larynx. Local recurrences will be biopsy-proven when possible. Competing events will include local recurrence, regional/distant recurrence and death prior to recurrence. LC will be estimated using both competing risk and Kaplan -Meier (KM) analysis. The analyses will be conducted using SAS and R software. A Cox multivariable regression analysis will be used to determine factors predictive of LC, PFS and OS. Chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test will be used to compare the difference in toxicity between arms. For the secondary endpoints of patient-reported outcomes (VHI-10, MDADI and MDASI-HN), trajectory trends of scores between/among arms over time will be explored using a generalized linear mixed model with a random effect of time. Appropriate adjustments for covariates will be considered.

There will be two planned analysis: 1) an interim analysis and, 2) a final analysis. The interim analysis will be done after 55 patients on the experimental arm have a minimum follow-up of 6 months. A short follow-up time of 6 months was chosen for the interim analysis for safety (i.e. for early detection of local recurrence trends). The trial may be interrupted early if VC-RT is deemed not promising on interim analysis. The final analysis will performed 2 years after accrual is completed.

Data safety and monitoring board

A data safety and monitoring board (DSMB) from the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal will be responsible for assessing the safety data. The trial would be interrupted early if higher than expected rates of local recurrences are observed. The DSMB will review interim/cumulative evidence of study related safety, consider factors external to the study when relevant information becomes available and provide the sponsor a recommendation as to whether the study should: continue without change, be modified, suspended or terminated. The DSMB will assess the safety data twice a year. An interim analysis will be planned after the first 55 patients in the experimental arm have a 6-month follow-up. Using a Bayesian probabilistic model, the trial would be interrupted early if higher than expected rates of local recurrences are observed. As this trial involves only a reduction of RT treatment volumes, we do not expect any increase in toxicities in patients treated on the experimental arm.

Subject discontinuation / withdrawal

Patients may withdraw from the study prior to the completion of study related procedures for the following reasons:

Patient withdraws consent for participation. Subjects may voluntarily discontinue participation in the study at any time.
It is deemed in the patient’s best interest as determined by the attending/principal investigator.

All enrolled patients will be required to sign informed consent before study entry. The principal investigator, the co-investigators and the research nurses will gather and record all collected information in a research record. All information collected will remain strictly confidential to the extent permitted by law. In all research records, subjects will be identified by enrolment number.

Protocol amendments and trial publication

The protocol, the informed consent form, and any other written information to be given to subjects will be reviewed and approved by a properly constituted Institutional Review Board (IRB)/Research Ethics Board (REB), operating in accordance with federal laws and regulations. Any institution opening this study will obtain REB IRB/REB approval prior to local initiation. Any amendment to the study will be submitted for review by the IRB/REB before any changes are implemented unless required to eliminate immediate hazard to the study participants.

The results of this trial will be reported in scientific publications as well as scientific conferences. Patients will not be indicated by name. The protocol, results from interim analysis and final results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.

Discussion

Swallowing motion over the course of early glottic radiotherapy has been reported to be rare and unlikely to impact on dose delivery [50, 53, 55]. However, respiratory motion, laryngeal shift in relation to the vertebral structures over the course of RT, as well as the occasional occurrence of swallowing motion at the time of simulation could introduce substantial treatment delivery inaccuracies [50, 57]. The safety of VC-RT may therefore be highly dependent on adequate precautions including the addition of an ITV margin accounting for breathing motion, use of volumetric IGRT with daily match on the larynx as well as verification of larynx resting position at time of planning CT scan acquisition. Following these principles, the group from Erasmus MC Cancer Institute reported excellent outcomes from VC-RT in a retrospective cohort 30 patients with T1a glottic cancer, with no local failures at 2 years [35]. More recently, Sher et al. reported outcomes from a phase I dose-escalation trial (50 Gy in 15 escalated to 42.5 Gy in 5 fractions) of VC-RT for Tis-T2N0 of the glottis, using an ITV derived from a 4D-CT [65]. While the study reported acceptable early tolerability of the ultra-hypofractionated regimen with 7% rate of dose limiting grade 3–4 toxicity, as high as 17% of patients (5 of 29) developed a local recurrence. A closer look at these 5 recurrences reveals that 3 were among 7 patients with T2 tumors (leading to a 43% local recurrence rate in T2N0), 1 occurred in a patient with a T1b lesion that was inaccurately delineated and resulted in a marginal miss, and 1 was in a previously understaged tumor which, in retrospect, was a T4 lesion. While these results are somewhat reassuring in regard to the safety of VC-RT for T1N0 glottic larynx, these recurrences certainly highlight the importance of careful staging and accurate clinical assessment of tumor extension when considering VC-RT, and certainly question the safety of this approach for T2 tumors. Total laryngectomy frequently constituting the salvage treatment option in the context of local recurrence after irradiation, the consequences of treatment failures can have severe impacts on patients’ quality of life and survival. Taken together, these considerations justify the current equipoise as to whether VC-RT can lead to similar efficacy as CL-RT in early glottic cancer.

