Skip to main content
Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior 6/2012

01.08.2012 | Original Paper

Age at First Alcoholic Drink as Predictor of Current HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors Among a Sample of Injection Drug Users (IDUs) and Non-IDUs who are Sexual Partners of IDUs, in St. Petersburg, Russia

verfasst von: Nadia Abdala, Nathan B. Hansen, Olga V. Toussova, Tatiana V. Krasnoselskikh, Andrei P. Kozlov, Robert Heimer

Erschienen in: AIDS and Behavior | Ausgabe 6/2012

Einloggen, um Zugang zu erhalten

Abstract

This study investigates whether age at first alcoholic drink is associated with sexual risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs) and non-IDUs who are sexual partners of IDUs in St. Petersburg, Russia. A path analysis was used to test a model of age at first drink, age at sexual debut, age at first drug use, current substance use patterns and current sexual risk behaviors among 558 participants. Results revealed that age at first drink had an effect on multiple sex partners through age at sexual debut and injection drug use, but no effect on unprotected sex. Age at first drug use was not related to sexual risk behaviors. Investigation of age of drinking onset may provide useful information for programs to reduce sexual risk behaviors and injection drug use. Different paths leading to unprotected sex and multiple sexual partners call for different approaches to reduce sexual risk behaviors among this population.
Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Grogan L. Alcoholism, tobacco, and drug use in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Subst Use Misuse. 2006;41(4):567–71.PubMedCrossRef Grogan L. Alcoholism, tobacco, and drug use in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Subst Use Misuse. 2006;41(4):567–71.PubMedCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Kozlov AP, Shaboltas AV, Toussova OV, et al. HIV incidence and factors associated with HIV acquisition among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia. Aids. 2006;20(6):901–6.PubMedCrossRef Kozlov AP, Shaboltas AV, Toussova OV, et al. HIV incidence and factors associated with HIV acquisition among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia. Aids. 2006;20(6):901–6.PubMedCrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Booth RE, Lehman WE, Kwiatkowski CF, Brewster JT, Sinitsyna L, Dvoryak S. Stimulant injectors in Ukraine: the next wave of the epidemic? AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4):652–61.PubMedCrossRef Booth RE, Lehman WE, Kwiatkowski CF, Brewster JT, Sinitsyna L, Dvoryak S. Stimulant injectors in Ukraine: the next wave of the epidemic? AIDS Behav. 2008;12(4):652–61.PubMedCrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell K, Dryden DM, Liang Y, et al. Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:48.PubMedCrossRef Russell K, Dryden DM, Liang Y, et al. Risk factors for methamphetamine use in youth: a systematic review. BMC Pediatr. 2008;8:48.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Tomkins S, Saburova L, Kiryanov N, et al. Prevalence and socio-economic distribution of hazardous patterns of alcohol drinking: study of alcohol consumption in men aged 25–54 years in Izhevsk, Russia. Addiction. 2007;102(4):544–53.PubMedCrossRef Tomkins S, Saburova L, Kiryanov N, et al. Prevalence and socio-economic distribution of hazardous patterns of alcohol drinking: study of alcohol consumption in men aged 25–54 years in Izhevsk, Russia. Addiction. 2007;102(4):544–53.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Stickley A, Leinsalu M, Andreev E, Razvodovsky Y, Vagero D, McKee M. Alcohol poisoning in Russia and the countries in the European part of the former Soviet Union, 1970–2002. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17(5):444–9.PubMedCrossRef Stickley A, Leinsalu M, Andreev E, Razvodovsky Y, Vagero D, McKee M. Alcohol poisoning in Russia and the countries in the European part of the former Soviet Union, 1970–2002. Eur J Public Health. 2007;17(5):444–9.PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Takacs J, Amirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, Kirsanova AV, Khoursine RA, Mocsonaki L. “Condoms are reliable but I am not”: a qualitative analysis of AIDS-related beliefs and attitudes of young heterosexual adults in Budapest, Hungary, and St. Petersburg, Russia. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2006;14(2):59–66.PubMed Takacs J, Amirkhanian YA, Kelly JA, Kirsanova AV, Khoursine RA, Mocsonaki L. “Condoms are reliable but I am not”: a qualitative analysis of AIDS-related beliefs and attitudes of young heterosexual adults in Budapest, Hungary, and St. Petersburg, Russia. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2006;14(2):59–66.PubMed
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Zaborskis A, Zemaitiene N, Sumskas L, Grabauskas V, Veryga A, Petkevicius R. Trends in alcohol consumption among Lithuanian school-aged children in 1994–2006 and new challenges. Medicina (Kaunas). 2008;44(8):623–32. Zaborskis A, Zemaitiene N, Sumskas L, Grabauskas V, Veryga A, Petkevicius R. Trends in alcohol consumption among Lithuanian school-aged children in 1994–2006 and new challenges. Medicina (Kaunas). 2008;44(8):623–32.
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Lintonen T, Rimpela M, Ahlstrom S, Rimpela A, Vikat A. Trends in drinking habits among Finnish adolescents from 1977 to 1999. Addiction. 2000;95(8):1255–63.PubMedCrossRef Lintonen T, Rimpela M, Ahlstrom S, Rimpela A, Vikat A. Trends in drinking habits among Finnish adolescents from 1977 to 1999. Addiction. 2000;95(8):1255–63.PubMedCrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Bloomfield K, Stockwell T, Gmel G, Rehn N. International comparisons of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(1):95–109.PubMed Bloomfield K, Stockwell T, Gmel G, Rehn N. International comparisons of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Res Health. 2003;27(1):95–109.PubMed
