Background
Methods
Research design
Ethics and participants
The questionnaire / instrument
In your opinion, can chiropractic spinal adjustments | |
---|---|
Item 1 | prevent disease in general? |
Item 2 | help the immune system? |
Item 3 | improve the health of infants? |
Item 4 | help the body function at 100% of its capacity? |
Item 5 | prevent degeneration of the spine? |
For each statement, choose the box that best corresponds to your opinions | |
Item 6 | subluxations are the cause of all disease |
Item 7 | subluxations cause short-circuits of the nervous system |
Item 8 | subluxations can have a negative effect on the capacity of the nervous system to provide energy to tissues and organs |
Item 9 | it is possible to detect subluxations before symptoms appear |
Item 10 | it is appropriate for every person to receive chiropractic adjustments for their entire life |
Data analysis
Variables | N (%) | Mean (SD); Median |
---|---|---|
Males | 122 (50) | |
Females | 117 (48) | |
Missing | 4 (2) | |
Age: Range 19–49 | 24.2 (SD 4.7); 23.00 | |
Year of Program | N (Response % of year total) | |
1 year | Excluded | |
2 year | 84 (78%) | |
3 year | 77 (90%) | |
4 year | 43 (66%) | |
5 year | 35 (56%) | |
Missing | 4 | |
ChiroCon score | N (%) | |
0 | 19 (8) | |
1 | 29 (12) | |
2 | 60 (25) | |
3 | 28 (12) | |
4 | 27 (11) | |
5 | 33 (14) | |
6 | 17 (7) | |
7 | 11 (5) | |
8 | 7 (3) | |
9 | 3 (1) | |
10 | 6 (3) | |
Missing | 3 (1) | |
ChiroCon Groups based on scores | ||
Group 1 (scores 0–2) | 108 (44) | |
Group 2 (scores 3–5) | 88 (36) | |
Group 3 (scores 6,7) | 28 (12) | |
Group 4 (scores 8–10) | 16 (7) | |
Missing | 3 (1.2) | |
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU12) Minimum score 13, maximum 56 | 30.01 (SD 8.41); 29.00 | |
Normal score group (13–36) | 170 (71.4) | |
High score group (37–56) | 68 (28.6) | |
Missing | 5 | |
Academic ability (ATAR) Minimum 0—maximum 100 Missing | 69 | 83.75 (SD 9.22); 85.00 |
Magical Health Beliefs (MHB) Minimum 10 – maximum 46 | 24.65 (SD 7.49); 25.00 | |
Low group (10–25) | 124 (53.7) | |
High group (26–46) | 107 (46.3) | |
Missing | 12 | |
Limitless Scope of Practice (LLSoP) Prevent future spinal disorders | ||
No | 169 (70%) | |
Yes | 73 (30%) | |
Missing | 1 | |
Prevent future diseases | ||
No | 207 (86%) | |
Yes | 34 (14%) | |
Missing | 2 |
Results
Validation of data
Comparison of chiropractic students’ highest anatomy score (actual vs. self-reported) in the fourth year of the program | ||
---|---|---|
Grade | Actual (N = 59) N (%) | Self-reported (N = 42) N (%) |
> 70 | 41 (70) | 32 (76) |
60–69 | 16 (27) | 9 (22) |
50–59 | 2 (3) | 1 (2) |
< 50 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Potential interactions with age, sex, and year of study
Descriptive Information for all variables
Confirming if there is a link between chiropractic conservative beliefs (ChiroCon) and a limitless scope of practice (LLSoP)
N | Mean (SD) | Std. Error | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (95% CI) ChiroCon scores across years of study 2, 3, 4 and 5 | ||||
Year 2 | 83 | 3.96 (2.56) | 0.28 | 3.40–4.52 |
Year 3 | 76 | 3.05 (2.09) | 0.24 | 2.58–3.53 |
Year 4 | 43 | 4.26 (2.45) | 0.37 | 3.50–5.01 |
Year 5 (final) | 35 | 2.23 (1.83) | 0.31 | 1.60–2.86 |
Total | 237 | 3.47 (2.39) | 0.16 | 3.16–3.78 |
Mean (95% CI) MHB scores across years of study 2, 3, 4 and 5 | ||||
Year 2 | 81 | 26.44 (7.2) | 0.80 | 24.86–28.03 |
Year 3 | 75 | 23.76 (7.1) | 0.82 | 22.12–25.40 |
Year 4 | 40 | 26.58 (6.7) | 1.06 | 24.43–28.72 |
Year 5 (final) | 35 | 20.17 (7.2) | 1.22 | 17.69–22.65 |
Total | 231 | 24.65 (7.4) | 0.49 | 23.69–25.60 |
Model | Multivariate Logistic Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | ORs | 95% CI | P |
MHB (categorical) | 4.3 | 2.0–9.1 | < 0.0001 |
IU-12 (categorical) | 1.4 | 0.7–2.9 | 0.327 |
Academic ATAR (continuous data) | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.101 |
Year of program (categorical data) | 0.7 | 0.5–1.0 | 0.069 |
Verification if (i) intolerance of uncertainty (IU-12), (ii) academic ability (ATAR), and (iii) magical health beliefs (MHB) adjusted for Year of program had similar links with a limitless scope of practice (LLSoP) as they had for conservative chiropractic beliefs (ChiroCon) in the previous analysis
Preventing future i) spinal pain and ii) disease with SMT
Model | Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | ORs | 95% CI | P |
MHB (categorical) | 2.0 | 1.1–3.5 | 0.018 |
IU-12 (categorical) | 1.7 | 0.9–3.0 | 0.097 |
Academic ATAR (continuous data) | 1.0 | 1.0–1.0 | 0.548 |
Year of program (categorical data) | 0.9 | 0.7–1.2 | 0.434 |
Model | Multivariate Binary Logistic Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|
Variable | ORs | 95% CI | P |
MHB (categorical) | 4.0 | 1.8–9.0 | 0.001 |
IU-12 (categorical) | 1.7 | 0.8–3.6 | 0.172 |
Academic ATAR (continuous data) | 1.0 | 1.0–1.1 | 0.670 |
Year of program (categorical data) | 0.7 | 0.5–1.1 | 0.105 |