The current phase II multicenter Bayesian trial will accrue 155 patients with T1N0 glottic cancer, randomized to VC-RT versus CL-RT. The study is limited by the fact that it does not constitute a true randomized non-inferiority trial, but the feasibility of such a design is rendered impossible by the unrealistic necessary sample size of > 2000 patients. Therefore, this trial would likely provide the best possible comparison between the 2 treatment arms. Local control at 2 years has been selected as the primary endpoint as the majority of local recurrences occur within the first 2 years after radiotherapy [66, 67], however, LC will continue to be monitored in the context of this trial up to 5 years after radiotherapy. LC in the literature for T1N0 of the glottic larynx varies between 85 and 95% [6‐8, 24, 25].; this variation is at least partly dependent on the distribution of T1a versus T1b in the cohorts. With a target LC of 92% and a margin of 8%, any LC below 84% - therefore below the expected range- would be deemed unacceptable. In the context of this pragmatic trial, each center will use their own standard of care dose and fractionation regimen; as a general principle, radiotherapy will consist in mild hypofractionation regimen of 5 fractions per week, over 4 to 6 weeks. Institutions will not be allowed to change their dose/fractionation once accrual has started. As the study is stratified by participating institution, there will be a balanced number of patients with each dose/fractionation in each arm. In addition, as intensity modulated proton beam therapy is the standard of care for early glottic larynx cancer in some centers, the trial allows the use of proton beam therapy, as long as the same treatment technique is used in each arm.

The delivery of VC-RT will be guided by cautious principles to maximize the safety of treatment delivery which will include: careful definition of tumor extension in collaboration with a head and neck surgeon, use of planning MRI where possible for optimal tumor staging and delineation, use of an ITV for breathing motion, as well as mandatory daily volumetric IGRT. The primary endpoint of the trial will be LC, with secondary endpoints of quality of life (including voice, dysphagia and head and neck symptom burden), toxicity as well as objective measures of voice. If positive, this would result in a paradigm shift in the approach to radiation for treatment early glottic cancers in the institutions where CL-RT remains the standard. On the contrary, if VC-RT demonstrates inferior LC compared to CL-RT, the results of this trial would strengthen the necessity to maintain conservative margins until the possible loopholes in the safety of VC-RT are better understood.

Acknowledgements

None.

Study status

Open and currently accruing.

Declarations

The proposed study has been approved by the Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montreal IRB. Informed written consent to participate in the study will be obtained from participants. The inclusion of Fig. 2 has been approved by our institutional institutional review board.

Not applicable.

Competing interests

None.

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Additional file 1.

Ferlay JSI, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC cancerbase no. 11. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013.

2016 CCSsSCoCS. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Cancer Society. 2016.

Grant DG, Salassa JR, Hinni ML, Pearson BW, Hayden RE, Perry WC. Transoral laser microsurgery for carcinoma of the supraglottic larynx. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;136(6):900–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2006.12.015.CrossRefPubMed

Outzen KE, Illum P. CO2-laser therapy for carcinoma of the larynx. J Laryngol Otol. 1995;109(2):111–3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215100129421.CrossRefPubMed

Ambrosch P. The role of laser microsurgery in the treatment of laryngeal cancer. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;15(2):82–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0b013e3280147336.CrossRefPubMed

Cellai E, Frata P, Magrini SM, Paiar F, Barca R, Fondelli S, et al. Radical radiotherapy for early glottic cancer: results in a series of 1087 patients from two Italian radiation oncology centers. I. the case of T1N0 disease. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(5):1378–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.05.018.CrossRefPubMed