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeigler DW, Wang CC, Yoast RA, et al. The neurocognitive effects of alcohol on adolescents and college students. Prev Med. 2005;40(1):23–32.PubMedCrossRef Zeigler DW, Wang CC, Yoast RA, et al. The neurocognitive effects of alcohol on adolescents and college students. Prev Med. 2005;40(1):23–32.PubMedCrossRef
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Guerri C, Pascual M. Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence. Alcohol. 2010;44(1):15–26.PubMedCrossRef Guerri C, Pascual M. Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic, cognitive, and neurobehavioral effects of alcohol consumption during adolescence. Alcohol. 2010;44(1):15–26.PubMedCrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchmann AF, Schmid B, Blomeyer D, et al. Drinking against unpleasant emotions: possible outcome of early onset of alcohol use? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(6):1052–7.PubMedCrossRef Buchmann AF, Schmid B, Blomeyer D, et al. Drinking against unpleasant emotions: possible outcome of early onset of alcohol use? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34(6):1052–7.PubMedCrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Agrawal A, Grant JD, Waldron M, et al. Risk for initiation of substance use as a function of age of onset of cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use: findings in a Midwestern female twin cohort. Prev Med. 2006;43(2):125–8.PubMedCrossRef Agrawal A, Grant JD, Waldron M, et al. Risk for initiation of substance use as a function of age of onset of cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use: findings in a Midwestern female twin cohort. Prev Med. 2006;43(2):125–8.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Grant JD, Scherrer JF, Lynskey MT, et al. Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: evidence from a twin design. Psychol Med. 2006;36(1):109–18.PubMedCrossRef Grant JD, Scherrer JF, Lynskey MT, et al. Adolescent alcohol use is a risk factor for adult alcohol and drug dependence: evidence from a twin design. Psychol Med. 2006;36(1):109–18.PubMedCrossRef
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Connor J, Gray A, Kypri K. Drinking history, current drinking and problematic sexual experiences among university students. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010;34(5):487–94.PubMedCrossRef Connor J, Gray A, Kypri K. Drinking history, current drinking and problematic sexual experiences among university students. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2010;34(5):487–94.PubMedCrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Hingson R, Heeren T, Winter MR, Wechsler H. Early age of first drunkenness as a factor in college students’ unplanned and unprotected sex attributable to drinking. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):34–41.PubMedCrossRef Hingson R, Heeren T, Winter MR, Wechsler H. Early age of first drunkenness as a factor in college students’ unplanned and unprotected sex attributable to drinking. Pediatrics. 2003;111(1):34–41.PubMedCrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Buchmann AF, Schmid B, Blomeyer D, et al. Impact of age at first drink on vulnerability to alcohol-related problems: testing the marker hypothesis in a prospective study of young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(15):1205–12.PubMedCrossRef Buchmann AF, Schmid B, Blomeyer D, et al. Impact of age at first drink on vulnerability to alcohol-related problems: testing the marker hypothesis in a prospective study of young adults. J Psychiatr Res. 2009;43(15):1205–12.PubMedCrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Eliasen M, Kaer SK, Munk C, et al. The relationship between age at drinking onset and subsequent binge drinking among women. Eur J Public Health. 2009;19(4):378–82.PubMedCrossRef Eliasen M, Kaer SK, Munk C, et al. The relationship between age at drinking onset and subsequent binge drinking among women. Eur J Public Health. 2009;19(4):378–82.PubMedCrossRef
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Lysova AV, Hines DA. Binge drinking and violence against intimate partners in Russia. Aggress Behav. 2008;34(4):416–27.PubMedCrossRef Lysova AV, Hines DA. Binge drinking and violence against intimate partners in Russia. Aggress Behav. 2008;34(4):416–27.PubMedCrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Standerwick K, Davies C, Tucker L, Sheron N. Binge drinking, sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection in the UK. Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18(12):810–3.PubMedCrossRef Standerwick K, Davies C, Tucker L, Sheron N. Binge drinking, sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infection in the UK. Int J STD AIDS. 2007;18(12):810–3.PubMedCrossRef
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Hutton HE, McCaul ME, Santora PB, Erbelding EJ. The relationship between recent alcohol use and sexual behaviors: gender differences among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(11):2008–15.PubMed Hutton HE, McCaul ME, Santora PB, Erbelding EJ. The relationship between recent alcohol use and sexual behaviors: gender differences among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008;32(11):2008–15.PubMed
