Background
Methods
Study population
Imaging protocol
Left ventricular volumes and mass
Cardiac timing and inflow velocities
Myocardial velocities
Aortic flow
Blood pressure measurement
Measures of vascular characteristics
Statistics
Results
Demographics
Healthy Controls (n = 20) | Mild CKD (n = 40) | Moderate CKD (n = 40) | Severe CKD (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years)a | 12 ± 1.3 | 11 ± 1.3 | 12 ± 1.3 | 13 ± 1.3 | 0.12 |
Sex (% male) | 40% | 38% | 23% | 45% | 0.42 |
Height (cm) | 162 ± 18 | 150 ± 17 | 152 ± 18 | 151 ± 18 | 0.075 |
Weight (kg)a | 53 ± 1.4 | 43 ± 1.5 | 45 ± 1.5 | 44 ± 1.4 | 0.22 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2)a | 20 ± 1.1 | 19 ± 1.2 | 20 ± 1.2 | 20 ± 1.1 | 0.77 |
Body Surface Area (m2) | 1.6 ± 0.32 | 1.4 ± 0 .33 | 1.4 ± 0.35 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 0.16 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 132 ± 13 | 133 ± 16 | 128 ± 11 | 0.57 | |
Urea (mmol/L) | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 8.6 ± 2.5 | 18.0 ± 5.2 | < 0.001† | |
Creatinine (umol/L)a | 68 ± 1.2 | 117 ± 1.2 | 305 ± 1.4 | < 0.001† | |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 79 ± 8.8 | 48 ± 8.4 | 19 ± 6.5 | < 0.001 | |
Calcium-Phosphate product (mmol2/L2) | 3.4 ± 0.45 | 3.4 ± 0.39 | 3.5 ± 0.56 | 0.40 | |
Intact parathyroid hormone (pmol/L)a | 3.5 ± 3.2 | 3.7 ± 2.4 | 8.5 ± 2.4 | 0.011 | |
Urine Albumin/ Creatinine Ratio (mg/mmol)a | 4.7 ± 3.7 | 22 ± 6.2 | 261 ± 2.5 | < 0.001 | |
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor | 28% | 40% | 15% | 0.13 | |
Calcium Channel Blocker | 5% | 13% | 15% | 0.38 | |
Beta-Blocker | 5% | 5% | 20% | 0.09 | |
Aldosterone antagonist (Spironolactone) | 3% | 0% | 0% | 0.47 |
Vascular characteristics
Healthy Controls (n = 20) | Mild CKD (n = 40) | Moderate CKD (n = 40) | Severe CKD (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Systolic BP (mmhg)a | 109 ± 1.1 | 113 ± 1.1 | 116 ± 1.1 | 116 ± 1.1 | 0.14 |
Systolic BP percentilea | 33 ± 2.5 | 58 ± 1.7 | 61 ± 1.8 | 64 ± 1.7 | 0.08† |
Diastolic BP (mmhg)a | 53 ± 1.2 | 63 ± 1.2 | 65 ± 1.2 | 69 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 |
Diastolic BP percentilea | 17 ± 2.3 | 45 ± 1.9 | 48 ± 1.8 | 60 ± 1.6 | < 0.001† |
Mean BP (mmhg) | 78 ± 7.8 | 84 ± 8.8 | 87 ± 9.9 | 89 ± 8.8 | < 0.001 |
Pulse Pressure (mmhg) | 55 ± 13 | 50 ± 10 | 51 ± 9.5 | 48 ± 12 | 0.13 |
Heart Rate (BPM)a | 72 ± 1.2 | 75 ± 1.2 | 72 ± 1.2 | 74 ± 1.2 | 0.75 |
Healthy Controls (n = 20) | Mild CKD (n = 40) | Moderate CKD (n = 40) | Severe CKD (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SVR (WU.m2)a | 21 ± 1.3 | 24 ± 1.2 | 26 ± 1.2 | 26 ± 1.2 | 0.004 |