Dinshaw KA, Sharma V, Agarwal JP, Ghosh S, Havaldar R. Radiation therapy in T1-T2 glottic carcinoma: influence of various treatment parameters on local control/complications. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2000;48(3):723–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(00)00635-0.CrossRefPubMed

Le QT, Fu KK, Kroll S, Ryu JK, Quivey JM, Meyler TS, et al. Influence of fraction size, total dose, and overall time on local control of T1-T2 glottic carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1997;39(1):115–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00284-8.CrossRefPubMed

Howell-Burke D, Peters LJ, Goepfert H, Oswald MJ. T2 glottic cancer. Recurrence, salvage, and survival after definitive radiotherapy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1990;116(7):830–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.1990.01870070078014.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Laccourreye O, Laccourreye L, Garcia D, Gutierrez-Fonseca R, Brasnu D, Weinstein G. Vertical partial laryngectomy versus supracricoid partial laryngectomy for selected carcinomas of the true vocal cord classified as T2N0. Ann Otol Rhinol LaryngoL. 2000;109(10 Pt 1):965–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348940010901011.CrossRefPubMed

11.

Gallo A, Manciocco V, Simonelli M, Pagliuca G, D'Arcangelo E, de Vincentiis M. Supracricoid partial laryngectomy in the treatment of laryngeal cancer: univariate and multivariate analysis of prognostic factors. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005;131(7):620–5. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.131.7.620.CrossRefPubMed

12.

Laccourreye O, Weinstein G, Brasnu D, Trotoux J, Laccourreye H. Vertical partial laryngectomy: a critical analysis of local recurrence. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1991;100(1):68–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/000348949110000111.CrossRefPubMed

13.

Chatani M, Matayoski Y, Masaki N, Teshima T, Inoue T. Radiation therapy for early glottic carcinoma (T1N0M0). The final results of prospective randomized study concerning radiation field. Strahlenther Onkol. 1996;172(3):169–72.PubMed

14.

Protocol RTOG 95–12 ATea. A randomized study of hyperfractionation versus conventional fractionation in t2 squamous cell carcinoma of the vocal cord. 1996.

15.

Zumsteg ZS, Riaz N, Jaffery S, Hu M, Gelblum D, Zhou Y, et al. Carotid sparing intensity-modulated radiation therapy achieves comparable locoregional control to conventional radiotherapy in T1-2N0 laryngeal carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(7):716–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.02.003.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Higgins KM, Shah MD, Ogaick MJ, Enepekides D. Treatment of early-stage glottic cancer: meta-analysis comparison of laser excision versus radiotherapy. J Otolaryngology Head Neck Surg. 2009;38(6):603–12.

17.

Feng Y, Wang B, Wen S. Laser surgery versus radiotherapy for T1-T2N0 glottic cancer: a meta-analysis. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2011;73(6):336–42. https://doi.org/10.1159/000327097.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Mo HL, Li J, Yang X, Zhang F, Xiong JW, Yang ZL, et al. Transoral laser microsurgery versus radiotherapy for T1 glottic carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(2):461–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-016-2103-8.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Yoo J, Lacchetti C, Hammond JA, Gilbert RW. Role of endolaryngeal surgery (with or without laser) versus radiotherapy in the management of early (T1) glottic cancer: a systematic review. Head Neck. 2014;36(12):1807–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23504.CrossRefPubMed

20.

Warner L, Chudasama J, Kelly CG, Loughran S, McKenzie K, Wight R, et al. Radiotherapy versus open surgery versus endolaryngeal surgery (with or without laser) for early laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;12:Cd002027.

21.

Abdurehim Y, Hua Z, Yasin Y, Xukurhan A, Imam I, Yuqin F. Transoral laser surgery versus radiotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis for treatment options of T1a glottic cancer. Head Neck. 2012;34(1):23–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.21686.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Spielmann PM, Majumdar S, Morton RP. Quality of life and functional outcomes in the management of early glottic carcinoma: a systematic review of studies comparing radiotherapy and transoral laser microsurgery. Clin Otolaryngol. 2010;35(5):373–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4486.2010.02191.x.CrossRefPubMed

23.