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Swahn MH, Bossarte RM, Sullivent EE 3rd. Age of alcohol use initiation, suicidal behavior, and peer and dating violence victimization and perpetration among high-risk, seventh-grade adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):297–305.PubMedCrossRef Swahn MH, Bossarte RM, Sullivent EE 3rd. Age of alcohol use initiation, suicidal behavior, and peer and dating violence victimization and perpetration among high-risk, seventh-grade adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;121(2):297–305.PubMedCrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavanaugh CE, Hansen NB, Sullivan TP. HIV sexual risk behavior among low-income women experiencing intimate partner violence: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(2):318–27.PubMedCrossRef Cavanaugh CE, Hansen NB, Sullivan TP. HIV sexual risk behavior among low-income women experiencing intimate partner violence: the role of posttraumatic stress disorder. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(2):318–27.PubMedCrossRef
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Iguchi MY, Ober AJ, Berry SH, et al. Simultaneous recruitment of drug users and men who have sex with men in the United States and Russia using respondent-driven sampling: sampling methods and implications. J Urban Health. 2009;86(Suppl 1):5–31.PubMedCrossRef Iguchi MY, Ober AJ, Berry SH, et al. Simultaneous recruitment of drug users and men who have sex with men in the United States and Russia using respondent-driven sampling: sampling methods and implications. J Urban Health. 2009;86(Suppl 1):5–31.PubMedCrossRef
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Magnani R, Sabin K, Saidel T, Heckathorn D. Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance. AIDS. 2005;19(2):S67–72.PubMedCrossRef Magnani R, Sabin K, Saidel T, Heckathorn D. Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance. AIDS. 2005;19(2):S67–72.PubMedCrossRef
30.
Zurück zum Zitat McKnight C, Des Jarlais D, Bramson H, et al. Respondent-driven sampling in a study of drug users in New York City: notes from the field. J Urban Health. 2006;83(6):i54–9.PubMedCrossRef McKnight C, Des Jarlais D, Bramson H, et al. Respondent-driven sampling in a study of drug users in New York City: notes from the field. J Urban Health. 2006;83(6):i54–9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdul-Quader AS, Heckathorn DD, McKnight C, et al. Effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling for recruiting drug users in New York City: findings from a pilot study. J Urban Health. 2006;83(3):459–76.PubMedCrossRef Abdul-Quader AS, Heckathorn DD, McKnight C, et al. Effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling for recruiting drug users in New York City: findings from a pilot study. J Urban Health. 2006;83(3):459–76.PubMedCrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):95–1789.CrossRef Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):95–1789.CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Courtney KE, Polich J. Binge drinking in young adults: data, definitions, and determinants. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(1):142–56.PubMedCrossRef Courtney KE, Polich J. Binge drinking in young adults: data, definitions, and determinants. Psychol Bull. 2009;135(1):142–56.PubMedCrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Frank D, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ, Williams EC, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA. Effectiveness of the AUDIT-C as a screening test for alcohol misuse in three race/ethnic groups. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(6):781–7.PubMedCrossRef Frank D, DeBenedetti AF, Volk RJ, Williams EC, Kivlahan DR, Bradley KA. Effectiveness of the AUDIT-C as a screening test for alcohol misuse in three race/ethnic groups. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23(6):781–7.PubMedCrossRef
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Aalto M, Alho H, Halme JT, Seppa K. AUDIT and its abbreviated versions in detecting heavy and binge drinking in a general population survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;103(1–2):25–9.PubMedCrossRef Aalto M, Alho H, Halme JT, Seppa K. AUDIT and its abbreviated versions in detecting heavy and binge drinking in a general population survey. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009;103(1–2):25–9.PubMedCrossRef
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown JL, Vanable PA. Alcohol use, partner type, and risky sexual behavior among college students: Findings from an event-level study. Addict Behav. 2007;32(12):2940–52.PubMedCrossRef Brown JL, Vanable PA. Alcohol use, partner type, and risky sexual behavior among college students: Findings from an event-level study. Addict Behav. 2007;32(12):2940–52.PubMedCrossRef
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Scott-Sheldon LA, Carey MP, Vanable PA, Senn TE, Coury-Doniger P, Urban MA. Alcohol consumption, drug use, and condom use among STD clinic patients. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70(5):762–70.PubMed Scott-Sheldon LA, Carey MP, Vanable PA, Senn TE, Coury-Doniger P, Urban MA. Alcohol consumption, drug use, and condom use among STD clinic patients. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2009;70(5):762–70.PubMed
38.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdala N, White E, Toussova OV, et al. Comparing sexual risks and patterns of alcohol and drug use between injection drug users (IDUs) and non-IDUs who report sexual partnerships with IDUs in St. Petersburg, Russia. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):676.PubMedCrossRef Abdala N, White E, Toussova OV, et al. Comparing sexual risks and patterns of alcohol and drug use between injection drug users (IDUs) and non-IDUs who report sexual partnerships with IDUs in St. Petersburg, Russia. BMC Public Health. 2010;10(1):676.PubMedCrossRef
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2007. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. 5th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 2007.
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Meyers LS, Gamst G, Guarino AJ. Applied multivariate research, design, and interpretation. London: Sage; 2006. Meyers LS, Gamst G, Guarino AJ. Applied multivariate research, design, and interpretation. London: Sage; 2006.