TAC (ml/mmHg. m2.102)a | 52 ± 1.3 | 55 ± 1.2 | 54 ± 1.3 | 58 ± 1.3 | 0.56 |
AoS (%)a | 46 ± 1.5 | 52 ± 1.6 | 53 ± 1.6 | 51 ± 1.5 | 0.74 |
AoC (%mmHg−1.102)a | 86 ± 1.6 | 108 ± 1.6 | 105 ± 1.7 | 111 ± 1.7 | 0.33 |
COa (l/min/m2) | 3.6 ± 1.2 | 3.5 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | 0.61 |
Cardiac geometry and global function
Healthy Controls (n = 20) | Mild CKD (n = 40) | Moderate CKD (n = 40) | Severe CKD (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LVEDV (ml/m2) | 74 ± 11 | 68 ± 9.1 | 68 ± 10 | 65 ± 9.7 | 0.03 |
LVESV (ml/m2)a | 23 ± 1.3 | 21 ± 1.3 | 20 ± 1.3 | 19 ± 1.3 | 0.13 |
LVSV (ml/m2)a | 50 ± 1.1 | 46 ± 1.1 | 47 ± 1.2 | 46 ± 1.2 | 0.18 |
EF (%) | 68 ± 4.6 | 68 ± 6.1 | 69 ± 6.7 | 70 ± 5.8 | 0.72 |
LVMht2.7 (g/m2.7)a | 21 ± 1.2 | 21 ± 1.3 | 22 ± 1.2 | 25 ± 1.2 | 0.12 |
MVR (g/ml) | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.72 ± 0.16 | 0.75 ± 0.16 | 0.87 ± 0.17 | 0.003 |
RA Area (cm2/m2) | 12 ± 1.8 | 12 ± 1.9 | 11 ± 2.5 | 11 ± 2 | 0.69 |
LA Area (cm2/m2)a | 12 ± 1.3 | 12 ± 1.2 | 11 ± 1.2 | 11 ± 1.2 | 0.38 |
Inflow velocities and cardiac timing intervals
Healthy Controls (n = 20) | Mild CKD (n = 40) | Moderate CKD (n = 40) | Severe CKD (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRT (ms)a | 61 ± 1.2 | 64 ± 1.1 | 70 ± 1.1 | 72 ± 1.1 | < 0.001 |
ICT (ms)a | 44 ± 1.6 | 36 ± 1.6 | 33 ± 1.8 | 37 ± 1.8 | 0.24 |
ET (ms) | 277 ± 21 | 275 ± 16 | 274 ± 19 | 276 ± 15 | 0.92 |
Teia | 0.39 ± 1.3 | 0.37 ± 1.2 | 0.38 ± 1.2 | 0.41 ± 1.3 | 0.56 |
E (mls) | 47 ± 9.8 | 49 ± 11 | 50 ± 11 | 49 ± 9.7 | 0.87 |
A (mls) | 19 ± 4.3 | 20 ± 6.7 | 21 ± 6.8 | 22 ± 5.6 | 0.36 |
E/A ratioa | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.5 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 0.63 |
Tissue phase mapping
Healthy Controls (n = 20) | Mild CKD (n = 40) | Moderate CKD (n = 40) | Severe CKD (n = 20) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rad S′ (cm/s) | 2.7 ± 0.31 | 2.6 ± 0.24 | 2.5 ± 0.38 | 2.4 ± 0.31 | 0.003 |
Rad E’ (cm/s) | 4.2 ± 0.59 | 3.6 ± 0.62 | 3.4 ± 0.78 | 3.3 ± 0.53 | < 0.001 |
Rad A’ (cm/s) | 1.3 ± 0.35 | 1.1 ± 0.34 | 1.2 ± 0.31 | 1.2 ± 0.28 | 0.30 |
Long S′ (cm/s) | 4.6 ± 1.6 | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 3.6 ± 1.3 | 0.009 |
Long E’ (cm/s) | 7.9 ± 1.5 | 7.5 ± 2.0 | 6.7 ± 1.8 | 6.8 ± 1.4 | 0.046 |
Long A’ (cm/s) | 2.3 ± 0.71 | 2.5 ± 1.1 | 2.7 ± 0.85 | 2.5 ± 0.64 | 0.61 |
Long E’/A’ ratioa | 3.4 ± 1.3 | 3.2 ± 1.6 | 2.6 ± 1.4 | 2.8 ± 1.3 | 0.003† |
Long E/E’ ratioa | 6 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | 7.5 ± 1.4 | 7.3 ± 1.4 | 0.03 |