Dey P, Arnold D, Wight R, MacKenzie K, Kelly C, Wilson J. Radiotherapy versus open surgery versus endolaryngeal surgery (with or without laser) for early laryngeal squamous cell cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;2:CD002027.

24.

Mendenhall WM, Werning JW, Hinerman RW, Amdur RJ, Villaret DB. Management of T1-T2 glottic carcinomas. Cancer. 2004;100(9):1786–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.20181.CrossRefPubMed

25.

Smee RI, Meagher NS, Williams JR, Broadley K, Bridger GP. Role of radiotherapy in early glottic carcinoma. Head Neck. 2010;32(7):850–9.PubMed

26.

Kinshuck AJ, Shenoy A, Jones TM. Voice outcomes for early laryngeal cancer. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;25(3):211–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/MOO.0000000000000363.CrossRefPubMed

27.

Greulich MT, Parker NP, Lee P, Merati AL, Misono S. Voice outcomes following radiation versus laser microsurgery for T1 glottic carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;152(5):811–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/0194599815577103.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

28.

Huang G, Luo M, Zhang J, Liu H. The voice quality after laser surgery versus radiotherapy of T1a glottic carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Onco Targets Ther. 2017;10:2403–10. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S137210.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

29.

Dinapoli N, Parrilla C, Galli J, Autorino R, Micciche F, Bussu F, et al. Multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of T1 glottic cancer. The role of patient preference in a homogenous patient population. Strahlenther Onkol. 2010;186(11):607–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-010-2142-1.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Loughran S, Calder N, MacGregor FB, Carding P, MacKenzie K. Quality of life and voice following endoscopic resection or radiotherapy for early glottic cancer. Clin Otolaryngol. 2005;30(1):42–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.2004.00919.x.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Stoeckli SJ, Schnieper I, Huguenin P, Schmid S. Early glottic carcinoma: treatment according patient's preference? Head Neck. 2003;25(12):1051–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.10323.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Zahoor T, Dawson R, Sen M, Makura Z. Transoral laser resection or radiotherapy? Patient choice in the treatment of early laryngeal cancer: a prospective observational cohort study. J Laryngol Otol. 2017;131(6):541–5. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215116010057.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Fung K, Yoo J, Leeper HA, Bogue B, Hawkins S, Hammond JA, et al. Effects of head and neck radiation therapy on vocal function. J Otolaryngol. 2001;30(3):133–9. https://doi.org/10.2310/7070.2001.20192.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Sjogren EV, van Rossum MA, Langeveld TP, Voerman MS, van de Kamp VA, Friebel MO, et al. Voice outcome in T1a midcord glottic carcinoma: laser surgery vs radiotherapy. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2008;134(9):965–72. https://doi.org/10.1001/archotol.134.9.965.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Al-Mamgani A, Kwa SL, Tans L, Moring M, Fransen D, Mehilal R, et al. Single vocal cord irradiation: image guided intensity modulated Hypofractionated radiation therapy for T1a Glottic Cancer: early clinical results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2015;93(2):337–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.06.016.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Jacobson BHJA, Grywalski C, et al. The voice handi- cap index (VHI) development and validation. Am J Speech- Lang Pat. 1997;6:66–70.CrossRef

37.

Dornfeld K, Simmons JR, Karnell L, Karnell M, Funk G, Yao M, et al. Radiation doses to structures within and adjacent to the larynx are correlated with long-term diet- and speech-related quality of life. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68(3):750–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.01.047.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Rancati T, Schwarz M, Allen AM, Feng F, Popovtzer A, Mittal B, et al. Radiation dose-volume effects in the larynx and pharynx. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;76(3 Suppl):S64–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.03.079.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Sanguineti G, Adapala P, Endres EJ, Brack C, Fiorino C, Sormani MP, et al. Dosimetric predictors of laryngeal edema. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;68(3):741–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.01.010.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Plummer C, Henderson RD, O'Sullivan JD, Read SJ. Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack after head and neck radiotherapy: a review. Stroke. 2011;42(9):2410–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.615203.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Dorresteijn LD, Kappelle AC, Scholz NM, Munneke M, Scholma JT, Balm AJ, et al. Increased carotid wall thickening after radiotherapy on the neck. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41(7):1026–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2005.01.020.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Swisher-McClure S, Mitra N, Lin A, Ahn P, Wan F, O'Malley B, et al. Risk of fatal cerebrovascular accidents after external beam radiation therapy for early-stage glottic laryngeal cancer. Head Neck. 2014;36(5):611–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.23342.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Martin JD, Buckley AR, Graeb D, Walman B, Salvian A, Hay JH. Carotid artery stenosis in asymptomatic patients who have received unilateral head-and-neck irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(4):1197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.04.017.CrossRefPubMed

44.