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999;6(1):1–55.CrossRef Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling. 1999;6(1):1–55.CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Enders CK. Applied missing data analysis (methodology in the social sciences). 1st ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2010. Enders CK. Applied missing data analysis (methodology in the social sciences). 1st ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2010.
43.
Zurück zum Zitat Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics). 99th ed. New York: Wiley; 1987.CrossRef Rubin DB. Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys (Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics). 99th ed. New York: Wiley; 1987.CrossRef
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Brown SA, McGue M, Maggs J, et al. A developmental perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):S290–310.PubMedCrossRef Brown SA, McGue M, Maggs J, et al. A developmental perspective on alcohol and youths 16 to 20 years of age. Pediatrics. 2008;121(4):S290–310.PubMedCrossRef
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Dermen KH, Cooper ML, Agocha VB. Sex-related alcohol expectancies as moderators of the relationship between alcohol use and risky sex in adolescents. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59(1):71–7.PubMed Dermen KH, Cooper ML, Agocha VB. Sex-related alcohol expectancies as moderators of the relationship between alcohol use and risky sex in adolescents. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59(1):71–7.PubMed
46.
Zurück zum Zitat Jester JM, Nigg JT, Buu A, et al. Trajectories of childhood aggression and inattention/hyperactivity: differential effects on substance abuse in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(10):1158–65.PubMedCrossRef Jester JM, Nigg JT, Buu A, et al. Trajectories of childhood aggression and inattention/hyperactivity: differential effects on substance abuse in adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(10):1158–65.PubMedCrossRef
47.
Zurück zum Zitat Strachman A, Impett EA, Henson JM, Pentz MA. Early adolescent alcohol use and sexual experience by emerging adulthood: a 10-year longitudinal investigation. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(5):478–82.PubMedCrossRef Strachman A, Impett EA, Henson JM, Pentz MA. Early adolescent alcohol use and sexual experience by emerging adulthood: a 10-year longitudinal investigation. J Adolesc Health. 2009;45(5):478–82.PubMedCrossRef
48.
Zurück zum Zitat Lavikainen HM, Lintonen T, Kosunen E. Sexual behavior and drinking style among teenagers: a population-based study in Finland. Health Promot Int. 2009;24(2):108–19.PubMedCrossRef Lavikainen HM, Lintonen T, Kosunen E. Sexual behavior and drinking style among teenagers: a population-based study in Finland. Health Promot Int. 2009;24(2):108–19.PubMedCrossRef
49.
Zurück zum Zitat Hirshfield S, Remien RH, Walavalkar I, Chiasson MA. Crystal methamphetamine use predicts incident STD infection among men who have sex with men recruited online: a nested case-control study. J Med Internet Res. 2004;6(4):e41.PubMedCrossRef Hirshfield S, Remien RH, Walavalkar I, Chiasson MA. Crystal methamphetamine use predicts incident STD infection among men who have sex with men recruited online: a nested case-control study. J Med Internet Res. 2004;6(4):e41.PubMedCrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat Surratt HL, Inciardi JA. An effective HIV risk-reduction protocol for drug-using female sex workers. J Prev Interv Community. 2010;38(2):118–31.PubMedCrossRef Surratt HL, Inciardi JA. An effective HIV risk-reduction protocol for drug-using female sex workers. J Prev Interv Community. 2010;38(2):118–31.PubMedCrossRef
51.
Zurück zum Zitat Calsyn DA, Crits-Christoph P, Hatch-Maillette MA, et al. Reducing sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol for patients in substance abuse treatment. Addiction. 2010;105(1):100–8.PubMedCrossRef Calsyn DA, Crits-Christoph P, Hatch-Maillette MA, et al. Reducing sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol for patients in substance abuse treatment. Addiction. 2010;105(1):100–8.PubMedCrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Schootman M, Cottler LB, Bierut LJ. Number of Sexual Partners and Associations with Initiation and Intensity of Substance Use. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(4):869–74.PubMedCrossRef Cavazos-Rehg PA, Krauss MJ, Spitznagel EL, Schootman M, Cottler LB, Bierut LJ. Number of Sexual Partners and Associations with Initiation and Intensity of Substance Use. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(4):869–74.PubMedCrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat Heimer R. Critical issues and further questions about respondent-driven sampling: comment on Ramirez-Valles, et al. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(4):403–8.PubMedCrossRef Heimer R. Critical issues and further questions about respondent-driven sampling: comment on Ramirez-Valles, et al. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(4):403–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Age at First Alcoholic Drink as Predictor of Current HIV Sexual Risk Behaviors Among a Sample of Injection Drug Users (IDUs) and Non-IDUs who are Sexual Partners of IDUs, in St. Petersburg, Russia
verfasst von
Nadia Abdala
Nathan B. Hansen
Olga V. Toussova
Tatiana V. Krasnoselskikh
Andrei P. Kozlov
Robert Heimer
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2012
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
AIDS and Behavior / Ausgabe 6/2012
Print ISSN: 1090-7165
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3254
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-011-0013-0