Mulholland GB, Zhang H, Nguyen NT, Tkacyzk N, Seikaly H, O'Connell D, et al. Optimal detection of hypothyroidism in early stage laryngeal cancer treated with radiotherapy. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;44:34.CrossRef

45.

Mendenhall WM, Amdur RJ, Morris CG, Hinerman RW. T1-T2N0 squamous cell carcinoma of the glottic larynx treated with radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(20):4029–36. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2001.19.20.4029.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Jones AS, Fish B, Fenton JE, Husband DJ. The treatment of early laryngeal cancers (T1-T2 N0): surgery or irradiation? Head Neck. 2004;26(2):127–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.10361.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Fujita M, Rudoltz MS, Canady DJ, Patel P, Machtay M, Pittard MQ, et al. Second malignant neoplasia in patients with T1 glottic cancer treated with radiation. Laryngoscope. 1998;108(12):1853–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005537-199812000-00016.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Rosenthal DI, Fuller CD, Barker JL Jr, Mason B, Garcia JA, Lewin JS, et al. Simple carotid-sparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy technique and preliminary experience for T1-2 glottic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;77(2):455–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.04.061.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Chera BS, Amdur RJ, Morris CG, Mendenhall WM. Carotid-sparing intensity-modulated radiotherapy for early-stage squamous cell carcinoma of the true vocal cord. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010;77(5):1380–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1687.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Bahig HN-T, Nguyen-Tan PF, Filion, E.; Roberge, D.; Thanomsack, P.; de Guise, Jacques.; Blais D,; Doucet R.; L Etourneau-Guillon L.; Lambert, L. Larynx motion considerations in partial larynx volumetric modulated arc therapy for early glottic cancer. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2017.

51.

Leonard RJ, Kendall KA, McKenzie S, Goncalves MI, Walker A. Structural displacements in normal swallowing: a videofluoroscopic study. Dysphagia. 2000;15(3):146–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004550010017.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Dantas RO, Kern MK, Massey BT, Dodds WJ, Kahrilas PJ, Brasseur JG, et al. Effect of swallowed bolus variables on oral and pharyngeal phases of swallowing. Am J Phys. 1990;258(5 Pt 1):G675–81.

53.

Hamlet S, Ezzell G, Aref A. Larynx motion associated with swallowing during radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994;28(2):467–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3016(94)90073-6.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Bradley JA, Paulson ES, Ahunbay E, Schultz C, Li XA, Wang D. Dynamic MRI analysis of tumor and organ motion during rest and deglutition and margin assessment for radiotherapy of head-and-neck cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81(5):e803–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.12.015.CrossRefPubMed

55.

van Asselen B, Raaijmakers CP, Lagendijk JJ, Terhaard CH. Intrafraction motions of the larynx during radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003;56(2):384–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-3016(02)04572-8.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Bradley JD, Hope A, El Naqa I, Apte A, Lindsay PE, Bosch W, et al. A nomogram to predict radiation pneumonitis, derived from a combined analysis of RTOG 9311 and institutional data. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;69(4):985–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.04.077.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Gangsaas A, Astreinidou E, Quint S, Levendag PC, Heijmen B. Cone-beam computed tomography-guided positioning of laryngeal cancer patients with large interfraction time trends in setup and nonrigid anatomy variations. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;87(2):401–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.06.2032.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Osman SO, Astreinidou E, Levendag PC, Heijmen BJ. Impact of geometric variations on delivered dose in highly focused single vocal cord IMRT. Acta Oncol. 2014;53(2):278–85. https://doi.org/10.3109/0284186X.2013.812793.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Osman SO, Astreinidou E, de Boer HC, Keskin-Cambay F, Breedveld S, Voet P, et al. IMRT for image-guided single vocal cord irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;82(2):989–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.12.022.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Levendag PC, Teguh DN, Keskin-Cambay F, Al-Mamgani A, van Rooij P, Astreinidou E, et al. Single vocal cord irradiation: a competitive treatment strategy in early glottic cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2011;101(3):415–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2011.05.026.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Brouwer CL, Steenbakkers RJ, Bourhis J, Budach W, Grau C, Gregoire V, et al. CT-based delineation of organs at risk in the head and neck region: DAHANCA, EORTC, GORTEC, HKNPCSG, NCIC CTG, NCRI, NRG oncology and TROG consensus guidelines. Radiother Oncol. 2015;117(1):83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.07.041.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Zhou H, Lee JJ, Yuan Y. BOP2: Bayesian optimal design for phase II clinical trials with simple and complex endpoints. Stat Med. 2017;36(21):3302–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.7338.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Gelman AaH J. Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2007.

64.

McCullagh PaN JA. Generalized linear models. New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC Press; 1989. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3242-6.CrossRef

65.

Sher DJ, Timmerman RD, Nedzi L, Ding C, Pham NL, Zhao B, et al. Phase 1 fractional dose-escalation study of equipotent stereotactic radiation therapy regimens for early-stage Glottic larynx Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2019;105(1):110–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.03.010.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Mucha-Malecka A, Chrostowska A, Urbanek K, Malecki K. Prognostic factors in patients with T1 glottic cancer treated with radiotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol. 2019;195(9):792–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00066-019-01481-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

67.

Lohynska R, Slavicek A, Bahanan A, Novakova P. Predictors of local failure in early laryngeal cancer. Neoplasma. 2005;52(6):483–8.PubMed

Titel: Vocal-cord Only vs. Complete Laryngeal radiation (VOCAL): a randomized multicentric Bayesian phase II trial
verfasst von: Houda Bahig
David I. Rosenthal
Félix-Phuc Nguyen-Tan
David C. Fuller
Ying Yuan
Katherine A. Hutcheson
Apostolos Christopoulos
Anthony C. Nichols
Kevin Fung
Olivier Ballivy
Edith Filion
Sweet Ping Ng
Louise Lambert
Jennifer Dorth
Kenneth S. Hu
David Palma
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2021
Verlag: BioMed Central
Erschienen in: BMC Cancer / Ausgabe 1/2021
Elektronische ISSN: 1471-2407
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08195-8

Springer Medizin

Abstract

Background

Methods

Discussion

Trial registration

Supplementary Information

Publisher’s Note

Background

Role of radiotherapy in early glottic cancer

Toxicities of complete larynx radiotherapy

Complete larynx radiation field and larynx motion

Vocal-cord only irradiation

Methods/design

Study objectives

Study design

Conditions for patient eligibility

Conditions for patient ineligibility

Required pre-treatment evaluation

Intervention

Immobilization and simulation

Volumes

Dosimetry

Critical structures delineation and constraints

IGRT

Study assessments

Statistical considerations

Analytic plan

Data safety and monitoring board

Subject discontinuation / withdrawal

Consent and confidentiality

Protocol amendments and trial publication

Discussion

Acknowledgements

Study status

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

Consent for publication

Competing interests

Publisher’s Note

Supplementary Information

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2021

Safety and efficacy of Hypofractionated stereotactic radiosurgery for high-grade Gliomas at first recurrence: a single-center experience

The role of EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL scores and inflammatory biomarkers in predicting survival in terminally ill patients with cancer

Primary effusion lymphoma occurring in the setting of transplanted patients: a systematic review of a rare, life-threatening post-transplantation occurrence

Prognostic impact of additive chemotherapy after curative resection of metachronous colorectal liver metastasis: a single-centre retrospective study

The role of FoxP3+ regulatory T cells and IDO+ immune and tumor cells in malignant melanoma – an immunohistochemical study

Weight and waist-to-hip ratio change pattern during the first five years of survival: data from a longitudinal observational Chinese breast cancer cohort

Neu im Fachgebiet Onkologie

Alphablocker schützt vor Miktionsproblemen nach der Biopsie

Antikörper-Wirkstoff-Konjugat hält solide Tumoren in Schach

Mammakarzinom: Senken Statine das krebsbedingte Sterberisiko?

Labor, CT-Anthropometrie zeigen Risiko für Pankreaskrebs

Update Onkologie