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 6/2012

AIDS and Behavior 6/2012 Zur Ausgabe

Leitlinien kompakt für die Innere Medizin

Mit medbee Pocketcards sicher entscheiden.

Seit 2022 gehört die medbee GmbH zum Springer Medizin Verlag

Bei Herzinsuffizienz muss „Eisenmangel“ neu definiert werden!

16.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Bei chronischer Herzinsuffizienz macht es einem internationalen Expertenteam zufolge wenig Sinn, die Diagnose „Eisenmangel“ am Serumferritin festzumachen. Das Team schlägt vor, sich lieber an die Transferrinsättigung zu halten.

Herzinfarkt mit 85 – trotzdem noch intensive Lipidsenkung?

16.05.2024 Hypercholesterinämie Nachrichten

Profitieren nach einem akuten Myokardinfarkt auch Betroffene über 80 Jahre noch von einer intensiven Lipidsenkung zur Sekundärprävention? Um diese Frage zu beantworten, wurden jetzt Registerdaten aus Frankreich ausgewertet.

ADHS-Medikation erhöht das kardiovaskuläre Risiko

16.05.2024 Herzinsuffizienz Nachrichten

Erwachsene, die Medikamente gegen das Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitätssyndrom einnehmen, laufen offenbar erhöhte Gefahr, an Herzschwäche zu erkranken oder einen Schlaganfall zu erleiden. Es scheint eine Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung zu bestehen.

Erstmanifestation eines Diabetes-Typ-1 bei Kindern: Ein Notfall!

16.05.2024 DDG-Jahrestagung 2024 Kongressbericht

Manifestiert sich ein Typ-1-Diabetes bei Kindern, ist das ein Notfall – ebenso wie eine diabetische Ketoazidose. Die Grundsäulen der Therapie bestehen aus Rehydratation, Insulin und Kaliumgabe. Insulin ist das Medikament der Wahl zur Behandlung der Ketoazidose.

Update Innere Medizin

Bestellen Sie unseren Fach-Newsletter und bleiben Sie gut informiert.